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The Convict cichlid (Archocentrus nigrofasciatus) is a species of fish from the family Cichlidae native to Central America[1] also known as the zebra cichlid.[2] Convict cichlids are popular aquarium fish[1] and have also been the subject of a numerous of studies on fish behaviour.[3] Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 × 533 pixelsFull resolution‎ (3,456 × 2,304 pixels, file size: 5. ...
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Typical Classes Subphylum Urochordata - Tunicates Ascidiacea Thaliacea Larvacea Subphylum Cephalochordata - Lancelets Subphylum Myxini - Hagfishes Subphylum Vertebrata - Vertebrates Petromyzontida - Lampreys Placodermi (extinct) Chondrichthyes - Cartilaginous fishes Acanthodii (extinct) Actinopterygii - Ray-finned fishes Actinistia - Coelacanths Dipnoi - Lungfishes Amphibia - Amphibians Reptilia - Reptiles Aves - Birds Mammalia - Mammals Chordates (phylum Chordata) include the vertebrates, together with...
Orders See text The Actinopterygii are the ray-finned fish. ...
Families many, see text The Perciformes, also called the Percomorphi or Acanthopteri, include about 40% of all fish and are the largest order of vertebrates. ...
Genera Apistogramma - Dwarf Cichlids Astronotus (Oscars) Boulengerochromis Cichlasoma - American Ciclids Crenicichla Pterophyllum - Freshwater Angelfish Symphysodon - Discus Teleogramma Tilapia Cichlids are a family of perciform fishes. ...
Archocentrus is a small genus of cichlid fishes from Central America. ...
This article does not cite any references or sources. ...
Albrecht Carl Ludwig Gotthilf Günther. ...
The hierarchy of scientific classification In biological classification, family (Latin: familia, plural familiae) is a rank, or a taxon in that rank. ...
Subfamilies Astronotinae Cichlasomatinae Cichlinae Etroplinae Geophaginae Heterochromidinae Paratilapiinae Pseudocrenilabrinae Ptychochrominae Retroculinae For genera, see below. ...
For other uses, see Central America (disambiguation). ...
“Aquaria†redirects here. ...
Appearance, size and sexual dimorphism
 A young male convict cichlid showing the leucistic colouration The wild-type of the species has 8-9 black vertical bars on a blue-grey body, along with a dark blotch on the operculum.[1] Juvenile convict cichlids are monomorphic until they reach sexual maturity. Unusually for fish, the female is more highly coloured.[4] Along with being smaller, female convict cichlids have more intensely coloured black bands across the body and have pink to orange colouration in the ventral region and on the dorsal fin. The male is usually a tanish-grey. In contrast, male convict cichlids are larger, have more pointed ventral, dorsal and anal fins which often extend into filaments. In addition, older males frequently develop vestigial fatty lumps on their foreheads.The male color is mostly gray with light black stripe along the body. [5][6] The average standard length of breeding sized males in the wild ranged from 63-66 millimetres, while breeding sized females ranged from 42-55 millimetres.[4] The maximum standard length has been reported to be 100 millimetres, with total length near 120 millimetres.[1][7] Body weight has been reported to range from 34-36 grams (1.2-1.3 oz).[1] Selective breeding has resulted in a leucistic strain of convict cichlids[5] variously known as white convicts, pink convicts, gold convicts and A. nigrofasciatus "Kongo"[6], the dark barring of the wild type is absent in the leucistic strain.[1] The leucistic colouration is caused by a mutation in an autosomal gene and is recessively inherited.[8] Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 749 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (2406 × 1926 pixel, file size: 797 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ...
Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 749 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (2406 × 1926 pixel, file size: 797 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ...
The operculum in fish is the hard bony flap covering and protecting the gills of Bony fish. ...
Female (left) and male Common Pheasant, illustrating the dramatic difference in both color and size, between the sexes Sexual dimorphism is the systematic difference in form between individuals of different sex in the same species. ...
Fish anatomy is primarily governed by the physical characteristics of water, which is much denser than air, holds a relatively small amount of dissolved oxygen, and absorbs light more than does air. ...
