A studio photograph of Tasmanian convict Bill Thompson, showing the convict uniform and the use of leg irons. Dated 1870s.

Convictism in Australia occurred during the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, when large numbers of convicts were transported to the various Australian penal colonies by the British government. One of the primary reasons for the British settlement of Australia was the establishment of a penal colony to alleviate pressure on their overburdened correctional facilities. The last convicts to be transported to Australia arrived in Western Australia in 1868. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (600x852, 59 KB) Note: see Image:Bill Thompson (Tasmanian convict) grey. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (600x852, 59 KB) Note: see Image:Bill Thompson (Tasmanian convict) grey. ... A uniform is a set of standard clothing worn by members of an organisation whilst participating in that organisations activity. ... Fetters in use Fetters, shackles or leg irons are a kind of physical restraint used on the feet or ankles. ... A penis colony is a colony used to detain prisoners and generally use them for penal labor in an economically underdeveloped part of the states (usually colonial) territories, and on a far larger scale than a prison farm. ... The word Gaol can refer to the following: Gaol American/British English jail, Early Modern English spelling, though this spelling is seldom used today, it is still considered the official spelling in Australian English. ... Slogan or Nickname: Wildflower State or the Golden State Other Australian states and territories Capital Perth Government Constitutional monarchy Governor Ken Michael Premier Alan Carpenter (ALP) Federal representation  - House seats 15  - Senate seats 12 Gross State Product (2004-05)  - Product ($m)  $100,900 (4th)  - Product per capita  $50,355/person... Year 1868 (MDCCCLXVIII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a leap year starting on Monday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ...

Reasons for transportation

Main article: Penal transportation

17th- and 18th-Century British society was very unjust and often cruel - poverty, social injustice, child labour, harsh and dirty living conditions and long working hours were prevalent. Dickens' novels perhaps best illustrate this; even some government officials were horrified by what they saw. Only in 1833 and 1844, the first general laws against child labour, the Factory Acts, were passed in England.[1] Thanks to the notorious Bloody Code, life in 18th Century (and early 19th Century) Britain was a hazardous place. By the 1770s, there were a massive 222 crimes in Britain which carried the death penalty, many of which even included petty offences such as the stealing of goods worth over 5 shillings, the cutting down a tree, stealing an animal or stealing from a rabbit warren.[2] For example, Michael Hammond and his sister, Ann, whose ages were given as 7 and 11, were reportedly hanged at King's Lynn on Wednesday, the 28th of September 1708 for theft. The local press did not, however, consider the executions of two children newsworthy.[3] For other uses see Transport (disambiguation) or Transportation (disambiguation). ... A boy from an East Cipinang trash dump slum in Jakarta, Indonesia shows what he found. ... Social injustice is a concept relating to the perceived unfairness or injustice of a society in its divisions of rewards and burdens. ... Child labour or labor is the phenomenon of children in employment. ... Charles Dickens Charles John Huffam Dickens (February 7, 1812 – June 9, 1870), pen-name “Boz”, was an English novelist of the Victorian era. ... The Factory Acts were a series of Acts passed by the Parliament of the United Kingdom to limit the number of hours worked by women and children first in the textile industry, then later in all industries. ... For other uses, see England (disambiguation). ... The Bloody Code was a system of laws and punishments in England from between the 1700s to mid 1800s. ... Capital punishment, or the death penalty, is the execution of a convicted criminal by the state as punishment for crimes known as capital crimes or capital offences. ... Kings Lynn is a town and port in the English county of Norfolk. ... Everyday instance of theft: the bike which fits on this wheel has disappeared. ...

The Bloody Code died out in 1800s because judges and juries thought that punishments were too harsh. Since the law makers still wanted punishments to scare potential criminals, but needed them to become less harsh, transportation became the more common punishment.[4] The Bloody Code was a system of laws and punishments in England from between the 1700s to mid 1800s. ...

