NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Construction Site

In project architecture and civil engineering, construction is the building or assembly of any infrastructure. Although this may be thought of as a single activity, in fact construction is a feat of multitasking. Normally the job is managed by the construction manager, supervised by the project manager, design engineer or project architect. While these people work in offices, every construction project requires a large number of laborers, carpenters, and other skilled tradesmen to complete the physical task of construction. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1200x2453, 820 KB) Construction of a sky scraper, Melbourne File links The following pages link to this file: Skyscraper Construction Crane (machine) ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1200x2453, 820 KB) Construction of a sky scraper, Melbourne File links The following pages link to this file: Skyscraper Construction Crane (machine) ... A tower crane with a pivoted main boom Cranes on the Sheksna River, Cherepovets, Russia A worker telecommanding a crane from the ground A crane is a tower or derrick equipped with cables and pulleys that is used to lift and lower materials. ... The Parthenon on top of the Acropolis, Athens, Greece Architecture (from Latin, architectura and ultimately from Greek, Î±ÏÏ‡Î¹Ï„ÎµÎºÏ„Ï‰Î½, a master builder, from Î±ÏÏ‡Î¹- chief, leader and Ï„ÎµÎºÏ„Ï‰Î½, builder, carpenter) is the art and science of designing buildings and structures. ... The Falkirk Wheel in Scotland. ... For other uses, see Building (disambiguation). ... Assembly may refer to the following things: In politics, any body meeting together to discuss matters, a parliament or a legislative assembly such as the French revolutionary Legislative Assembly, or a body more designed to mediate between otherwise independent bodies, such as the United Nations General Assembly. ... Look up Activity on Wiktionary, the free dictionary Activity may refer toâ€” in chemistry, the effective DU BIST DUMMconcentration of an ion or other solute for the purposes of chemical reactions and other mass action. ... Multitasking may refer to: Computer multitasking - the apparent simultaneous performance of two or more tasks by a computers central processing unit. ... Management (from Old French ménagement the art of conducting, directing, from Latin manu agere to lead by the hand) characterises the process of leading and directing all or part of an organization, often a business, through the deployment and manipulation of resources (human, financial, material, intellectual or intangible). ... A project manager is the person who has the overall responsibility for the successful planning and execution of any project. ... A Design engineer is an engineer whose job is to produce a detailed design from a conceptual design, thereby bringing the real from the abstract on a day-to-day basis. ... A Project Architect is a term used to define a specific role in an Architects office. ...

For the successful execution of a project effective planning is essential. Those involved with the design and execution of the infrastructure in question must consider the environmental impact of the job, the successful scheduling, budgeting, site safety, inconvenience to the public caused by construction delays, preparing tender documents, etc. A project is a temporary endeavor undertaken to create a unique product or service. ... Planning is the (psychological) process of creating and refining a plan, or integrating it with other plans. ... Environmental impact analysis is conducted to determine the likely human environmental health impact, risk to ecological health, and changes to natures services that a proposed or ongoing project may bring, or is bringing. ... Budget generally refers to a list of all planned expenses and revenues. ... Construction is the most dangerous land based work sector (the fishing industry is more dangerous). ... Construction delays are slow downs in traffic (sometimes slowing to a complete standstill) required for a construction project to complete some stage of the job. ... Tender may mean: one of several types of boat or ship, all sharing the general function of servicing another type of air or sea vessel: seaplane tender - supplies and services seaplanes submarine tender - resupplies submarines motor torpedo boat tender - resupplies motor torpedo boats ships tender - used to transport people...

Construction

In general, there are three types of construction: (1) building, (2) heavy/highway, and (3) industrial. Each type of construction requires a unique team to plan, design, construct, and maintain the project.

Building construction

Building construction is the process of adding structure to real property. The vast majority of building construction projects are small renovations, such as addition of a room, or renovation of a bathroom. Often, the owner of the property acts as laborer, paymaster, and design team for the entire project. However, all building construction projects include some elements in common - design, financial, and legal considerations. Many projects of varying sizes reach undesirable end results, such as structural collapse, cost overruns, and/or litigatios reason, those with experience in the field make detailed plans and maintain careful oversight during the project to ensure a positive outcome. Download high resolution version (1066x768, 405 KB)A building site for a row of riverside appartment blocks in Cambridge. ... Download high resolution version (1066x768, 405 KB)A building site for a row of riverside appartment blocks in Cambridge. ... Insulation must not be confused with insolation (the latter word has an o where the former has a u). Insulation is any material used to reduce or â€œslow downâ€ or â€œresistâ€ the flow of energy. ... The factual accuracy of this article is disputed. ...