Dorsal fin of an orca A dorsal fin is a fin located on the backs of fishes, whales, dolphins, and porpoises, as well as the (extinct) ichthyosaurs. ...
Fish anatomy is primarily governed by the physical characteristics of water, which is much denser than air, holds a relatively small amount of dissolved oxygen, and absorbs light more than air does. ...
The human vermiform appendix is a vestigial structure; it no longer retains its original function. ...
Ichthyology uses several terms that are unique to the science. ...
A millimetre (American spelling: millimeter), symbol mm is an SI unit of length that is equal to one thousandth of a metre. ...
BIC pen cap, about 1 gram. ...
The ounce (abbreviation: oz) is the name of a unit of mass in a number of different systems, including various systems of mass that form part of English units, Imperial units, and United States customary units. ...
Leucism is characterized by reduced pigmentation, resulting in an individual with white or brighter patches of fur, plumage or skin than in the typical representative of the species. ...
For linguistic mutation, see Apophony. ...
An autosome is a non-sex chromosome. ...
For other uses, see Gene (disambiguation). ...
In genetics, the term recessive gene refers to an allele that causes a phenotype (visible or detectable characteristic) that is only seen in a homozygous genotype (an organism that has two copies of the same allele). ...
Diet In natural habitats, the species feeds on crustaceans, small fish, insects, various worms along with higher plants and algae. They particularly love tetramin flakes in captivity. Their favorite treat is blood worms. [9] It has been demonstrated in laboratory studies that social status and associated stress can effect digestive function in convict cichlids.[10] Classes Remipedia Cephalocarida Branchiopoda Ostracoda Maxillopoda Malacostraca The crustaceans (Crustacea) are a large group of arthropods (55,000 species), usually treated as a subphylum. ...
For other uses, see Fish (disambiguation). ...
Orders Subclass Apterygota Symphypleona - globular springtails Subclass Archaeognatha (jumping bristletails) Subclass Dicondylia Monura - extinct Thysanura (common bristletails) Subclass Pterygota Diaphanopteroidea - extinct Palaeodictyoptera - extinct Megasecoptera - extinct Archodonata - extinct Ephemeroptera (mayflies) Odonata (dragonflies and damselflies) Infraclass Neoptera Blattodea (cockroaches) Mantodea (mantids) Isoptera (termites) Zoraptera Grylloblattodea Dermaptera (earwigs) Plecoptera (stoneflies) Orthoptera (grasshoppers, crickets...
Worms may refer to: The plural form of worm Worms (computer game), a series of turn-based computer games Worms, Germany, a city in the southwest of Germany René Worms, founder of the Institut International de Sociologie in 1893 Worms (family) The common term for an animals condition of...
For other uses, see Plant (disambiguation). ...
Algae have conventionally been regarded as simple plants within the study of botany. ...
Social status is the honor or prestige attached to ones position in society (ones social position). ...
In medical terms, stress is the disruption of homeostasis through physical or psychological stimuli. ...
Taxonomy The species originally was described in 1867 by Albert Günther after having been collected in Central America by Frederick DuCane Godman and Osbert Salvin.[11] A number of synonyms exist for this species including: Cichlasoma nigrofasciatus, Cryptoheros nigrofasciatus and Heros nigrofasciatus.[12][13] Albrecht Carl Ludwig Gotthilf Günther. ...
Frederick DuCane Godman (January 15, 1834 - February 19, 1919) was an English lepidopterist, entomologist and ornithologist. ...
Osbert Salvin. ...
Etymology The common name convict cichlid is, like the species name, derived from the vertical black stripes on the fishes body and their similarity to the striped prison uniforms of British convicts. Similarly, the species epithet nigrofasciatus literally means black-striped.
Distribution and habitat Convict cichlids are endemic to the lake and streams of Central America. In particular, the species occurs along the eastern coast of central America from Guatemala to Costa Rica, while on the western coast from Honduras to Panama.[1] Convict cichlids prefer moving water, and are most frequently found in habitats with cover in the form of rocks or sunken branches.[14] Convict cichlids are relatively tolerant of cooler water, an ability which has allowed the species to colonise volcanic lakes at elevations of 1500 m (4920 feet).[15] At four natural habitats of the convict cichlid in Costa Rica the pH was found to range from 6.6 - 7.8, while alkalinity ranged from 63 to 77 ppm CaCO3. The daily water temperature ranged from 26-29 ºC (79-84 ºF).[4] Image File history File links Metadata No higher resolution available. ...
