Constructivist architecture was a form of modern architecture that flourished in the Soviet Union in the 1920s and early 1930s. It combined advanced technology and engineering with an avowedly Communist social purpose.^[1] Modern architecture is a broad term given to a number of building styles with similar characteristics, primarily the simplification of form and the elimination of ornament, that first arose around 1900. ... Modern architecture is a broad term given to a number of building styles with similar characteristics, primarily the simplification of form and the elimination of ornament, that first arose around 1900. ... Art nouveau /É‘Ê€ nuvo/ (French for new art) is a style in art, architecture and design that peaked in popularity at the beginning of the 20th century. ... Brutalism is an architectural style that spawned from the modernist architectural movement and which flourished from the 1950s to the 1970s. ... Critical Regionalism is an approach to architecture that strives to counter the placelessness and lack of meaning in Modern Architecture by using contextual forces to give a sense of place and meaning. ... For the 2000 indie rock album by The White Stripes, see De Stijl (album). ... Libeskinds Imperial War Museum North in Manchester comprises three apparently intersecting curved volumes. ... Expressionist architecture occurs in architecture when an architect distorts a building or design for an emotional effect. ... Perspective drawing from La Citta Nuova, 1914, by Antonia SantElia. ... Functionalism, in architecture, is the principle that architects should design a building based on the purpose of that building. ... The Weissenhof Estate in Stuttgart, Germany (1927) The Weissenhof Estate in Stuttgart, Germany (1930) The International style was a major architectural trend of the 1920s and 1930s. ... Organic Architecture is a branch of architecture which promotes harmony between man and nature through design so well integrated with its site that buildings, furnishings, and surroundings become part of a unified, interrelated composition. ... San Antonio Public Library, Texas. ... Visionary architecture is the name given to architecture which exists only on paper or which has visionary qualities. ... Modern architecture is a broad term given to a number of building styles with similar characteristics, primarily the simplification of form and the elimination of ornament, that first arose around 1900. ...

Tatlin's Tower

The first Constructivist architectural project was the 1919 proposal for the headquarters of the Communist International in St Petersburg by the Futurist Vladimir Tatlin, often called Tatlin's Tower. Though it remained unbuilt, the materials- glass and steel- and its futuristic ethos and political slant (the movements of its internal volumes were meant to symbolise revolution and the dialectic) set the tone for the projects of the 1920s. Image File history File links TatlinMonument3int. ... Image File history File links TatlinMonument3int. ... Model of the Monument to the Third International Tatlin’s Tower, or the Monument to the Third International, was a grand monumental building envisioned and blueprinted by the Russian artist and architect Vladimir Tatlin, but never built. ... Saint Petersburg (Russian: Санкт-Петербу́рг, English transliteration: Sankt-Peterburg), colloquially known as Питер (transliterated Piter), formerly known as Leningrad (Ленингра́д, 1924–1991) and Petrograd (Петрогра́д, 1914–1924), is a city located in Northwestern Russia on the delta of the river Neva at the east end of the Gulf of Finland... This article is about the art movement, futurism. ... Vladimir Yevgrafovich Tatlin (Владимир Евграфович Татлин) (December 28, 1885 (OS: December 16) – May 31, 1953) worked as a painter and architect. ... Model of the Monument to the Third International Tatlin’s Tower, or the Monument to the Third International, was a grand monumental building envisioned and blueprinted by the Russian artist and architect Vladimir Tatlin, but never built. ...

The Lenin Tribune

Lenin Tribune by El Lissitzky, 1920

Another famous early Constructivist project was the Lenin Tribune by El Lissitzky (1920), a moving speaker's podium. In this and Tatlin's work the components of Constructivism could be seen to be an adaptation of various high-tech Western forms, such as the engineering feats of Gustave Eiffel and New York or Chicago's skyscrapers for a new collective society. El Lissitzky in a 1924 self-portrait Lazar Markovich Lissitzky ▶(?) (Лазарь Маркович Лисицкий, November 23, 1890 – December 30, 1941), better known as El Lissitzky (Эль Лисицкий), was a Russian artist, designer, photographer, teacher, typographer, and architect. ... El Lissitzky in a 1924 self-portrait Lazar Markovich Lissitzky ▶(?) (Лазарь Маркович Лисицкий, November 23, 1890 – December 30, 1941), better known as El Lissitzky (Эль Лисицкий), was a Russian artist, designer, photographer, teacher, typographer, and architect. ... Gustave Eiffel Alexandre Gustave Eiffel (December 15, 1832 – December 27, 1923; French pronunciation in IPA, in English usually pronounced in the German manner ) was a French engineer and architect and a specialist of metallic structures. ... Taipei 101, the worlds tallest skyscraper by roof height on high rise. ...