For projects of large size and/or unusual type, the owner will likely establish a team of workers and advisors to create an overall plan. This ensures that the project will proceed in an orderly way to a desirable end. While no set list would establish what is needed or advisable for a particular project, frequently used advisors include mortgage bankers, accountants, lawyers, insurance brokers, architects, and engineers. While their roles overlap, each area of expertise addresses an element of what will be affected by the building construction project.

Construction on the North Bytown Bridge in Ottawa, Canada. ... Construction on the North Bytown Bridge in Ottawa, Canada. ... Motto: Template:Unhide = Advance Ottawa/Ottawa en avant Location City Information Established: 1850 as Bytown Area: 2,778. ... Self propelled barge carrying bulk crushed stone A barge is a flat-bottomed boat, built mainly for river and canal transport of heavy goods. ... Impact of a drop of water. ... A log bridge in the French Alps near Vallorcine. ... Closeup of a collection of blinker equipped barricades A barricade is any object or structure that creates a barrier or obstacle to control, block passage or force the flow of traffic in the desired direction. ... For other uses, see Snow (disambiguation). ... Russian Ivan Tourchine and American Weston Kelsey fence in the second round of the Olympic Mens Individual Ã‰pÃ©e event at the Helliniko Fencing Hall on Aug. ...

Residential construction

More and more families are looking into building their own homes, or contracting to have them built. Construction practices, technologies, and resources conform to state and local building codes.

Heavy/Highway construction

Heavy/Highway construction is the process of adding infrastructure to our built environment. Owners of these projects are usually government agencies, either at the national or local level. As in building construction, heavy/highway construction has design, financial, and legal considerations, however these projects are not usually undertaken for-profit, but to service the public interest. However, heavy/highway construction projects are also undertaken by large private corporations, including, among others, the golf courses, harbors, power companies, railroads, and mines, who undertake the construction of access roads, dams, railroads, general site grading, and massive earthwork projects. As in building construction, the owner will assemble a team to create an overall plan to ensure that the goals of the project are met.

Authority having jurisdiction

In construction, the authority having juridiction (AHJ) is typically the municipality. For a building that is contemplated, drawings are reviewed and must be accepted by both the building department and the fire department's plan reviewers, following the application of a building permit. A municipality or general-purpose district (compare with: special-purpose district) is an administrative local area generally composed of a clearly defined territory and commonly referring to a city, town, or village government. ... For other uses, see Building (disambiguation). ...

The AHJ during the construction of a building is the municipal building inspector, who is enforcing the local building code. Once construction is complete and a final inspection has been passed, an occupancy permit may be issued. A building code is a set of rules that specify the minimum acceptable level of safety for constructed objects such as buildings and nonbuilding structures. ... is a defined and legal term in building construction and building codes. ...

An operating building must comply with the fire code. The fire code is enforced by the fire prevention officer, who works for the local fire department.

Any changes made to a building including its use, expansion, its structural integrity, fire protection items require acceptance by the AHJ. A fire prevention officer may accept small changes, but anything affecting basic safety functions, no matter how small they may appear to the novice, may require the owner to apply for a building permit, to ensure proper review of the contemplated changes against the building code. Fire protection is the prevention and reduction of the hazards associated with fires. ...

Routes into construction

There are several routes to the different careers within the construction industry. Craft industries offer jobs where employees train while they work through apprenticeships and other training schemes. A career is a course of successive situations that make up some activity. ... Look up craft in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Employment is a contract between two parties, one being the employer and the other being the employee. ... If youre looking for the TV show, see The Apprentice. ... Training refers to the acquisition of knowledge, skills, and attitudes as a result of the teaching of vocational or practical skills and knowledge that relates to specific useful skills. ...

