Converso (Spanish and Portuguese for "a convert", from Latin conversus, "converted, turned around") and its feminine form conversa referred to Jews or Muslims or the descendants of Jews or Muslims who had converted to Catholicism in Spain and Portugal, particularly during the 1300s and 1400s. Latin is an ancient Indo-European language originally spoken in Latium, the region immediately surrounding Rome. ... There is also a collection of Hadith called Sahih Muslim A Muslim (Arabic: مسلم, Persian: Mosalman or Mosalmon Urdu: مسلمان, Turkish: Müslüman, Albanian: Mysliman, Bosnian: Musliman) is an adherent of the religion of Islam. ... Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations Ecumenism · Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art · Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul · Church Fathers Constantine · Athanasius · Augustine Anselm · Aquinas · Palamas · Wycliffe Tyndale · Luther · Calvin · Wesley Arius · Marcion of Sinope Pope · Archbishop of Canterbury Patriarch of Constantinople Christianity Portal This box:      As a Christian ecclesiastical... 1308 - Avignon Papacy established, which splits and weakens the Roman Catholic Church Turku, the oldest city in Finland experiences rapid growth around the recently consecrated Cathedral of Turku Category: ... Category: ...

See the main articles:

• Morisco for New Christians of Moorish origin. The term morisco may also refer to Crypto-Muslims, i.e. those who secretly continued to practice Islam.
• Marrano for New Christians of Jewish origin. The term marrano may also refer to Crypto-Jews, i.e. those who secretly continued to practice Judaism.

Conversos were apparently subject to harassment from both the community they were leaving and that they were joining. Both Christians and Jews called them tornadizo (renegade), and laws were passed during the reigns of Jaime I, Alfonso X and Juan I forbidding the use of this epithet. This was part of a larger pattern of royal protection, laws also being promulgated to protect their property, forbid attempts to reconvert them, and regulating the behavior of the conversos themselves, preventing their cohabitation or even dining with Jews, lest they reconvert. However, they did not enjoy legal equality, Alfonso VII prohibiting the "recently converted" from holding office in Toledo, and they had both supporters and bitter opponents within the Christian secular and religious leadership. Conversos could be found in various roles within the Iberian kingdoms, from Bishop to royal mistress, showing a degree of general acceptance, yet they would become targets of occasional pogroms and of the Spanish Inquisition and Portuguese Inquisition. Morisco (Spanish Moor-like) or mourisco (Portuguese) is a term referring to a kind of New Christian in Spain and Portugal. ... The term New Christian (cristianos nuevos in Spanish, cristãos novos in Portuguese) was used to refer to the Jews and Moors who were converted to Christianity and their baptized descendants. ... The Moors were the medieval Muslim inhabitants of the western Mediterranean and western Sahara, including: al-Maghrib (the coastal and mountain lands of present day Morocco and Algeria, and Tunisia although Tunisia often is separately called Ifriqiya after the former Roman province of Africa); al-Andalus (the former Islamic sovereign... people who weresincere in their Islamic faith but had been forced to convert and were obliged toadhere in their daily lives to Christian practices. ... For people named Islam, see Islam (name). ... Marranos (Spanish and Portuguese, literally pigs in the Spanish language, originally a derogatory term from the Arabic محرّم muharram meaning ritually forbidden, stemming from the prohibition against eating the flesh of the animal among both Jews and Muslims), were Sephardic Jews (Jews from the Iberian peninsula) who were forced to adopt... Crypto-Judaism is secret practicing of Judaism while publicly pretending to be of another faith. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... James I of Aragon. ... Alfonso X and his court. ... John I (August 24, 1358 – October 9, 1390) (in Spanish: Juan I) was the king of Castile, was the son of Henry II and of his wife Joan, daughter of John Manuel of Villena, head of a younger branch of the royal house of Castile. ... Alfonso VII. Alfonso VII (1 March 1105 – 21 August 1157), called the Emperor, became the King of Galicia in 1111 and King of León and Castile in 1126. ... For other uses, see Toledo (disambiguation). ... The Iberian Peninsula, or Iberia, is located in the extreme southwest of Europe, and includes modern day Spain, Portugal, Andorra and Gibraltar. ... Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations Ecumenism · Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art · Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul · Church Fathers Constantine · Athanasius · Augustine Anselm · Aquinas · Palamas · Luther Calvin · Wesley Arius · Marcion of Sinope Pope · Archbishop of Canterbury Patriarch of Constantinople Christianity Portal This box:      This article is about a title... Pogrom (from Russian: ; from громить IPA: - to wreak havoc, to demolish violently) is a form of riot directed against a particular group, whether ethnic, religious or other, and characterized by destruction of their homes, businesses and religious centers. ... Saint Dominic (1170 – August 6, 1221) Presiding over an Auto-da-fe, by Pedro Berruguete, (1450 - 1504). ... An Inquisition - Auto-da-fe. ...

While pure blood (so-called limpieza de sangre) would come to be placed at a premium, particularly among the nobility, in a 15th century defense of conversos Bishop Lope de Barrientos would list what Roth calls "a veritable 'Who's Who' of Spanish nobility" as having converso members or being of converso descent and would point out that given the near-universal conversion of Jews during Visigothic times, (quoting Roth) "who among the Christians of Spain could be certain that he is not a descendant of those conversos?" Limpieza de sangre (in Spanish), Limpeza de sangue (in Portuguese), both meaning cleanliness of blood was a concept of Iberian Modern History. ... (14th century - 15th century - 16th century - other centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 15th century was that century which lasted from 1401 to 1500. ... Funeral portrait of Lope de Barrientos; from Museum of the Fairs in Medina del Campo Lope de Barrientos (Medina del Campo, Spain, 1382 - Cuenca, Spain, 1469), sometimes called Obispo Barrientos (Bishop Barrientos), was a powerful clergyman of the Spanish Crown of Castile during the 15th century, although his prominence and... The Visigoths, originally Tervingi, or Vesi (the noble ones), one of the two main branches of the Goths (of which the Ostrogothi were the other), were one of the loosely-termed Germanic peoples that disturbed the late Roman Empire. ...

References

• Roth, Norman, Conversos, Inquisition, and the Expulsion of the Jews from Spain, University of Wisconsin Press, 1995.