Image File history File links Metadata No higher resolution available. ...
Mohave Generating Station, a 1,580 MW coal power plant near Laughlin, Nevada A fossil fuel power plant is an energy conversion center that burns fossil fuels to produce electricity, designed on a large scale for continuous operation. ...
VIC redirects here. ...
This article is about the unit of length. ...
A foot (plural: feet or foot;[1] symbol or abbreviation: ft or, sometimes, ′ – a prime) is a unit of length, in a number of different systems, including English units, Imperial units, and United States customary units. ...
For other uses, see PH (disambiguation). ...
Sea surface alkalinity (from the GLODAP climatology) Alkalinity or AT is a measure of the ability of a solution to neutralize acids to the equivalence point of carbonate or bicarbonate. ...
PPM or ppm may refer to: Pages per minute, a measure of speed often used to market printers or photocopiers Parry People Movers, a British company manufacturing lightweight railbuses Parts per million, a measure of concentration; a statistical quality measure of outgoing product quality Pay Per Impression, one way that...
Calcium carbonate is a chemical compound, with the chemical formula CaCO3. ...
Celsius is, or relates to, the Celsius temperature scale (previously known as the centigrade scale). ...
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Feral populations The species also occurs outside its natural range in Australia, in the warm effluent of power stations in Victoria, and also in tropical Queensland.[16] In addition the species has been introduced to Réunion[1], Japan[1], Mexico[13], and the USA.[17][18]
Reproduction
 Close up of a male convict cichlid showing teeth and the start of the forehead bump. Like most cichlids, convicts have prolonged brood care of both eggs and free-swimming fry.[19] The species can reach sexual maturity as young as 16 weeks of age, though sexual maturity is more commonly reached by 6 months.[15] Sexually mature convicts form monogamous pairs and spawn in caves or crevices, like other Archocentrus species, eggs are laid on the upper surface of the cave and are adhesive. In the wild caves are frequently dug underneath large stones.[4] After fertilisation the eggs take approximately 72 hours to hatch, a further 72 hours is required for the larvae to absorb their yolk sacs and allow fin development prior to the fry becoming free-swimming.[20] While in this free swimming stage fry feed and forage during daylight in a dense school and return to the cave or crevice during the night.[21] Both parents are involved in guarding the fry from brood predators and engage in behaviours to assist feeding such as moving leaves or fin digging.[4] Brood care of eggs, larvae and free-swimming juveniles in the wild can last 4-6 weeks, [4] and occurs only once per season for the majority of females.[4] In contrast, females in aquariums are known to breed many times per year with short intevals of 12-13 days between broods. They are egg-layers, so give them a large rock to lay eggs on[22] In captivity, breeding pairs of convict cichlids have been demonstrated to adopt similarly aged fry from other parents.[23] In other cichlids it has been suggested this behaviour may reduce predation on the fry belonging to the adoptive parents,[24] though whether this is the case for A. nigrofasciatus remains unknown. Image File history File links Archocentrus_nigrofasciatus. ...
Image File history File links Archocentrus_nigrofasciatus. ...
Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 685 × 600 pixelsFull resolution‎ (2,599 × 2,275 pixels, file size: 6. ...
Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 685 × 600 pixelsFull resolution‎ (2,599 × 2,275 pixels, file size: 6. ...
In monogamy (Greek: monos = single/only and gamos = marriage) a person has only one spouse at a time (as opposed to polygamy). ...
This snapping turtle is trying to make a meal of a Canada goose, but the goose is too wary. ...