Technical occupations in England require GCSE qualifications or vocational equivalents, either initially or through on the job apprenticeship training. A technical is a fighting vehicle. ... Motto: (French for God and my right) Anthem: Multiple unofficial anthems Capital London Largest city London Official language(s) English Government Constitutional monarchy - Queen Queen Elizabeth II - Prime Minister Tony Blair MP Unification - by Athelstan 927 Area - Total 130,395 kmÂ² (1st in UK) 50,346 sq mi - Water (%) Population... GCSE is an acronym that can refer to: General Certificate of Secondary Education global common subexpression elimination - an optimisation technique used by some compilers This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... Vocational education prepares learners for certain careers or professions, which are traditionally non-academic and directly related to a trade, occupation or vocation in which the learner participates. ... Training refers to the acquisition of knowledge, skills, and attitudes as a result of the teaching of vocational or practical skills and knowledge that relates to specific useful skills. ...

Graduate roles in the construction industry are filled by people with at least a foundation degree in subjects such as civil engineering, building and construction management. Graduates often receive specialised positions and gain qualifications such as chartered status. Look up Graduate in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Look up Foundation on Wiktionary, the free dictionary Foundation may refer to: A type of makeup. ... A degree is any of a wide range of status levels conferred by institutions of higher education, such as universities, normally as the result of successfully completing a program of study. ... The Falkirk Wheel in Scotland. ... This article needs to be wikified. ... Alternate use, see charter airline or bare-boat charter. ...

Construction industry qualifications

There are different types of qualifications and training programs for the construction industry such as; A tied rebar beam cage. ... Training refers to the acquisition of knowledge, skills, and attitudes as a result of the teaching of vocational or practical skills and knowledge that relates to specific useful skills. ...

Tender requirements

In many countries (such as the United States), public agencies must adhere to many legal requirements that require the project to undergo a public bid process. These laws stem from underlying norms that all constructors should have an equal opportunity to do construction for the public, and not those constructors who can influence monetarily (bribe) public officials for contract award. These laws stipulate very rigid procedures for soliciting, receiving, and awarding to the lowest responsive and responsible bidder.

Industrial construction

Industrial construction, though a relatively small part of the entire construction industry, is a very important component. Owners of these projects are usually large, for-profit, industrial corporations. These corporations can be found in such industries as medicine, petroleum, chemical, power generation, manufacturing, etc. Processes in these industries require highly specialized expertise in planning, design, and construction. As in building and heavy/highway construction, this type of construction requires a team of individuals to ensure a successful project.

Design team

In the modern industrialized world, construction usually involves the translation of paper or computer based designs into reality. A formal design team may be assembled to plan the physical proceedings, and to integrate those proceedings with the other parts. The design usually consists of drawings and specifications, usually prepared by a design team including architects, interior designers, civil engineers, cost engineers (or quantity surveyors), mechanical engineers, electrical engineers, and structural engineers. The design team is most commonly employed by (i.e. in contract with) the property owner. Under this system, once the design is completed by the design team, a number of construction companies or construction management companies may then be asked to make a bid for the work, either based directly on the design, or on the basis of drawings and a bill of quantities provided by a surveyor. Following evaluation of bids, the owner will typically award a contract to the lowest responsible bidder. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1600x1067, 419 KB) Construction Crew File links The following pages link to this file: Construction ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1600x1067, 419 KB) Construction Crew File links The following pages link to this file: Construction ... Piece of paper Paper is a thin, flat material produced by the compression of fibers. ... A Lego RCX Computer is an example of an embedded computer used to control mechanical devices. ... Drawing is a means of making an image, using any of a wide variety of tools and techniques. ... In engineering and manufacturing, the term specification has the following meanings: Technical requirement A specification is a set of requirements. ... An architect is a person licensed in the art of planning, designing and overseeing the construction of buildings, or more generally, the designer of a scheme or plan. ... Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ... This is a list of civil engineers, people who were trained in or practiced civil engineering. ... A quantity surveyor is a professional person associated with the construction industry. ... Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ... Electrical engineering is an engineering discipline that deals with the study and application of electricity and electromagnetism. ... Structural engineering is the field of civil engineering particularly concerned with the design of load-bearing structures. ... In a formal traditional construction in United Kingdom, a bill of quantities is used as a form of cost planning and mapping to monitor and control the construction cost during the execution or post-contract period of construction. ... Surveying is concerned with the application of mathematics and physics in obtaining accurate measurements for the determination of the position of points on the Earths surface. ...