The industrial revolution saw an increase in petty crime in Europe due to the displacement of much of the population, leading to pressures on the government to find an alternative to confinement in overcrowded gaols. The situation in Britain was so dire in fact, that derelict ships known as hulks were used as makeshift floating prisons. Transportation was a common punishment handed out for both major and petty crimes in Britain from the seventeenth century until well into the nineteenth century. At the time it was seen as a more humane alternative to execution, which would most likely have been the sentence handed down to many of those who were transported, if transportation hadn't been introduced. Around 60,000 convicts were transported to the British colonies in North America in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. When the American Revolutionary War brought an end to that means of disposal, the British Government was forced to look elsewhere. After Captain Cook's famous voyage to the South Pacific in which he visited and claimed Australia in the name of the British Empire, he reported his findings to the government, and the British, for the first time, became aware of the existence of the continent of Australia. A Watt steam engine, the steam engine that propelled the Industrial Revolution in Britain and the world. ... A hulk is a ship that is afloat, but incapable of going to sea. ... North America North America is a continent[1] in the Earths northern hemisphere and (chiefly) western hemisphere. ... This article is about military actions only. ... British explorer James Cook is most noted for having discovered Australia and Hawaii. ... For other uses, see Oceania (disambiguation). ... The British Empire in 1897, marked in pink, the traditional colour for Imperial British dominions on maps. ...

New South Wales

Main article: History of New South Wales

Alternatives to the American colonies were investigated and the newly discovered and mapped East Coast of New Holland was proposed. The details provided by James Cook during his expedition to the South Pacific in 1770 made it the most suitable. The term 'Australia' was first used by Matthew Flinders about 1800, derived from the ancient mythological reference to 'Terra Australis', the Great South Land. // Foundation and growth Governor Lachlan Macquarie In 1770 Captain James Cook sailed along the east coast of Australia, the first European to do so. ... Map of a part of New Holland made by William Dampier in 1699 New Holland is a historic name for the island continent of Australia. ... This article is about the British explorer. ... Captain Matthew Flinders RN (16 March 1774 – 19 July 1814) was one of the most accomplished navigators and cartographers of his age. ...

On 18 August 1786 the decision was made to send a colonisation party of convicts, military, and civilian personnel to Botany Bay. There were 775 convicts on board six transport ships. They were accompanied by officials, members of the crew, marines, the families thereof and their own children who together totaled 645. In all, eleven ships were sent in what became known as the First Fleet. Other than the convict transports, there were two naval escorts and three storeships. The fleet assembled in Portsmouth and set sail on 13 May 1787. is the 230th day of the year (231st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1786 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... For the historic phenomenon of colonization and imperialism, see main article colonialism (and also decolonization). ... In times of armed conflict a civilian is any person who is not a combatant. ... For other Botany Bays see Botany Bay (disambiguation) Bicentennial Monument at Botany Bay Botany Bay is a bay in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia, a few kilometers south of the central business district. ... The First Fleet is the name given to the 11 ships which sailed from Great Britain on May 13, 1787 to establish the first European colony in New South Wales. ... For other places with the same name, see Portsmouth (disambiguation). ... is the 133rd day of the year (134th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

The fleet arrived at Botany Bay on 20 January 1788. It soon became clear that it would not be suitable for the establishment of a colony, and the group relocated to Port Jackson. There they established the first permanent European colony on the Australian continent, New South Wales, on 26 January. The area has since developed into Sydney. This date is still celebrated as Australia Day. For other Botany Bays see Botany Bay (disambiguation) Bicentennial Monument at Botany Bay Botany Bay is a bay in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia, a few kilometers south of the central business district. ... January 20 is the 20th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1788 was a leap year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... “Sydney Harbour” redirects here. ... For other uses, see Europe (disambiguation). ... A world map showing the continent of Australia This article deals with the continent. ... “NSW” redirects here. ... is the 26th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about the metropolitan area in Australia. ... Anniversary Day redirects here. ...

There was initially a high mortality rate amongst the members of the first fleet due mainly to shortages of food. The ships carried only enough food to provide for the settlers until they could establish agriculture in the region. Unfortunately, there were insufficient skilled farmers and domesticated livestock to do this, and the colony waited on the arrival of the Second Fleet. The second fleet was an unprecedented disaster that provided little in the way of help and upon its delivery in June 1790 of still more sick and dying convicts, which actually worsened the situation in Port Jackson. Crude death rate by country Mortality rate is a measure of the number of deaths (in general, or due to a specific cause) in some population, scaled to the size of that population, per unit time. ... A family of Russian settlers in the Caucasus region, ca. ... For other uses, see Farmer (disambiguation). ... Domesticated animals, plants, and other organisms are those whose collective behavior, life cycle, or physiology has been altered as a result of their breeding and living conditions being under human control for multiple generations. ... Sheep are commonly bred as livestock. ... The Second Fleet refers to three convict ships which arrived at Sydney Cove in Port Jackson, New South Wales in June 1790. ... See also: 1789 in Australia other events of 1790, 1791 in Australia and the Timeline of Australian history. ...