ASNOVA and Rationalism

Though after the Civil War the USSR was too poor for any new building projects, the Soviet avant-garde school Vkhutemas started an architectural wing in 1921 which was led by the architect Nikolai Ladovsky. Among the architects affiliated to the ASNOVA group (Organisation of Rationalist Architects) were El Lissitzky, Konstantin Melnikov and Berthold Lubetkin. VKhUTEMAS (Russian acronym for Higher State Art and Technical Workshops) was the Russian state art and technical school founded in 1920 in Moscow, and dissolved in 1930. ... El Lissitzky in a 1924 self-portrait Lazar Markovich Lissitzky ▶(?) (Лазарь Маркович Лисицкий, November 23, 1890 – December 30, 1941), better known as El Lissitzky (Эль Лисицкий), was a Russian artist, designer, photographer, teacher, typographer, and architect. ... One of buildings designed by Melnikov Konstantin Stepanovitch Melnikov (Russian Константин Степанович Мельников; July 22 (August 3) 1890, Moscow - November 28, 1974, Moscow) was a Russian architect and major figure member of the Constructivist avant-garde in the early 20th century. ... Berthold Lubetkin (1901-1990) was a Russian emigré architect who pioneered modernist design in Britain in the 1930s. ...

El Lissitzky, Wolkenbugel, 1925

Projects from 1923-5 like Lissitzky and Mart Stam’s Wolkenbugel horizontal skyscrapers and Konstantin Melnikov’s temporary pavilions showed the originality and ambition of this new group. Melnikov would design the Soviet Pavilion at the Paris Exposition of Decorative Arts of 1925, which popularised the new style, with its rooms designed by Rodchenko and its jagged, mechanical form. ImageMetadata File history File links A photomontage of a building, The Wolkenbügel, designed, but not built, by Russian artist El Lissitzky. ... ImageMetadata File history File links A photomontage of a building, The Wolkenbügel, designed, but not built, by Russian artist El Lissitzky. ... El Lissitzky in a 1924 self-portrait Lazar Markovich Lissitzky â–¶(?) (Лазарь Маркович Лисицкий, November 23, 1890 – December 30, 1941), better known as El Lissitzky (Эль Лисицкий), was a Russian artist, designer, photographer, teacher, typographer, and architect. ... Mart Stam (1899 - 1986) was a Dutch architect, urban planner, and chair designer. ...

OSA

Barsch/Sinyavsky, Planetarium, 1929

A colder and more technological Constructivist style was introduced by the 1923/4 glass office project by the Vesnin brothers for Leningradskaya Pravda. In 1925 an separate group, also with ties to Vkhutemas, was founded by Alexander Vesnin and Moisei Ginzburg- the OSA or Organisation of Contemporary Architects. This group had much in common with Weimar Germany’s Functionalism, such as the housing projects of Ernst May and Martin Wagner. Housing, especially collective housing in dom kommuny was the main priority of this group. They published a magazine, SA or Contemporary Architecture from 1926 to 1930. Collective housing projects that were built included Nikolaev’s Communal House for Foreign Students of 1930, and Ginzburg’s Gostrakh and Narkomfin apartment buildings. Ginzburg also designed a government building in Alma-Ata, while the Vesnin brothers designed a School of Film Actors in Moscow. Alexander Vesnin (1883-1959) was a Russian constructivist architect. ... Functionalism is a term with several senses: For functionalism in sociology, see Functionalism (sociology). ... Ernst May (July 27, 1886, Frankfurt am Main—September 11, 1970, Hamburg) was a German architect and city planner. ... Hepcats #9 Martin Wagner (born April 27, 1966) is an artist, cartoonist, and filmmaker currently living in Austin, Texas. ... Almaty (Алматы; formerly known as Alma-Ata, also Verny, Vyernyi (Верный) in Imperial Russia) is a city in Kazakhstan, with a population of 1,168,000. ...