The modern trend in design is toward integration of previously separated specialties, especially among large firms. In the past, architects, interior designers, engineers, developers, construction managers, and general contractors were more likely to be entirely separate companies, even in the larger firms. Presently, a firm that is nominally an "architecture" or "construction management" firm may have experts from all related fields as employees, or to have an associated company that provides each necessary skill. Thus, each such firm may offer itself as "one-stop shopping" for a construction project, from beginning to end. This is designated as a "design Build" contract where the contractor is given a performance specification, and must undertake the project from design to construction, while adhering to the performance specifications.

Several project structures can assist the owner in this integration, including design-build, partnering, and construction management. In general, each of these project structures allows the owner to integrate the services of architects, interior designers, engineers, and constructors throughout design and construction. In response, many companies are growing beyond traditional offerings of design or construction services alone, and are placing more emphasis on establishing relationships with other necessary participants through the design-build process.

The increasing complexity of construction projects creates the need for design professionals trained in all phases of the project's life-cycle and develop an appreciation of the building as an advanced technological system requiring close integration of many sub-systems and their individual components, including sustainability. Building engineering is an emerging discipline that attempts to meet this new challenge. // Building engineering: a discipline for the modern era Building engineering, commonly known in the US as architectural engineering, is an emerging engineering discipline that concerns with the planning, design, construction, operation, renovation, and maintenance of buildings, as well as with their impacts on the surrounding environment. ...

Download high resolution version (924x1496, 572 KB) This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... Download high resolution version (924x1496, 572 KB) This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ...

Financial advisors

Many construction projects suffer from preventable financial problems. Underbids ask for too little money to complete the project. Cash flow problems exist when the present amount of funding cannot cover the current costs for labor and materials, and because they are a matter of having sufficient funds at a specific time, can arise even when the overall total is enough. Fraud is a problem in many fields, but is notoriously prevalent in the construction field. Financial planning for the project is intended to ensure that a solid plan, with adequate safeguards and contingency plans, is in place before the project is started, and is required to ensure that the plan is properly executed over the life of the project. In finance, cash flow refers to the amounts of cash being received and spent by a business during a defined period of time, sometimes tied to a specific project. ...

Mortgage bankers, accountants, and cost engineers are likely participants in creating an overall plan for the financial management of the building construction project. The presence of the mortgage banker is highly likely even in relatively small projects, since the owner's equity in the property is the most obvious source of funding for a building project. Accountants act to study the expected monetary flow over the life of the project, and to monitor the payouts throughout the process. Cost engineers apply expertise to relate the work and materials involved to a proper valuation. A mortgage is a method of using property as security for the payment of a debt. ... Accountancy (British English) or accounting (American English) is the process of maintaining, auditing, and processing financial information for business purposes. ... For other uses, see Bank (disambiguation). ... Accountancy (British English) or accounting (American English) is the process of maintaining, auditing, and processing financial information for business purposes. ... Engineering is the application of scientific and technical knowledge to solve human problems. ...

Large projects can involve highly complex financial plans. As portions of a project are completed, they may be sold, supplanting one lender or owner for another, while the logistical requirements of having the right trades and materials available for each stage of the building construction project carries forward.

Legal considerations

A construction project must fit into the legal framework governing the property. These include governmental regulations on the use of property, and obligations that are created in the process of construction.

The project must adhere to zoning and building code requirements. Constructing a project that fails to adhere to codes will not benefit the owner. Some legal requirements come from malum in se considerations, or the desire to prevent things that are indisputably bad - bridge collapses or explosions. Other legal requirements come from malum prohibitum considerations, or things that are a matter of custom or expectation, such as isolating businesses to a business district and residences to a residential district. An attorney may seek changes or exemptions in the law governing the land where the building will be built, either by arguing that a rule is inapplicable (the bridge design won't collapse), or that the custom is no longer needed (acceptance of live-work spaces has grown in the community). Malum in se (plural mala in se) is a Latin phrase meaning wrong in itself; it is an act that is illegal from the nature of the act, i. ... Malum prohibitum (plural mala prohibita, literal translation: wrong because prohibited) is a Latin phrase used in law to refer to crimes made so by statute, as opposed to crimes based on English common law and obvious violations of societys standards which are defined as malum in se. ...

Also, a construction project is a complex net of contracts and other legal obligations, each of which must be carefully considered. A contract is the exchange of a set of obligations between two or more parties, but it is not so simple a matter as trying to get the other side to agree to as much as possible in exchange for as little as possible. The time element in construction means that a delay costs money, and in cases of bottlenecks, the delay can be extremely expensive. Thus, the contracts must be designed to ensure that each side is capable of performing the obligations set out. Contracts that set out clear expectations and clear paths to accomplishing those expectations are far more likely to result in the project flowing smoothly, whereas poorly drafted contracts lead to confusion and collapse.

