Controlled flight into terrain (CFIT) describes an accident whereby an airworthy aircraft, under pilot control, inadvertently flies into terrain, an obstacle, or water. The term was developed by engineers at Boeing in the late 1970s.^{[citation needed]} The pilots are generally unaware of the danger until it is too late. “Flying Machine” redirects here. ... For other uses, see Aviator (disambiguation). ... Look up engineer in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... The Boeing Company (NYSE: BA, TYO: 7661 ) is a major aerospace and defense corporation, originally founded by William Boeing. ... The 1970s decade refers to the years from 1970 to 1979, also called The Seventies. ...

In civil and especially in private aviation, CFIT may be humorously referred to as the result of "rock-filled clouds" or "cumulogranite" (from the terms cumulus, or "cloud," and granite) when it is caused by terrain being obscured by clouds. Civil airliner - Air India Boeing 747-400 Civil aviation is one of two major categories of flying, representing all non-Military aviation, both private and commercial. ... General aviation (abbr. ... Black comedy, also known as black humor, is a subgenre of comedy and satire that deals with serious subjects &#8211; death, divorce, drug abuse, et cetera in a humorous manner. ... Cumulus can also refer to Cumulus Media (also known as Cumulus Broadcasting) A cumulus cloud is a cloud belonging to a class characterized by dense individual elements in the form of puffs, mounds or towers, with flat bases and tops that often resemble cauliflower. ... Close-up of granite from Yosemite National Park, valley of the Merced River Quarrying granite for the Mormon Temple, Utah Territory. ... hello--~~~~fake <gallery> poos[[kill]] </gallery> For other uses, see Cloud (disambiguation). ...

Pilots with any level of experience, even highly experienced professionals, may commit CFIT. Pilot fatigue, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation may play a role. The incidents often involve impact with significantly raised terrain such as hills or mountains, and may occur in conditions of clouds or otherwise reduced visibility. CFIT often occurs during aircraft descent to landing, near an airport.^{[citation needed]} “Fatigue (physical)” redirects here. ... Situation awareness or situational awareness [1] (SA) is the mental representation and understanding of objects, events, people, system states, interactions, environmental conditions, and other situation-specific factors affecting human performance in complex and dynamic tasks. ...

CFIT may be associated with equipment malfunction. If the malfunction occurs in a piece of navigational equipment, it may mislead the crew into improperly guiding the aircraft despite other information received from all properly functioning equipment, or despite clear sky visibility that should have allowed the crew to easily notice ground proximity (compare tunnel vision). In other cases, the usually minor malfunction does not affect the overall airworthiness of the plane, but may distract the crew from properly guiding the plane. It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Bitemporal hemianopia. ...

Notable accidents

Several notable accidents have been ascribed to CFIT.

• The famous crash of the Star Dust airliner on August 2, 1947. Due to a misjudgment of position, the flight crew appear to have believed that the aircraft was approaching the airport of Santiago. The plane vanished shortly after its last transmission estimating the time of its arrival at Santiago. Its wreckage was discovered fifty years later.

• Pan Am Flight 151 - June 21, 1951

• Trans-Canada Air Lines Flight 810 - December 9, 1956

• The crash of Southern Airlines Flight 932 in the mountains near Huntington, West Virginia, on November 14, 1970. All 75 on board, including 37 members of the Marshall University Thundering Herd football team, and four crew members, died in the accident. The plane was destroyed. It was to approach Tri-State Airport. We Are Marshall, a film about this accident and its aftermath, was released to theaters in 2006.

• Uruguayan Air Force Flight 571 October 13, 1972 - December 23, 1972

• The crash of Eastern Air Lines Flight 401 near Miami, Florida on December 29, 1972. The captain, first officer, and flight engineer had become fixated on a faulty landing gear light and had failed to realize that the autopilot had been switched off. The distracted flight crew did not recognize the plane's slow descent and the otherwise completely airworthy aircraft struck the ground in the Everglades, killing 101 out of 176 passengers and crew.