Constructions

Paris Pavilion by Konstantin Melnikov, 1925

The new forms of the Constructivists began to symbolise the project for a new everyday life of the Soviet Union, then in the mixed economy of the New Economic Policy. State buildings were constructed like the huge Gosprom complex in Kharkiv (designed by Serafimov and Kravets, 1926-8) which was regarded by Reyner Banham in his "Theory and Design in the first Machine Age" as being, along with the Dessau Bauhaus, the greatest modernist work of the 1920s. Other notable works included the aluminum parabola and glazed staircase of Mikhail Barsch and Mikhail Sinyavsky’s 1929 Moscow Planetarium. One of buildings designed by Melnikov Konstantin Stepanovitch Melnikov (Russian Константин Степанович Мельников; July 22 (August 3) 1890, Moscow - November 28, 1974, Moscow) was a Russian architect and major figure member of the Constructivist avant-garde in the early 20th century. ... The New Economic Policy (NEP; in Russian Новая экономическая политика - Novaya Ekonomicheskaiya Politika or НЭП) was officially decided in the course of the 10th Congress of the Russian Communist Party. ... Reyner Banham (1922-1988) was a prolific Anglo-American architectural critic and writer best known for his 1960 theoretical treatise Theory and Design in the First Machine Age, and his 1971 book Los Angeles: The Architecture of Four Ecologies in which he categorized the Angelean experience into four ecological models... ņBauhaus is the common term for the Staatliches Bauhaus, an art and architecture school in Germany that operated from 1919 to 1933, and for the approach to design that it developed and taught. ...

Traditionalist architects adopted Constructivism, as in Ivan Zholtovsky’s 1926 power station or Alexey Shchusev’s Lenin Mausoleum and Narkomzem offices, both in Moscow. Alexey Viktorovich Shchusev (Russian: ) (September 26, 1873, Kishinev—May 24, 1949, Moscow) was an acclaimed Russian architect whose works may be regarded as a bridge connecting Revivalist architecture of Imperial Russia with Stalins Empire Style. ... Lenins Tomb, with wall of the Kremlin and the former Soviet Parliament building behind An entrance to Lenins Mausoleum Lenins Mausoleum, also known as Lenins Tomb, situated in Red Square in Moscow, is the mausoleum that serves as the final resting place of Vladimir Lenin. ...

Shukhov Tower in Moscow

Similarly, the engineer Vladimir Shukhov’s Shukhov Tower was often seen as an avant-garde work and was praised by Walter Benjamin in his Moscow Diary. Shukhov also collaborated with Melnikov on the Bakhmetevsky Bus Garage. Many of these buildings are shown in Sergei Eisenstein’s film The General Line, which also featured a specically built mock-up Constructivist collective farm designed by Andrey Burov. Image File history File linksMetadata Shukhorodchenko. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Shukhorodchenko. ... Shukhov and his tower as they appear on a Soviet poststamp. ... For other uses, see Moscow (disambiguation). ... Vladimir Grigorievich Shukhov Vladimir Grigorievich Shukhov (Russian: ), (August 28 [O.S. August 16] 1853 - February 2, 1939) was a great Russian engineer renowned for his pioneering works on new methods of analysis for civil engineering that led to breakthroughs in industrial design of oil reservoirs, pipelines, boilers, ships and barges. ... Shukhov and his tower as they appear on a Soviet poststamp. ... Walter Benjamin (July 15, 1892 – September 27, 1940) was a German Marxist literary critic and philosopher. ... One of buildings designed by Melnikov Konstantin Stepanovitch Melnikov (Russian Константин Степанович Мельников; July 22 (August 3) 1890, Moscow - November 28, 1974, Moscow) was a Russian architect and major figure member of the Constructivist avant-garde in the early 20th century. ... Interior of the Bakhmetevsky Bus Garage by K.Melnikov and V.Shukhov, 1929, Moscow The Bakhmetevsky Bus Garage is a constructivist building designed in Moscow (1926-1927) by the architect Konstantin Melnikov and the engineer Vladimir Shukhov. ... Sergei Eisenstein in 1920s Sergei Eisenstein Sergei Mikhailovich Eisenstein (Russian: Сергей Михайлович Эйзенштейн, Latvian: Sergejs EizenÅ¡teins) (January 23, 1898 – February 11, 1948) was a revolutionary Soviet theatrical scenic designer-turned-film director and film theorist noted in particular for his silent films Strike, Battleship Potemkin and Oktober, which vastly influenced early documentary...

