The examples and perspective in this article or section may not represent a worldwide view of the subject. Please improve this article or discuss the issue on the talk page.

A limited-access road or controlled-access road is a road to which access from adjacent properties is limited in some way. It can mean anything from a city street to which the maintaining authority limits driveway access^[1][2] to a freeway (or other equivalent terms).^[3][4] The precise definition of these terms varies by jurisdiction. Image File history File links Gnome-globe. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Driveway to a farm A driveway is a type of private road for local access to one or a small group of structures, and maintained by an individual or group. ... Interstate 80 (Eastshore Freeway) in Berkeley, a typical American freeway (MUTCD definition) A freeway is a type of highway that is designed for safer high-speed operation of motor vehicles through the elimination of at-grade intersections. ...

The concept and various names

Once these first roads were developed many terms have been applied to this type of road over the years. These names differ in various areas based on both local terminology official names. The definitions for these roads varies greatly by country and in the United States, varies greatly by state.

As a result, this concept goes under many names around the world including:^{[citation needed]}

• Autobahn (Austria, Germany, Switzerland)
• Autopista (Spain, Mexico, Argentina, Chile)
• Autoroute (France, Canada, Switzerland)
• Autostrada (Italy, Poland, Romania, Switzerland)
• Autoestrada (Portugal)
• Expressway (US, Canada, China, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Philippines)
• Freeway (US, Australia)
• Motorway (UK, Australia)
• Parkway (US)
• Turnpike (US)

It has been suggested that this article be split into multiple articles accessible from a disambiguation page. ... This page meets Wikipedias criteria for speedy deletion. ... An autoroute. ... Autostrada is the Italian word for motorways/freeways, but is used in several countries including Albania, Lithuania, Poland, Egypt, Israel, and Romania. ... A typical expressway in Santa Clara County, California. ... Interstate 80 (Eastshore Freeway) in Berkeley, a typical American freeway (MUTCD definition) A freeway is a type of highway that is designed for safer high-speed operation of motor vehicles through the elimination of at-grade intersections. ... Motorway symbol in UK, France and Ireland. ... For other uses, see Parkway (disambiguation). ... A toll road, turnpike or tollpike is a road on which a toll authority collects a fee for use. ...

Usage of terms

The examples and perspective in this article or section may not represent a worldwide view of the subject. Please improve this article or discuss the issue on the talk page.

Road maps generally use either term to indicate to indicate freeway standards.^{[5][6][7][8][9]} Image File history File links Gnome-globe. ... A roadmap, originally a travel itinerary, is now used more often to designate a simplified policy, strategy or action plan. ...

In the United States, the national Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD) only uses "full control of access" for freeways. Expressways are defined as having "partial control of access", meaning that major roads typically use interchanges and commercial development is accessed via cross roads or frontage roads, while minor roads can cross at grade and farms can have direct access. This definition is also used by some states, some of which also restrict freeways only to motor vehicles capable of maintaining a certain speed.^[4][10] Some other states^{[citation needed]} use "controlled access" to mean a higher standard than "limited access", while others^[11] reverse the two terms. The Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD) is a document issued by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) of the United States Department of Transportation (USDOT) to specify the standards by which traffic signs, road markings (see lane), and signals are designed, installed, and used. ... Interstate 80 (Eastshore Freeway) in Berkeley, a typical American freeway (MUTCD definition) A freeway is a type of highway that is designed for safer high-speed operation of motor vehicles through the elimination of at-grade intersections. ... A typical expressway in Santa Clara County, California. ... High-capacity freeway interchange in Los Angeles, California. ... A frontage road for U.S. Highway 71 (a freeway) near Carthage, Missouri. ... For other uses, see Farm (disambiguation). ...

History

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The concept of limited-access roadways started^{[citation needed][original research?]} with the parkway system in the state of New York, in 1907.^[12] The New York State Parkway System was a network of high speed roads in and around New York City. Image File history File links Circle-question. ... For other uses, see Parkway (disambiguation). ... NY redirects here. ... New York State Parkway System opened its first section in 1908 and was a series of high speed (25 Mph) four-lane roads that were created to provide a scenic way in to, out of, and around New York City. ... Nickname: Big Apple, Gotham, NYC, City That Never Sleeps, The Concrete Jungle, The City So Nice They Named It Twice Location in the state of New York Coordinates: Country United States State New York Boroughs The Bronx Brooklyn Manhattan Queens Staten Island Settled 1676 Government  - Mayor Michael Bloomberg (R) Area...

The concept evolved^{[citation needed]} into uninterrupted arterial roads^[13] that are commonly^{[citation needed]} known as expressways^[4], motorways, or parkways, among other names both in the US and other countries. An arterial road is a high-capacity road which is just below a highway level of service. ... A typical expressway in Santa Clara County, California. ... Motorway symbol in UK, France and Ireland. ... For other uses, see Parkway (disambiguation). ...

Variants

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A controlled-access highway^[14][15] is usually a step up^{[citation needed]} from a limited-access highway. These usually feature grade-separated interchanges and frontage roads with ramp access.^{[citation needed]} Image File history File links Circle-question. ... An example of a four-level stack interchange in the Netherlands. ... In the field of road transport, a road junction is a place where two or more roads either meet or cross. ... A frontage road for U.S. Highway 71 (a freeway) near Carthage, Missouri. ...