Lieutenant-General Sir Richard Bourke was the ninth Governor of the Colony of New South Wales between 1831 and 1837. Appalled by the excessive punishments doled out to convicts, Bourke passed 'The Magistrates Act', which limited the sentence a magistrate could pass to fifty lashes (previously there was no such limit). Bourke's administration was controversial and furious magistrates and employers petitioned the crown against this interference with their legal rights, fearing that a reduction in punishments would cease to provide enough deterrence to the convicts. Lieutenant-General Sir Richard Bourke, KCB General Sir Richard Bourke KCB (Dublin, 4 May 1777 – 13 August 1855, Limerick) was Governor of the Colony of New South Wales, Australia between 1831 and 1837. ... the flag of the Governor of New South Wales The Governor of New South Wales is the representative in the Australian state of New South Wales of Australias head of state, Elizabeth II, Queen of Australia. ... Leopold I 1831 (MDCCCXXXI) was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... Queen Victoria, Queen of the United Kingdom (1837 - 1901) 1837 (MDCCCXXXVII) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ...

Bourke, however, was not dissuaded from his reforms and continued to create controversy within the colony by combating the inhumane treatment handed out to convicts, including limiting the number of convicts each employer was allowed to seventy, as well as granting rights to freed convicts, such as allowing the acquisition of property and service on juries. It has been argued that the abolition of convict transportation to New South Wales in 1840 can be attributed to the actions of Bourke. Employment is a contract between two parties, one being the employer and the other being the employee. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... 1840 is a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ...

If a convict was well behaved, the convict could be given a Ticket of Leave granting some freedom. At the end of the convict's sentence the convict was issued with a Certificate of Freedom. Convicts that misbehaved, however, were often sent to a place of secondary punishment like Port Arthur, Tasmania where they would suffer additional punishment and solitary confinement. A ticket of leave was a piece of paper issued to convicts transported from Britain who had served a period of probation, and had shown by their good behaviour that they could be allowed certain freedoms. ... A Certificate of Freedom was a document given to a convict in one of the Australian Penal colonies at the end of the convicts sentence. ... The iconic view of the penitentiary originally built as a flour mill, across the water. ... Solitary confinement, colloquially referred to as the hole (or in British English the block), is a punishment in which a prisoner is denied contact with any other persons, excluding guards, chaplains and doctors. ...

Tasmania

Port Arthur Prison Colony site

Main article: History of Tasmania

In 1803, the first British expedition was sent from Sydney to Tasmania (then known as Van Diemen's Land) to establish a new penal colony there. The small party, led by Lt. John Bowen, established a settlement at Risdon Cove. From this location a second expedition was sent to locate other suitable locations, and in 1804 the settlement at Sullivan's Cove, Tasmania was founded by Captain David Collins. This later became known as Hobart, and the original settlement at Risdon Cove was abandoned. Port Arthur Prison view from the main land File links The following pages link to this file: Australia Port Arthur Massacre Port Arthur, Tasmania Categories: Images with unknown source ... Port Arthur Prison view from the main land File links The following pages link to this file: Australia Port Arthur Massacre Port Arthur, Tasmania Categories: Images with unknown source ... This article does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... This article is about the metropolitan area in Australia. ... Slogan or Nickname: The Apple Isle; Holiday Isle Motto(s): Ubertas et Fidelitas (Fertility and Faithfulness) Other Australian states and territories Capital Hobart Government Constitutional monarchy Governor William Cox Premier Paul Lennon (ALP) Federal representation  - House seats 5  - Senate seats 12 Gross State Product (2004-05)  - Product ($m)  $16,114... 1663 map of Van Diemens Land, showing the parts discovered by Tasman, including Storm Bay, Maria Island and Schouten Island. ... Sullivans Cove, is on the Derwent River, adjacent to the CBD of Hobart, Tasmania. ... Hobart is the state capital and most populous city of the Australian island state of Tasmania. ...