The Everyday and the Utopian

Rusakov Club by Konstantin Melnikov, Moscow

A central aim of the Constructivists was instilling the avant-garde in everyday life. From 1927 they worked on projects for Workers’ Clubs, communal leisure facilities usually built in factory districts. Among the most famous of these are the Rusakov Workers' Club by Konstantin Melnikov, the club of the Likachev works by the Vesnin brothers, and Ilya Golosov’s Zuev club. At the same time as this foray into the everyday, outlandish projects were designed such as Ivan Leonidov’s Lenin Institute, a high tech work that bears comparison with Buckminster Fuller, and Gyorgy Krutikov’s self explanatory Flying City, as well as projects for Suprematist skyscrapers called ‘planits’ or ‘architektons’ by Kasimir Malevich and Nikolai Suetin. Yakov Chernikhov produced several books of experimental designs-most famously ‘Architectural Fantasies’ (1933), earning him the epithet ‘the Soviet Piranesi’. One of buildings designed by Melnikov Konstantin Stepanovitch Melnikov (Russian Константин Степанович Мельников; July 22 (August 3) 1890, Moscow - November 28, 1974, Moscow) was a Russian architect and major figure member of the Constructivist avant-garde in the early 20th century. ... For other uses, see Moscow (disambiguation). ... One of buildings designed by Melnikov Konstantin Stepanovitch Melnikov (Russian Константин Степанович Мельников; July 22 (August 3) 1890, Moscow - November 28, 1974, Moscow) was a Russian architect and major figure member of the Constructivist avant-garde in the early 20th century. ... In the U.S. postage stamp commemorating Buckminster Fuller and his contributions to architecture and science, some of his inventions are visible. ... Black Circle (Malevich, 1913) Suprematism means, in Kasimir Malevichs own words, supremacy of forms. It is almost a study in abstract forms conceived in itself – non-objective and not related to anything except geometric shapes and colours. ... Self-portrait, 1933 Kazimir Severinovich Malevich (Казимир Северинович Малевич, Polish Malewicz, Ukrainian transliteration Malevych, German Kasimir Malewitsch), (February 12, 1878 – May 15, 1935) was a painter and art theoretician, pioneer of geometric abstract art and one of the most important members of the so-called Russian avantgarde. ... The introduction to this article provides insufficient context for those unfamiliar with the subject matter. ...

The Cultural Revolution

Le Corbusier and Nikolai Kolli, Tsentrosoyuz, 1930s

Many of the Constructivists hoped to see their ambitions realised during the Cultural Revolution that accompanied the first Five Year Plan. At this point the Constructivists were divided between urbanists and disurbanists who favoured a garden city model. Their projects for new cities such as Magnitogorsk were often rejected in favour of the more pragmatic German architects fleeing Nazism like Ernst May, Hannes Meyer and Bruno Taut. The city-planning of Le Corbusier found brief favour, with the architect writing a ‘reply to Moscow’ that later became the Ville Radieuse, and designing the Tsentrosoyuz government building with the Constructivist Nikolai Kolli. The duplex apartments and collective facilities of the OSA group were a major influence on his later work. A Five Year Plan project with major Constructivist input was the Dnieper dam, designed by the Vesnin brothers. El Lissitzky popularised the style abroad with his 1930 book The Reconstruction of Architecture in Russia Charles-Edouard Jeanneret, widely known as Le Corbusier (October 6, 1887–August 27, 1965), was a Swiss architect famous for his contributions to what is now called modernism, or the International Style. ... This article looks like an automatic or simply very translation and needs to be wikified, referenced or deleted. ... Five-Year Plans or Piatiletkas (пятилетка) were a series of nation-wide centralized exercises in rapid economic development in the Soviet Union. ... Garden City is the name of several places around the world. ... A steel production facility in Magnitogorsk in the 1930s Magnitogorsk Magnitogorsk (Russian: ) is a mining and industrial city by the Ural River in Chelyabinsk Oblast, Russia, with one of the largest iron and steel works in the country. ... Ernst May (July 27, 1886, Frankfurt am Main—September 11, 1970, Hamburg) was a German architect and city planner. ... Hannes Meyer Hannes Meyer (November 18, 1889–July 19, 1954) was a Swiss architect and second director of the Bauhaus in Dessau from 1928 to 1930. ... Bruno Julius Florian Taut (May 4, 1880, Konigsberg, Germany - December 24, 1938, Istanbul), was a prolific German architect, urban planner and author active in the Weimar period. ... Charles-Edouard Jeanneret, widely known as Le Corbusier (October 6, 1887–August 27, 1965), was a Swiss architect famous for his contributions to what is now called modernism, or the International Style. ... This article looks like an automatic or simply very translation and needs to be wikified, referenced or deleted. ...