Legal advisors in the beginning of a construction project seek to identify ambiguities and other potential sources of trouble in the contract structure, and to present options for preventing problems. Throughout the process of the project, they work to avoid and resolve conflicts that arise. In each case, the lawyer facilitates an exchange of obligations that matches the reality of the project.

Interaction of expertise

Design, finance, and legal aspects overlap and interrelate. The design must be not only structurally sound and appropriate for the use and location, but must also be financially possible to build, and legal to use. The financial structure must accommodate the need for building the design provided, and must pay amounts that are legally owed. The legal structure must integrate the design into the surrounding legal framework, and enforces the financial consequences of the construction process.

Construction trades

Wooden miracle in Kizhi. ... Site #86: Memphis and its Necropolis, including the Pyramids of Giza (Egypt). ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Masonry. ... A carpenter is a skilled craftsman who performs carpentry -- a wide range of woodworking that includes constructing buildings, furniture, and other large objects out of wood. ... The term cladding can have a number of meanings: Regarding optical fiber in telecommunication, cladding is one or more layers of material of lower refractive index, in intimate contact with a core material of higher refractive index. ... Drainage is the natural or artificial removal of surface and sub-surface water from a given area. ... An elevator mechanic is someone who constructs, modenizes, repairs, or services conveyances. ... A firestop is a passive fire protection system of various components used to seal openings in fire-resistance rated wall and/or floor assemblies through bounding. ... Fireproofing refers to the act of making materials or structures more resistant to fire, or to those materials themselves. ... Framing is a term used to describe the process of erecting a framed structure. ... Glazing, in architecture, is a transparent part of a wall, usually made of glass or plastic (acrylic and polycarbonate). ... HVAC (pronounced either H-V-A-C or, occasionally, H-VAK) is an initialism/acronym that stands for heating, ventilating and air-conditioning. This is sometimes referred to as climate control. ... Insulation must not be confused with insolation (the latter word has an o where the former has a u). Insulation is any material used to reduce or â€œslow downâ€ or â€œresistâ€ the flow of energy. ... Joinery is the part of woodworking that involves the joining together of parts of wood. ... Masonry is the building of structures from individual units laid in and bound together by mortar. ... A painting and decorating contractor prepares by scraping, sandblasting or other means and applies any of the following: paints, papers, textures, fabrics, pigments, oils, turpentines, japans, driers, thinners, varnishes, shellacs, stains, fillers, waxes, adhesives, water and any other vehicles, mediums and materials which adhere by evaporation and may be mixed... This article is about the building material. ... The plumber wrench for screwing various pipes Plumbing, from the Latin for lead (plumbum), is the skilled trade of working with pipes and tubing for fluids such as water, sewage, steam and natural gas. ... A roof tiled in imitation of thatch at Croyde, north Devon, England Rooftops in Vietnam A roof is the top covering of a building that prevents the ingress of weather into the building interior. ... An electrician is a tradesman specializing in electrical wiring of buildings and related equipment. ... The International Association of Bridge, Structural, Ornamental and Reinforcing Iron Workers is a United States labor union, which represents primarily construction workers, as well as shipbuilding and metal fabrication employees. ... An excavator Engineering vehicles are heavy-duty vehicles, specially designed for executing engineering tasks. ... The art and craft of the stonemason has existed since the dawn of civilization - creating buildings, structures and sculpture using stone and other raw materials from the earth. ...