Starting in 1816, free settlers began arriving from Great Britain and on 3 December 1825 Tasmania was declared a colony separate from New South Wales. is the 337th day of the year (338th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Opening of the Stockton and Darlington Railway 1825 (MDCCCXXV) was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... “NSW” redirects here. ...

The Macquarie Harbour penal colony on the West Coast of Tasmania was established in 1820 to exploit the valuable timber Huon Pine growing there for furniture making and shipbuilding. Macquarie Harbour had the added advantage of being almost impossible to escape from, most attempts ending with the convicts either drowning, dying of starvation in the bush, or (on at least two occasions) turning cannibal. Convicts sent to this settlement had usually re-offended during their sentence of transportation, and were treated very harshly, labouring in cold and wet weather, and subjected to severe corporal punishment for minor infractions. The Macquarie Harbour Penal Station was an early penal settlement in Van Diemens Land (now Tasmania), Australia. ... Binomial name Lagarostrobos franklinii The species Lagarostrobos franklinii, known as Huon Pine or Macquarie Pine, is a species of conifer growing mainly in the wetter southeastern corner of Tasmania, Australia. ... In law, a sentence forms the final act of a judge-ruled process, and also the symbolic principal act connected to his function. ... Corporal punishment is forced pain intended to change a persons behaviour or to punish them. ...

In 1830, the Port Arthur penal settlement was established to replace Macquarie Harbour, as it was easier to maintain regular communications by sea. Although known in popular history as a particularly harsh prison, in reality its management was far more humane than Macquarie Harbour or the outlying stations of New South Wales. Experimentation with the so called model prison system took place in Port Arthur. Solitary confinement was the preferred method of punishment. The iconic view of the penitentiary originally built as a flour mill, across the water. ...

Many changes were made to the manner in which convicts were handled in the general population, largely responsive to British public opinion on the harshness or otherwise of their treatment. Until the late 1830s most convicts were either retained by Government for public works or assigned to private individuals as a form of indentured labour. From the early 1840s the Probation System was employed, where convicts spent an initial period, usually two years, in public works gangs on stations outside of the main settlements, then were freed to work for wages within a set district.

Transportation to Tasmania ended in 1853 (see section below on Cessation of Transportation).

Queensland

Main article: History of Queensland

Commissariat Store completed in 1829 with convict labour

In 1823 John Oxley sailed north from Sydney to inspect Port Curtis and Moreton Bay as possible sites for a penal colony. At Moreton Bay he found the Brisbane River which Cook had guessed would exist and explored the lower part of it. In September 1824, he returned with soldiers and established a temporary settlement at Redcliffe. On 2 December 1824, the settlement was transferred to where the Central Business District (CBD) of Brisbane now stands. The settlement was at first called Edenglassie. In 1839 transportation of convicts to Moreton Bay ceased and the Brisbane penal settlement was closed. In 1842 free settlement was permitted and people began to colonize the area voluntarily. On 6 June 1859 Queensland became a separate colony from New South Wales. The history of Queensland spans thousands of years, encompassing both a lengthy indigenous presence in the state, as well as the eventful times of post-European settlement. ... Image File history File links Commissariat_200. ... Image File history File links Commissariat_200. ... 1823 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... This article is about the person. ... This article is about the metropolitan area in Australia. ... The foreshore at Manly. ... The Brisbane River is situated in southeast Queensland, Australia, and flows through the city of Brisbane, before emptying into Moreton Bay. ... 1824 was a leap year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... Redcliffe, Queensland Redcliffe is the name of a suburb in Perth, Australia This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... is the 336th day of the year (337th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1824 was a leap year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... The Central Business District of Sydney, Australia. ... For other uses, see Brisbane (disambiguation). ... Edenglassie was the former name for the town of Brisbane, Australia. ... is the 157th day of the year (158th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1859 (MDCCCLIX) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Thursday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... “NSW” redirects here. ...