The Palace of Soviets and the end of Constructivism

Metro Station by Ladovsky, 1934

The 1932 competition for a the Palace of the Soviets, a grandiose project to rival the Empire State Building featured entries from all the major Constructivists as well as Walter Gropius, Erich Mendelsohn and Le Corbusier. However, this coincided with widespread criticism of modernism, which was always difficult to sustain in a still mostly agrarian country. The winning entry by Boris Iofan marked the start of the eclectic historicism of Stalinist Architecture, a style which bears similarities to Post-Modernism in that it reacted against modernist architecture's cosmopolitanism and alleged ugliness and inhumanity with a pick and mix of historical styles, usually achieved with new technology. This reaction was totally dominant until the late 1950s. A few isolated projects begun in the early 30s, such as Porteleimon Golosov’s Pravda building or Ladovsky’s modernist vestibules for the Moscow Metro were built in the new climate. Competition entries were made by the Vesnin brothers and Ivan Leonidov for the Commisariat for Heavy Industry in Red Square, 1934, another unbuilt Stalinist edifice. Traces of Constructivism can also be found in some Socialist Realist works, such as the Futurist elevations of Iofan’s ultra-Stalinist 1937 Paris Pavilion, which had Suprematist interiors by Suetin. Image File history File links Krasnye_Vorota_Ext_Moscow_1950. ... Image File history File links Krasnye_Vorota_Ext_Moscow_1950. ... Categories: Buildings in Moscow | Soviet Union | Stub ... The Empire State Building is a 102-story contemporary Art Deco style building in New York City, declared by the American Society of Civil Engineers to be one of the Seven Wonders of the Modern World. ... Walter Gropius (circa 1920). ... Translation in progress Erich Mendelsohn (21 March 1887 – 15 September 1953) was a German Jewish architect, known for his expressionist buildings in the 1920s, the first in their style. ... Iofans Palace of Soviets design Boris Mihajlovic Iofan (April 28, 1891–1976) was one of a trio of Russian architects who designed the infamous Palace of Soviets (the other two architects were Vladimir Gelfreikh and Vladimir Shchuko). ... Never executed design for the Palace of Soviets in Moscow. ... Postmodernism (sometimes abbreviated pomo) is a term applied to a wide-ranging set of developments in critical theory, philosophy, architecture, art, literature, and culture, which are generally characterized as either emerging from, in reaction to, or superseding, modernism. ... A current map of the Moscow Metro. ... This article is about the art movement, futurism. ...

Legacy of Constructivism

Zuev club by Golosov, 1928

Due in part to its political commitment- and its replacement by Socialist Realism- the mechanistic forms of Constructivism were not part of the International Style as it was defined by Philip Johnson and Henry Russell Hitchcock. Their book included only one building from the USSR, an electrical laboratory by Nikolaev. Constructivism has often been seen as an alternative, more radical modernism, and its legacy can be seen in designers as diverse as Team 10, Archigram and Kenzo Tange. The integration of the avant-garde and everyday life has parallels with the Situationists, particularly their New Babylon project. High Tech architecture also owes much to Constructivism, most obviously in Richard Rogers’ Lloyds’ building. Zaha Hadid's early projects were adaptations of Malevich's Architektons, and the influence of Chernikhov is clear on her drawings. Meanwhile Rem Koolhaas wrote a parable on Constructivism called The Swimming Pool. The Weissenhof Estate in Stuttgart, Germany (1927) The Weissenhof Estate in Stuttgart, Germany (1930) The International style was a major architectural trend of the 1920s and 1930s. ... Team X (or Team 10) is an architects group. ... Archigram was an avant-garde architectural group formed in the 1960s and based at the Architectural Association, London that was futurist, anti-heroic and pro-consumerist, drawing inspiration from technology in order to create a new reality that was solely expressed through hypothetical projects. ... Kenzo Tange (丹下健三, Tange Kenzō; September 4, 1913 - March 22, 2005) was a Japanese architect, and winner of the 1987 Pritzker Prize for architecture. ... The Situationist International (SI), an international political and artistic movement, originated in the Italian village of Cosio dArroscia on 28 July 1957 with the fusion of several extremely small artistic tendencies: the Lettrist International , the International movement for an imaginist Bauhaus, and the London Psychogeographical Association. ... Richard George Rogers, Baron Rogers of Riverside (born 23 July 1933) is a British architect noted for his modernist and functionalist designs. ... Zaha Hadid (Arabic: زها حديد) (born October 31, 1950) is a notable British deconstructivist architect. ... Seattle Central Library, designed by OMA Rem Koolhaas (born November 17, 1944 in Rotterdam, Netherlands) is a Dutch architect, former journalist and screenwriter who studied architecture at the Architectural Association School of Architecture in London. ...

