Proximity card is a generic name for contactless integrated circuit device used for security access or payment systems. It can refer to the older 125 kHz devices or the newer 13.56 MHz contactless RFID cards, most commonly known as contactless smartcards. A smart card, or integrated circuit(s) card (ICC), is defined as any integrated circuitry embedded into a flat, plastic body. ...
Modern proximity cards are covered by the ISO 14443 (Proximity Card) standard. There is also a related ISO 15693 (Vicinity Card) standard. ISO 14443 defines a proximity card used for identification that usually uses the standard credit card form factor defined by ISO 7810 ID-1. ... ISO 15693 is an ISO standard for Vicinity Cards, i. ...
Proximity cards use an LC circuit. An IC, capacitor, and coil are connected in series. The card reader presents a field that excites the coil and charges the capacitor, which in turn energizes the IC. IC then transmits the card number via the coil to the card reader. The card readers communicate in Wiegand protocol that consists of a data 0 and a data 1 circuit. The earliest cards were 26 bit. As demand has increased bit size has increased to continue to provide unique numbers. Often, the first several bits can be made identical. These are called facility or site code. The idea is that company Alice has a facility code of xn and a card set of 0001 through 1000 and company Bob has a facility code of yn and a card set also of 0001 through 1000.
The major boom in smart card use came in the 1990s, with the introduction of the smart-card-based SIM used in GSM mobile phone equipment in Europe.They are becoming quite common now.
A second type is the contactless smart card, in which the chip communicates with the card reader through RFID induction technology (at data rates of 106 to 848 kbit/s).
The plastic card in which the chip is embedded is fairly flexible, and the larger the chip, the higher the probability of breaking.
Contactlesscards are both robust and flexible, giving security professionals the ability to reduce maintenance costs, improve employee productivity and increase security.
Contactless smart cards offer advantages to both the organization issuing the card and the cardholder.
Cards that comply with these standards are intelligent, read/write devices capable of storing different kinds of data and operating at different ranges.
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