When toll booths are placed along the road, they are called toll roads, tollways, or turnpikes, among other names both in the US and other countries. A toll road, turnpike or tollpike is a road on which a toll authority collects a fee for use. ... A toll road, tollway, turnpike, pike or tollpike is a road on which a toll authority collects a toll (i. ... A toll road, turnpike or tollpike is a road on which a toll authority collects a fee for use. ... A toll road, turnpike or tollpike is a road on which a toll authority collects a fee for use. ...

Dual carriageways (or divided highways) with long intervals between at-grade intersections and no private access may also meet the criteria of being "controlled-access."^[16][17] Such roads may also be called expressways.^[4] This early German Autobahn uses a dual carriageway design. ... An at-grade intersection is a junction at which two or more transport axes cross at the same level (or grade). ... A typical expressway in Santa Clara County, California. ...

One such example is the "Marquette Bypass" on U.S. Route 41 in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan. The bypass is an expressway in terms of signage,^{[citation needed][original research?]} although it has traffic lights at the junctions.^[18] Marquette is a city in the U.S. state of Michigan. ... The Marquette Bypass is a segment of expressway (controlled-access highway with no private drives but intersections instead of interchanges) bypassing the city of Marquette, Michigan, USA. The bypass is part of the longer US-41 and M-28 routings. ... U.S. Route 41 is a north-south United States Highway that runs from the Upper Peninsula of Michigan to Miami, Florida. ... The Upper Peninsula of Michigan is the northern of the two major land masses that comprise the U.S. state of Michigan. ...

References

1. ^ Environment Waikato Regional Council, Definition of Terms: "Limited access road for the purposes of this Strategy (section 5.6.3) is a local road occupied by a district/city council, where the number of accesses onto that road from properties is limited, due to road safety and visibility reasons."
2. ^ Elko Traffic Code: "'Controlled access highway' means every highway, street or roadway in respect to which owners or occupants of abutting lands and other persons have no legal right of access except at such points only and in such manner as may be determined by the public authority having jurisdiction over such highway, street or roadway."
3. ^ Jacksonville Transportation Authority - Rapid Transit Studies - Glossary: "Limited Access - Roadways with access limited to specific points (interchanges) with arterial or other limited access roadways."
4. ^ ^{a b c d} Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices, Section 1A.13 Definitions of Words and Phrases in This Manual: "Expressway—a divided highway with partial control of access." and "Freeway—a divided highway with full control of access."
5. ^ Gousha 1996 U.S. - Canada - Mexico defines "controlled access highways": "These divided super-highways have no cross traffic, and entrance or exit is permitted only at interchanges."
6. ^ American Automobile Association 1993 U.S. - Canada - Mexico uses "controlled access", split into "multi-lane divided" and "2 & 3 lane undivided"
7. ^ Rand McNally 1991 U.S. - Canada - Mexico uses "limited-access highways"
8. ^ National Geographic (GeoSystems Global Corporation) 1999 U.S. - Canada - Mexico uses "controlled access highways"
9. ^ 1994 DeLorme North America uses "limited access"
10. ^ Illinois Department of Transportation (2006). Peoria to Macomb. Retrieved on 2006-07-19. (enclosed within frames in http://www.peoriatomacomb.com). "Expressways are constructed as partial access controlled facilities. This means direct access is allowed for single family residence and field entrances and public roads may be at-grade intersections. Also, interchanges are constructed or planned at most marked routes or high-volume county highways. Commercial properties are not allowed direct access and are brought in off of public or frontage roads."; "Farm machinery is not allowed to be driven on a freeway. Farm machinery would need to be driven on side roads or frontage roads to access fields. With an expressway, farm machinery is allowed to be driven on the highway and field access is generally allowed along the main highway."
11. ^ Florida Department of Transportation, Florida's Planning Level of Service StandardsPDF (94.2 KiB): "Limited access highways (freeways) are multilane divided highways having a minimum of two lanes for exclusive use of traffic in each direction and full control of ingress and egress; this includes freeways and all fully controlled access roadways."; "Controlled access highways are non-limited access arterial facilities where access connections, median openings and traffic signals are highly regulated."
12. ^ http://www.nycroads.com/roads/bronx-river/
13. ^ Jacksonville Transportation Authority - Rapid Transit Studies - Glossary: "Limited Access - Roadways with access limited to specific points (interchanges) with arterial or other limited access roadways."
14. ^ Elko Traffic Code: "'Controlled access highway' means every highway, street or roadway in respect to which owners or occupants of abutting lands and other persons have no legal right of access except at such points only and in such manner as may be determined by the public authority having jurisdiction over such highway, street or roadway."
15. ^ Public Transportation and Highway Improvement Act; R.S.O. 1990, CHAPTER P.50
16. ^ A8 Dual Carriageway
17. ^ Upgrading the Pacific Highway, Route Options Development Report Class A projects, which are also designed to 110 km/h standard, but generally signposted at 100 km/h. These are designed as controlled access roads, with direct access from local roads at limited locations, and interchanges with major roads where traffic demand justifies the cost.
18. ^ Michigan Highways 40 through 49 The route is a partially-limited access expressway, with access only at select crossroads.