Construction materials

FederationTower rendering The Federation Tower is a skyscraper complex under construction in Moscow, Russia and is designed to be both the tallest buildings in Europe as well as Europes first supertall structure. ... Pouring a concrete floor for a commercial building, (slab-on-grade) Installing rebar in a floor slab during a concrete pour For other uses, see Concrete (disambiguation). ... WOOD is a pair of radio stations in Grand Rapids, Michigan owned by Clear Channel on the frequencies of 1300 AM and 105. ... Lumber is the name used, generally in North America, for wood that has been cut into boards or other shapes for the purpose of woodworking or construction. ... Timber in storage for later processing at a sawmill Timber is a term used to describe wood, either standing or that has been processed for useâ€”from the time trees are felled, to its end product as a material suitable for industrial useâ€”as structural material for construction or wood... The old steel cable of a colliery winding tower Steel is a metal alloy whose major component is iron, with carbon being the primary alloying material. ... Sedimentary, volcanic, plutonic, metamorphic rock types of North America. ... Glass can be made transparent and flat, or into other shapes and colours as shown in this ball from the Verrerie of Brehat in Brittany. ... The examples and perspective in this article or section may not represent a worldwide view. ... Straw-bale construction is a building method that uses straw bales as structural elements, insulation, or both. ... It has been suggested that Mudbrick be merged into this article or section. ... An old brick wall in English bond laid with alternating courses of headers and Brick is an artificial stone made by forming clay into rectangular blocks which are hardened, either by burning in a kiln or sometimes, in warm and sunny countries, by sun-drying. ... Rammed Earth is an old building material that has seen a revival in recent years as people seek low-impact building materials and natural building methods. ... Ferrocement is both a method and material used in building or sculpture with cement, sand, water and wire or mesh material - often called thin shell. ... Aggregate is the component of a composite material used to resist compressive stress. ... A reinforced concrete wall with stone facing in which stones and mortar are built up in courses within reusable slipforms. ... The examples and perspective in this article or section may not represent a worldwide view. ... Structural insulated panels (or structural insulating panels), SIPs, are a composite building material. ...

Structural elements

The foundation of a building is the soil or rock on which it sits. ... Floating raft is type of foundation, invented by John Root, that protects against settlement and the liquification of soft soil due to seismic activity. ... A roof tiled in imitation of thatch at Croyde, north Devon, England Rooftops in Vietnam Snow on the roof Roofs are one of the universal structures found on all buildings. ... WALL is an Radio station on AM 1340. ... The Sidney Myer Music Bowl in Kings Domain, Melbourne A tensile structure is a building that is made from materials under tension â€” This could be a Cable net supporting a fabric or sheet material, or it could be made entirely from fabric. ... Double curvature lattice stell thin-shell by V.G.Shukhov (during construction) in Vyksa near Nizhny Novgorod, Russia, 1897 Thin-shell structures can be defined as curved structures capable of transmitting loads in more than two directions to supports. ...

See also

The Parthenon on top of the Acropolis, Athens, Greece Architecture (from Latin, architectura and ultimately from Greek, Î±ÏÏ‡Î¹Ï„ÎµÎºÏ„Ï‰Î½, a master builder, from Î±ÏÏ‡Î¹- chief, leader and Ï„ÎµÎºÏ„Ï‰Î½, builder, carpenter) is the art and science of designing buildings and structures. ... Architectural engineers apply the skills of many engineering disciplines to the design, construction, operation, maintenance and renovation of buildings while paying attention to their impacts on the surrounding environment. ... Fire protection is the prevention and reduction of the hazards associated with fires. ... Fire-resistance rated wall assembly with fire door, cable tray penetration and intumescent [1] cable coating. ... Active fire protection is one of the three types of structural fire protection. ... is a defined and legal term in building construction and building codes. ... A firestop is a passive fire protection system of various components used to seal openings in fire-resistance rated wall and/or floor assemblies through bounding. ... Fireproofing refers to the act of making materials or structures more resistant to fire, or to those materials themselves. ... Please wikify (format) this article as suggested in the Guide to layout and the Manual of Style. ... An autonomous building is a building designed to be operated independently from infrastructural support services such as the electric power grid, municipal water systems, sewage treatment systems, storm drains, communication services, and (in some cases) public roads. ... A building code is a set of rules that specify the minimum acceptable level of safety for constructed objects such as buildings and nonbuilding structures. ... The Falkirk Wheel in Scotland. ... The Clerk of the Works or Clerk of Works (often abbreviated CoW) is a person employed by the client on the site of a building construction project to represent his interests and verify that the design brief and quality standards are complied with. ... CAD redirects here. ... Construction engineering concerns the planning and management of the construction of structures such as highways, bridges, airports, railroads, buildings, dams, and reservoirs. ... Green building is the practice of: increasing the efficiency with which buildings and their sites use and harvest energy, water, and materials, and reducing building impacts on human health and the environment, through better siting, design, construction, operation, maintenance, and removal â€” the complete building life cycle. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Central Park, like all parks, is an example of landscape architecture. ... Famous or notable buildings with articles about them include: Index: A-B - C - D-G - H-L - M-O - P-R - S - T-V - W 1 Canada Square, London, United Kingdom 2 Fevrier Sofitel Hotel, LomÃ©, Togo 8 Canada Square, London, United Kingdom 30 St Mary Axe, London, United Kingdom... A Abated Acoustics Air conditioning Architectural engineer Architecture Autonomous buildings B Balloon framing Braced wall line (shear walls) Brick Bricklayer brickwork Buckminster Fuller Building code building construction foundations building power systems Building transportation systems C carpentry Chimney cladding Civil engineering Climate control Clerk of the Works Composting toilet Computer-aided... A mechanics lien is a hold on real property for the benefit of someone whose work or property improves the property. ... Natural building involves a range of building systems and materials that place major emphasis on sustainability. ... Project management is the discipline of organizing and managing resources in such a way that these resources deliver all the work required to complete a project within defined scope, time, and cost constraints. ... Real estate is a legal term that encompasses land along with anything permanently affixed to the land, such as buildings. ... Safety and Health in Construction Convention, 1988 is an International Labour Organization Convention. ... Vernacular architecture a term from academic architecture to categorize structures built outside of academic tradition. ... Cost overrun is defined as excess of actual cost over budget. ... Definition of Megaproject Megaprojects (sometimes also spelled mega projects) are very large investment projects. ...