Female Convict Cichlid With eggs (1 day after laying, 29th July) Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 676 × 599 pixelsFull resolution‎ (2,350 × 2,084 pixels, file size: 5. ...
| Female Convict Cichlid With larvae. They have all been relocated to another rock by the parents. (1 day after hatching, 1st August) Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 777 × 600 pixelsFull resolution‎ (2,660 × 2,054 pixels, file size: 8. ...
| Convict Cichlid larvae still with yolk sacs attached. Now with eyes. (3 day after hatching, 3rd August) Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 × 532 pixelsFull resolution‎ (3,456 × 2,298 pixels, file size: 10. ...
| Convict Cichlid Fry (7-8mm about 5 weeks old, 9th September) Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 × 532 pixelsFull resolution‎ (2,455 × 1,632 pixels, file size: 3. ...
| Convict Cichlid Fry (7-8mm about 5 weeks old, 9th September) Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 × 483 pixelsFull resolution‎ (2,020 × 1,220 pixels, file size: 2. ...
| Convict Cichlid Fry with snail (7-8mm about 5 weeks old, 9th September) Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 745 × 600 pixelsFull resolution‎ (1,988 × 1,601 pixels, file size: 2. ...
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Geographic variants The convict cichlid does display significant variation in colouration across its range in Central America.[25][26] Some of these regional variants may be different species, scientific investigations of the taxonomy of these morphs have yet to be undertaken. In the cichlid keeping hobby, one such fish Archocentrus aff. nigrofasciatus "Honduran Red Point" was collected from a stream in Honduras by Rusty Wessel.[27][28] Aquarium care of these fish is similar to that of standard aquarium strains of A. nigrofasciatus.[28] Image File history File links Size of this preview: 732 × 599 pixelsFull resolution (1280 × 1048 pixel, file size: 1. ...
Image File history File links Size of this preview: 732 × 599 pixelsFull resolution (1280 × 1048 pixel, file size: 1. ...
Bocas del Toro is the capital of the Panamanian province of Bocas del Toro. ...
A Morph, meaning form (from the Latin morpha), is a zoological term that descibes local populations or subpopulations of a single species of animal that may or may not be phenotypically distinct from the larger population as a whole. ...
In the aquarium Convict cichlids are easily maintained and bred in aquariums.[5][6] The aquarium should be decorated to mimic the natural environment and should include rocks and artificial caves for breeding.[5] The species is an unfussy omnivore and most types of prepared fish foods are readily accepted. The species will also consume aquarium plants.[5][6] Convict cichlids are aggressively territorial during breeding and pairs are best kept alone in suitably sized aquariums. It has been suggested that brood care is reduced in aquarium strains.[5][6] Due to the tendency of the species to dig, external filtration is recommended over undergravel filter systems.[15] The relatively small size, ease of keeping and breeding makes the convict cichlid an ideal cichlid for beginner and advanced aquarists interested in observing brood care in cichlids in the aquarium.[15] This article does not cite any references or sources. ...
an air-driven corner filter Aquarium filters are critical components of both freshwater and marine aquaria. ...
an air-driven corner filter Aquarium filters are critical components of both freshwater and marine aquaria. ...
See also Subfamilies Astronotinae Cichlasomatinae Cichlinae Etroplinae Geophaginae Heterochromidinae Paratilapiinae Pseudocrenilabrinae Ptychochrominae Retroculinae For genera, see below. ...
Archocentrus is a small genus of cichlid fishes from Central America. ...
A vast number of species of fish have been successfully kept in the home aquarium. ...
References - ^ a b c d e f g h i Froese, R. and D. Pauly. Editors.. Archocentrus nigrofasciatus, Convict cichlid. FishBase. Retrieved on 2007-03-29.
- ^ ITIS Report. Archocentrus nigrofasciatus. Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved on 2007-03-30.
- ^ Robins CR, Bailey RM, Bond CE, Brooker JR, Lachner EA, Lea RN, Scott WB (1991) World fishes important to North Americans. Exclusive of species from the continental waters of the United States and Canada. Am. Fish. Soc. Spec. Publ. 21: p. 243.
- ^ a b c d e f g Wisenden BD (1995) Reproductive behaviour of free-ranging convict cichlids, Cichlasoma nigrofasciatum Environmental Biology of Fishes 43: 121-134.