Western Australia

A Fremantle prison facility built with convict labour

Main article: Convict era of Western Australia

Transportation of convicts to Western Australia did not begin until 1850 and lasted until 1868. During that period, over 9,000 convicts were transported to the colony, on 43 convict ships. Image File history File linksMetadata Freojail. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Freojail. ... James Wilson, a convict transported to Western Australia in 1867 The convict era of Western Australia was the period during which Western Australia was a penal colony of the British Empire. ... Slogan or Nickname: Wildflower State or the Golden State Other Australian states and territories Capital Perth Government Constitutional monarchy Governor Ken Michael Premier Alan Carpenter (ALP) Federal representation  - House seats 15  - Senate seats 12 Gross State Product (2004-05)  - Product ($m)  $100,900 (4th)  - Product per capita  $50,355/person... For the game, see: 1850 (board game) 1850 (MDCCCL) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Sunday [1] of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ... This article is about a type of political territory. ... The term Convict ship is colloquially used to describe any ship engaged on a voyage to carry convicted felons under sentence of transportation from their place of conviction to their place of banishment. ...

The first convicts to arrive in what is now Western Australia were convicts transported to New South Wales, sent by that colony to King George Sound (Albany) in 1826 to help establish a settlement there. At that time the western third of Australia was unclaimed land known as New Holland. Fears that France would lay claim to the land prompted the Governor of New South Wales, Ralph Darling, to send Major Edmund Lockyer, with troops and 23 convicts, to establish a settlement at King George Sound. Lockyer's party arrived on Christmas Day, 1826. A convict presence was maintained at the settlement for nearly four years; in November 1830, control of the settlement was transferred to the Swan River Colony, and the troops and convicts withdrawn. Slogan or Nickname: Wildflower State or the Golden State Other Australian states and territories Capital Perth Government Constitutional monarchy Governor Ken Michael Premier Alan Carpenter (ALP) Federal representation  - House seats 15  - Senate seats 12 Gross State Product (2004-05)  - Product ($m)  $100,900 (4th)  - Product per capita  $50,355/person... “NSW” redirects here. ... Albany is a city of approximately 30,000 people on the south coast of Western Australia, 261 miles southeast of Perth. ... The oldest surviving photograph, Nicéphore Niépce, circa 1826 1826 (MDCCCXXVI) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Map of a part of New Holland made by William Dampier in 1699 New Holland is a historic name for the island continent of Australia. ... List of Governors of New South Wales See Governors of the Australian states for a description and history of the office of Governor. ... General Sir Ralph Darling, Governor NSW (1825–1831). ... Edmund Lockyer (21 January 1784 – 10 June 1860) was a British major in the 57th regiment. ... Joseph and Mary with baby Jesus, at the first Christmas Christmas (literally, the Mass of Christ) is a holiday in the Christian calendar, usually observed on December 25, which celebrates the birth of Jesus. ... The oldest surviving photograph, Nicéphore Niépce, circa 1826 1826 (MDCCCXXVI) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Liberty Leading the People by Eugène Delacroix commemorates the July Revolution 1830 (MDCCCXXX) was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... The first detailed map of the Swan River, drawn by François-Antoine Boniface Heirisson in 1801 Black swan and family The Swan River estuary flows through the city of Perth, in the south west of Western Australia. ...

In April 1848, Charles Fitzgerald was appointed Governor of Western Australia. He petitioned Britain to send convicts to Western Australia for labor. Britain had refused to send convicts for a fixed term, but offered to send out first offenders in the final years of their terms. Year 1848 (MDCCCXLVIII) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a leap year starting on Monday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... Captain Charles Fitzgerald was Governor of Western Australia from 1848 to 1855. ... Flag of the Governor of Western Australia The Governor of Western Australia is the representative in Western Australia of Australias head of state, Queen Elizabeth II. The Governor performs important constitutional, ceremonial and community functions, including: presiding over the Executive Council; proroguing and dissolving the Legislative Assembly and the...