External links

Categories: Buildings and structures | Building engineering | Construction It has been suggested that Co-production of society and technology be merged into this article or section. ... Applied science is the exact science of applying knowledge from one or more natural scientific fields to practical problems. ... Hondas intelligent humanoid robot AI redirects here. ... This page is a candidate for speedy deletion . If you disagree with its speedy deletion, please explain why on its talk page or at Wikipedia:Speedy deletions. ... A processors core Computing is a very broad topic that has become pandemic to modern uses of technology. ... The field of electronics comprises the study and use of systems that operate by controlling the flow of electrons (or other charge carriers) in devices such as thermionic valves and semiconductors. ... Energy storage is the storing of some form of energy that can be drawn upon at a later time to perform some useful operation. ... Engineering physics (EP) is an academic degree, usually at the level of Bachelor of Science. ... Green technology is a technology that offers a more environmentally friendly solution compared to an existing technology. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Materials engineering is a discipline related to materials science which focusses on materials design, processing techniques (casting, rolling, welding, ion implantation, crystal growth, thin film deposition, sintering, glassblowing, etc. ... Microtechnology is technology with features near one micrometre (one millionth of a metre, or 10-6 metre, or 1μm). ... Molecular gears from a NASA computer simulation. ... A residential smoke detector is for most people the most familiar piece of nuclear technology Nuclear technology is technology that involves the reactions of atomic nuclei. ... Optical engineering is the field of study which focuses on applications of optics. ... A sport consists of a physical activity or skill carried out with a recreational purpose: for competition, for self-enjoyment, to attain excellence, for the development of a skill, or some combination of these. ... Tigers playing in the water. ... Car camping is camping in a tent, but nearby the car for easier access and for supply storage Camping is an outdoor recreational activity, in which the campers get away from civilization and enjoy nature by spending one or more nights at a campsite. ... Combination playground structure for small children; slides, climbers (stairs in this case), playhouse A playground is an area designed for children to play freely. ... Sports equipment includes any object used for sport or exercise. ... Information as a concept bears a diversity of meanings, from everyday usage to technical settings. ... Communication is the process of symbolic activity, sometimes via a language. ... Communication is the process of symbolic activity, sometimes via a language. ... Graphics are visual presentations on some surface such as a wall, canvas, computer screen, paper, or stone to inform, illustrate, or entertain. ... Music technology is a wide ranging field. ... Speech recognition (in many contexts, also known as automatic speech recognition, computer speech recognition or voice recognition) is the process of converting a speech signal to a set of words, by means of an algorithm implemented as a computer program. ... Visual technology is the engineering discipline dealing with visual representation. ... Computational finance Mathematical Finance (also known as financial engineering) is a form of finance which relies on mathematical finance and computer simulations to make trading, hedging and investment decisions, as well as facilitating the risk management of those decisions. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Wind turbines A machine is any mechanical or organic device that transmits or modifies energy to perform or assist in the performance of tasks. ... Chuquicamata, the largest open pit copper mine in the world, Chile. ... The Massive Ordnance Air Blast (MOAB) bomb, also known as Mother Of All Bombs, produced in the United States. ... This article is about firearms and similar devices. ... Boxes of ammunition clog a warehouse in Baghdad Ammunition is a generic military term meaning (the assembly of) a projectile and its propellant. ... This article lists military technology items, devices and methods. ... Marine Engineers are the officers of a ship which operate and maintain the propulsion and electrical generation systems onboard a ship. ... Houses in Fishpool Street, St Albans, England Houses in the most general sense consist of human-built dwellings, each with enclosing walls, a floor, and a roof. ... A major appliance is a large machine which accomplishes some routine housekeeping task, which includes purposes such as cooking, food preservation, or cleaning, whether in a