- ^ a b c d e f Riehl, Rüdiger. Editor.; Baensch, HA (1996. 5th Edn.). Aquarium Atlas. Germany: Tetra Press. ISBN 3-88244-050-3.
- ^ a b c d e Sands D (1994) A fishkeepers guide to Central American cichlids. Tetra Press. Belgium pg 59-60.
- ^ Kullander, S.O., 2003. Cichlidae (Cichlids). p. 605-654. In: R.E. Reis, S.O. Kullander and C.J. Ferraris, Jr. (eds.) Checklist of the Freshwater Fishes of South and Central America. Porto Alegre: EDIPUCRS, Brasil.
- ^ Itzkovich J, Rothbard S, Hulata G (1981) Inheritance of pink body colouration in cichlasoma nigrofasciatum Günther (Pisces, Cichlidae). Genetica 55: 15-16.
- ^ Mills D, Vevers G (1989) The Tetra encyclopedia of freshwater tropical aquarium fishes. Tetra Press, New Jersey.
- ^ Earley RL, Blumer LS, Grober MS (2004) The gall of subordination: changes in gall bladder function associated with social stress Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 271: 7-13.
- ^ Günther A (1867) On the fishes of the states of Central America, founded upon specimens collected in fresh and marine waters of various parts of that country by Messrs. Salvin and Godman and Capt. J. M. Dow. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 600-604.
- ^ Froese, R. and D. Pauly. Editors.. Archocentrus nigrofasciatus, synonyms. FishBase. Retrieved on 2007-03-30.
- ^ a b Juan Miguel Artigas Azas. Cryptoheros nigrofasciatus (Günther, 1867). The Cichlid Room Companion. Retrieved on 2007-03-30.
- ^ Conkel, D (1993) Cichlids of North and Central America T.F.H. Publications, Inc., USA.
- ^ a b c d Loiselle, Paul V. (1995). The Cichlid Aquarium. Germany: Tetra Press. ISBN 1-56465-146-0.
- ^ Koehn JD, MacKenzie RF (2004) Priority management actions for alien freshwater fish species in Australia. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 38: 457–472.
- ^ Yamamoto MN, Tagawa AW (2000) Hawai'i's native and exotic freshwater animals. Mutual Publishing, Honolulu, Hawaii. p. 200
- ^ Page LM, Burr BM (1991) A field guide to freshwater fishes of North America north of Mexico. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston. p. 432
- ^ Keenleyside MHA (1991) Parental Care. In: Cichlid Fishes: behaviour, ecology and evolution Chapman and Hall, London. p. 191-208.
- ^ Noakes DLG (1991) Ontogeny of behaviour in cichlids. In: Cichlid Fishes: behaviour, ecology and evolution Chapman and Hall, London. p. 209-224.
- ^ Wisenden BD (1994) Factors affecting male mate desertion in the biparental cichlid fish (Cichlasoma nigrofasciatum) in Costa Rica. Behavioral Ecology 5: 439-447.
- ^ Wisenden DB (1993) Female convict cichlids adjust gonadal investment in current reproduction in response to relative risk of brood predation. Canadian Journal of Zoology 71: 252-256.
- ^ Espmark Y, Knudsen T (2001) Intraspecific brood adoption in the convict cichlid with respect to fry of two colour morphs Journal of Fish Biology 59: 504–514.
- ^ Nelson CTJ, Elwood RW (1997) Parental state and offspring recognition in the biparental cichlid fish Pelvicachromis pulcher. Animal Behaviour 54: 803-809.
- ^ Heijns W (2001) A convict from the Volcano Cichlid Room Companion Ed. Juan Miguel Artigas Azas.
- ^ Azas JMA (2002) Cryptoheros, The Small Central American Cichlids Cichlid Room Companion Ed. Juan Miguel Artigas Azas.
- ^ Wessel R (2006) The Honduran Red Point: A beautiful blue convict-type species from Honduras Tropical Fish Hobbyist 54: 104-106.
- ^ a b Borstein R (2005) Archocentrus sp. "Honduran Red Point" Greater Chicago Cichlid Association
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