• Delta Air Lines Flight 723 - July 31, 1973

• The crash of Air New Zealand Flight 901 into Mount Erebus, Antarctica on November 28, 1979. There is still disagreement over the exact causes of the crash, but it is commonly accepted that the pilots' loss of situational awareness and whiteout conditions at the time were contributory factors leading to the crash. All 257 people on the plane were killed.

• The crash of Indian Airlines Flight 113 on October 19, 1988 at Ahmedabad, India. The aircraft hit an electric mast five miles (eight km) out on approach in poor visibility. All six crew members and 124 of 129 passengers were killed.

• Independent Air Flight 1851 - February 8, 1989

• The crash of Indian Airlines Flight 605 on 14 February 1990. The plane impacted a golf course 2300 feet short of the runway during final approach to Bangalore, killing 92 on board.

• The crash of Pakistan International Airlines Flight 268 on approach to Kathmandu on September 28, 1992. The approach to Kathmandu is difficult, as the airport is located in an oval-shaped valley surrounded by mountains. Flight 268 was approximately 900 feet below the designated approach path and impacted a steep cloud-covered hillside. All 167 people on the plane were killed.

• The crash of American Airlines Flight 965 on December 20, 1995. The Boeing 757-223 impacted tree-covered mountainous terrain near Cali, Colombia. The crew failed to recognize a series of navigational errors they had made, and forgot that they had deployed the air brakes. All eight crew members and 152 of the 156 passengers were killed.

• 1996 New Hampshire Learjet crash - lost December 24, 1996 - found November 13, 1999

• Crossair Flight 3597 was an AVRO RJ100, registration HB-IXM, on a scheduled flight from Berlin, Germany to Zurich, Switzerland that crashed during its landing approach towards Zurich International Airport on November 24, 2001, killing 24 people.