household, institutional, commercial or industrial setting. ... Domestic technology is the incorporation of applied science into the home. ... Educational technology is the use of technology in education to improve learning and teaching. ... ... Engineering is the application of scientific and technical knowledge to solve human problems. ... Aerospace engineering is the branch of engineering that concerns aircraft, spacecraft and related topics. ... Agricultural Engineers study and advise on the application of engineering science and technology to agricultural production and to the management of natural resources. ... Biological engineering (also biosystems engineering and bioengineering) is a broad-based engineering discipline that deals with bio-molecular and molecular processes, product design, sustainability and analysis of biological systems. ... Biochemical engineering is a branch of chemical engineering that mainly deals with the design and construction of unit processes that involve biological organisms or molecules. ... The examples and perspective in this article or section may not represent a worldwide view. ... Chemical engineering is the application of science, in particular chemistry, physics and mathematics, to the process of converting raw materials or chemicals into more useful or valuable forms. ... The Falkirk Wheel in Scotland. ... The examples and perspective in this article or section may not represent a worldwide view. ... This article treats electronics engineering as a subfield of electrical engineering, though this is not typical use in some areas. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with electrical and electronics engineering. ... Environmental engineering is the application of science and engineering principles to improving the environment (air, water, and/or land resources), to provide healthful water, air and land for human habitation and for other organisms, and to investigate the possibilities for remediation of polluted sites. ... Industrial engineering is the engineering discipline that concerns the development, improvement, implementation and evaluation of integrated systems of people, knowledge, equipment, energy, material and process. ... Materials engineering is a discipline related to materials science which focusses on materials design, processing techniques (casting, rolling, welding, ion implantation, crystal growth, thin film deposition, sintering, glassblowing, etc. ... The W16 engine from a Bugatti Veyron Mechanical engineering is a very broad field of engineering that involves the application of physical principles for analysis, design, manufacturing, and maintenance of mechanical systems. ... Metallurgical engineering- Designing, creating, or producing metals by various methods, for various applications, from metallic elements described on the Chemical Periodic Table of the Elements. ... Nuclear engineering is the practical application of the atomic nucleus gleaned from principles of nuclear physics and the interaction between radiation and matter. ... Petroleum Engineering is involved in the exploration and production activities of petroleum as an upstream end of the energy sector. ... Software engineering (SE) is the profession of people who create and maintain software systems by applying technologies and practices from computer science, project management, engineering, application domains and other fields. ... Taipei 101, the worlds tallest building as of 2004. ... Warning signs, such as this one, can improve safety awareness. ... The examples and perspective in this article or section may not represent a worldwide view. ... Map of the human X chromosome (from the NCBI website). ... The structure of insulin Biotechnology is a technology based on biology, especially when used in agriculture, food science, and medicine. ... Cheminformatics is the use of computer and informational techniques, applied to a range of problems in the field of chemistry. ... Fire protection is the prevention and reduction of the hazards associated with fires. ... Health science is the discipline of applied science which deals with human and animal health. ... Pharmacology (in Greek: pharmacon (Ï†Î¬ÏÎ¼Î±ÎºÎ¿Î½) meaning drug, and logos (Î»ÏŒÎ³Î¿Ï‚) meaning science) is the study of how chemical substances interact with living systems. ... Safety engineering is an applied science strongly related to systems engineering. ... Look up aerospace in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Aerospace engineering is the branch of engineering that concerns aircraft, spacecraft and related topics. ... Marine Engineers are the officers of a ship which operate and maintain the propulsion and electrical generation systems onboard a ship. ... Car redirects here. ... Satellite navigation Space technology is a term that is often treated as a category. ...

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