Constructivist Architects

A design by Yakov Chernikhov, 1933

• Mikhail Barsch
• Yakov Chernikhov
• Moisei Ginzburg
• Ilya Golosov
• Porteleimon Golosov
• El Lissitzky
• Nikolai Ladovsky
• Ivan Leonidov
• Berthold Lubetkin
• Kasimir Malevich
• Konstantin Melnikov
• Vladimir Shukhov
• Serafimov and Kravets
• Mikhail Sinyavsky
• Nikolai Suetin
• Alexander Vesnin
• Leonid Vesnin
• Victor Vesnin

El Lissitzky in a 1924 self-portrait Lazar Markovich Lissitzky â–¶(?) (Лазарь Маркович Лисицкий, November 23, 1890 – December 30, 1941), better known as El Lissitzky (Эль Лисицкий), was a Russian artist, designer, photographer, teacher, typographer, and architect. ... Ivan Leonidov (1902-1959) was a Russian constructivist architect. ... Berthold Lubetkin (1901-1990) was a Russian emigré architect who pioneered modernist design in Britain in the 1930s. ... Self-portrait, 1933 Kazimir Severinovich Malevich (Казимир Северинович Малевич, Polish Malewicz, Ukrainian transliteration Malevych, German Kasimir Malewitsch), (February 12, 1878 – May 15, 1935) was a painter and art theoretician, pioneer of geometric abstract art and one of the most important members of the so-called Russian avantgarde. ... One of buildings designed by Melnikov Konstantin Stepanovitch Melnikov (Russian Константин Степанович Мельников; July 22 (August 3) 1890, Moscow - November 28, 1974, Moscow) was a Russian architect and major figure member of the Constructivist avant-garde in the early 20th century. ... Vladimir Grigorievich Shukhov Vladimir Grigorievich Shukhov (Russian: ), (August 28 [O.S. August 16] 1853 - February 2, 1939) was a great Russian engineer renowned for his pioneering works on new methods of analysis for civil engineering that led to breakthroughs in industrial design of oil reservoirs, pipelines, boilers, ships and barges. ... The introduction to this article provides insufficient context for those unfamiliar with the subject matter. ... Alexander Vesnin (1883-1959) was a Russian constructivist architect. ...

References

Design for Pravda by Vesnin brothers, 1923-4

• Russian Constructivism and Iakov Chernikhov. Architectural Design magazine vol. 59 no. 7-8, London, 1989
• Reyner Banham, Theory and Design in the First Machine Age
• Victor Buchli, An Archaeology of Socialism
• Catherine Cooke, The Avant Garde
• Catherine Cooke, Fantasy and Construction
• Kenneth Frampton, Modern Architecture: a Critical Introduction
• Moisei Ginzburg, Style and Epoch
• Rem Koolhaas, The Swimming Pool
• El Lissitzky, The Reconstruction of Architecture in the Soviet Union
• Karl Schlogel, Moscow

Reyner Banham (1922-1988) was a prolific Anglo-American architectural critic and writer best known for his 1960 theoretical treatise Theory and Design in the First Machine Age, and his 1971 book Los Angeles: The Architecture of Four Ecologies in which he categorized the Angelean experience into four ecological models... Kenneth Frampton is Ware Professor at the Graduate School of Architecture and Planning, Columbia University, New York. ... Seattle Central Library, designed by OMA Rem Koolhaas (born November 17, 1944 in Rotterdam, Netherlands) is a Dutch architect, former journalist and screenwriter who studied architecture at the Architectural Association School of Architecture in London. ... El Lissitzky in a 1924 self-portrait Lazar Markovich Lissitzky ▶(?) (Лазарь Маркович Лисицкий, November 23, 1890 – December 30, 1941), better known as El Lissitzky (Эль Лисицкий), was a Russian artist, designer, photographer, teacher, typographer, and architect. ...

External Links

• Guardian article on preserving Constructivist buildings
• Constructivism in Architecture at Kmtspace
• Campaign for the Preservation of the Narkomfin Building