• Kam Air Flight 904 - February 3, 2005

The B.S.A.A Lancastrian 3, Star Dust Star Dust was a British South American Airways airliner that disappeared under mysterious circumstances on the 2nd of August, 1947. ... is the 214th day of the year (215th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1947 (MCMXLVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1947 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Location of Santiago commune in Greater Santiago Coordinates: , Region Province Foundation February 12, 1541 Government  - Mayor Raúl Alcaíno Lihn Area 1  - City 22. ... Pan Am Flight 151, a Lockheed L-049 Constellation (registration N88846) named the Clipper Great Republic en route from Accra, Ghana, to Monrovia, Liberia, crashed on approach into a hill at an elevation of 1050 feet near Sanoye, Liberia, 54 miles from Roberts Field on June 22, 1951. ... is the 172nd day of the year (173rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1951 (MCMLI) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Trans-Canada Air Lines Flight 810 was a Canadair Northstar on a scheduled flight from Vancouver to Calgary (continuing to Regina, Winnipeg, and Toronto). ... Memorial at Spring Hill Cemetery in Huntington to the victims of the 1970 plane crash. ... For other uses, see Mountain (disambiguation). ... Huntington is a city located in the U.S. State of West Virginia along the Ohio River. ... Official language(s) English Capital Charleston Largest city Charleston Area  Ranked 41st  - Total 24,244 sq mi (62,809 km²)  - Width 130 miles (210 km)  - Length 240 miles (385 km)  - % water 0. ... is the 318th day of the year (319th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1970 (MCMLXX) was a common year starting on Thursday (link shows full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Marshall University is a public university based in Huntington, West Virginia. ... The ball used in American football has a pointed oval shape, and usually has a large set of stitches along one side. ... Tri-State Airport (IATA: HTS, ICAO: KHTS) / Milton J. Ferguson Field is a public airport located a few miles southwest of Huntington, West Virginia serving the nearby areas where the borders of Ohio, Kentucky, and West Virginia come together including Ashland, Kentucky and Ironton, Ohio. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Uruguayan Air Force Flight 571, also known less formally as the Andes flight disaster, was an airline flight carrying 45 people that crashed in the Andes on October 13, 1972. ... is the 286th day of the year (287th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1972 (MCMLXXII) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 357th day of the year (358th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1972 (MCMLXXII) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Eastern Air Lines Flight 401 was a Lockheed L-1011 jet that crashed into the Florida Everglades on the night of December 29, 1972, causing 101 fatalities (75 initial crash survivors, 2 died shortly afterward). ... Nickname: Location in Miami-Dade County and the state of Florida Coordinates: , Country State County Miami-Dade Incorporated July 28, 1896 Government  - Type Mayor-Commissioner Plan  - Mayor Manny Diaz (I)  - City Manager Pedro G. Hernandez  - City Attorney Jorge L. Fernandez  - City Clerk Priscilla Thompson Area  - City  55. ... is the 363rd day of the year (364th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1972 (MCMLXXII) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... An autopilot is a mechanical, electrical, or hydraulic system used to guide a vehicle without assistance from a human being. ... Map of the Everglades ecoregion as delineated by the WWF. Satellite image from NASA. The yellow line encloses two ecoregions, the Everglades and the South Florida rocklands. The South Florida rocklands ecoregion includes the Florida Keys and offshore islands and two patches within the Everglades. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... is the 212th day of the year (213th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For the song by James Blunt, see 1973 (song). ... Air New Zealand Flight 901 (TE901) was a scheduled Antarctic sightseeing flight from Auckland International Airport in New Zealand. ... Mount Erebus in Antarctica is the southernmost active volcano on Earth. ... is the 332nd day of the year (333rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Also: 1979 by Smashing Pumpkins. ... Situation awareness or situational awareness [1] (SA) is the mental representation and understanding of objects, events, people, system states, interactions, environmental conditions, and other situation-specific factors affecting human performance in complex and dynamic tasks. ... Whiteout is a weather condition in which visibility is reduced by snow and diffuse lighting from overcast clouds. ... Indian Airlines Flight 113 was a flight operating from Mumbai to Ahemadabad that crashed on its final approach to Ahmedabad airport, killing 130 people (including all 6 crew members). ... is the 292nd day of the year (293rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1988 (MCMLXXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Friday (link displays 1988 Gregorian calendar). ... Ahmedabad (Gujarati: , Hindi: ) or is the largest city in the state of Gujarat and the seventh largest city in India, with a population of more than 52 lakhs (5. ... Independent Air Flight 1851, a Boeing 707-300, on a charter flight from Bergamo was on approach to Santa Maria, Azores when it struck the Pico Alto mountain. ... is the 39th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1989 (MCMLXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link displays 1989 Gregorian calendar). ... Flight IC-605 took off from Mumbai (Bombay) at 11:58 for a flight to Bangalore. ... is the 45th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1990 (MCMXC) was a common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1990 Gregorian calendar). ... For other uses, see Bangalore (disambiguation). ... Pakistan International Airlines Flight 268 was an Airbus A300B4-203 registry AP-BCP, which crashed On-Approach to Kathmandu Tribhuvan Airport in 1992. ... For the retail store chain, see Kathmandu (company). ... is the 271st day of the year (272nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1992 (MCMXCII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1992 Gregorian calendar). ... American Airlines Flight 965 was a scheduled flight from Miami International Airport in Miami, Florida to Alfonso Bonilla Aragón International Airport in Cali, Colombia. ... is the 354th day of the year (355th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1995 (MCMXCV) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full 1995 Gregorian calendar). ... The Boeing 757 is an American short to medium range commercial passenger aircraft manufactured by Boeing Commercial Airplanes. ... Nickname: Location of the municipality and city of Cali in the Valle del Cauca Department. ... In aeronautics air brakes are a type of flight control used on aircraft to reduce speed during landing. ... The 1996 New Hampshire Learjet crash refers to the crash of a Learjet 35A registration N388LS operated by Aircraft Charter Group Inc. ... is the 358th day of the year (359th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1996 (MCMXCVI) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display full 1996 Gregorian calendar). ... is the 317th day of the year (318th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about the year. ... November 14, 2001, flight LX 3597: a Crossair AVRO RJ100 from Berlin crashed from low altitude during its landing approach towards Zürich. ... The Kam Air Flight 904 disaster was an aviation disaster in February 2005. ... is the 34th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

See also

• Air safety
• FBW
• Ground Proximity Warning System (GPWS)
• EGPWS/TAWS
• Pilot error