Most convicts in Western Australia spent very little time in prison. Those who were stationed at Fremantle were housed in the Convict Establishment, the colony's convict prison, and misbehaviour was punished by stints there. The majority of convicts, however, were stationed in other parts of the colony. Although there was no convict assignment in Western Australia, there was a great demand for public infrastructure throughout the colony, so that many convicts were stationed in remote areas. Initially, most convicts were set to work creating infrastructure for the convict system, including the construction of the Convict Establishment itself. “Fremantle” redirects here. ... A recreation of typical 1855 cell accommodation. ... This article is about a type of political territory. ... Slogan or Nickname: Wildflower State or the Golden State Other Australian states and territories Capital Perth Government Constitutional monarchy Governor Ken Michael Premier Alan Carpenter (ALP) Federal representation  - House seats 15  - Senate seats 12 Gross State Product (2004-05)  - Product ($m)  $100,900 (4th)  - Product per capita  $50,355/person...

In 1852 a Convict Depot was built at Albany, but closed 3 years later. When shipping increased the Depot was re-opened. Most of the Convicts had their Ticket-of-Leave and were hired to work by the free settlers. Convicts also manned the pilot boat, rebuilt York Street and Stirling Terrace; and the track from Albany to Perth was made into a good road. An Albany newspaper noted the convict’s good behaviour and wrote, "There were instances in which our free settlers might take an example".

Western Australia's convict era only came to an end with the cessation of penal transportation by Britain. In May 1865, the colony was advised of the change in British policy, and told that Britain would send one convict ship in each of the years 1865, 1866 and 1867, after which transportation would cease. In accordance with this, the last convict ship to Western Australia, the Hougoumont, left Britain in 1867 and arrived in Western Australia on 10 January 1868. 1865 (MDCCCLXV) is a common year starting on Sunday. ... The term Convict ship is colloquially used to describe any ship engaged on a voyage to carry convicted felons under sentence of transportation from their place of conviction to their place of banishment. ... 1865 (MDCCCLXV) is a common year starting on Sunday. ... 1866 (MDCCCLXVI) is a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar or a common year starting on Wednesday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar. ... Cunt BAg Twat Fuk suck my penis ring 0778851865!!!!!!Year 1867 (MDCCCLXVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Thursday of the of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... Château dHougomont is a large farmhouse situated at the bottom of an escarpment near the Nivelles road. ... Cunt BAg Twat Fuk suck my penis ring 0778851865!!!!!!Year 1867 (MDCCCLXVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Thursday of the of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... is the 10th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1868 (MDCCCLXVIII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a leap year starting on Monday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ...

Victoria

It was not until the Henty brothers landed in Portland Bay in 1834, and John Batman settled on the site of Melbourne, that the Port Phillip District was officially sanctioned (1837).The first immigrant ships arrived at Port Phillip in 1839. Edward Henty (1810-1878); pioneer, first permanent settler in Victoria, Born in West Tarring, Sussex, England. ... John Batman Statue of John Batman at former National Mutual Plaza off Collins Street in Melbourne unveiled 26 January 1979 John Batman (born 21 January 1801 - 5 May 1839) was an Australian farmer and businessman who was one of the first settlers of the Melbourne area and known for founding... This article is about the Australian city; the name may also refer to City of Melbourne or Melbourne city centre. ... Landsat 7 composite imagery of the bay. ...

Between 1844 and 1849 about 1,750 convicts arrived there from England. They were referred to either as "Exiles" or the "Pentonvillians" because most of them came from Pentonville Probationary Prison. Unlike earlier convicts who were required to work for the government or on hire from penal depots, the Exiles were free to work for pay, but could not leave the district to which they were assigned. The Port Phillip District was still part of New South Wales at this stage. Victoria separated from New South Wales and became an independent colony in 1851. Pentonville is an area of London in the borough of Islington, around the Pentonville Road. ... Motto: Peace and Prosperity Other Australian states and territories Capital Melbourne Governor HE Mr John Landy Premier Steve Bracks (ALP) Area 237,629 km² (6th)  - Land 227,416 km²  - Water 10,213 km² (4. ...

Cessation of transportation

Medallion issued to all Tasmanian school children following the cessation of transportation in 1853

With increasing numbers of free settlers entering New South Wales and Van Diemens Land by the mid-1830s, opposition to the transportation of felons into the colonies grew. The most influential spokesmen were newspaper proprietors who were also members of the Independent Congregation Church such as John Fairfax in Sydney and the Reverend John West in Launceston, who argued against convicts both as competition to honest free labourers and as the source of crime and vice within the colony. The anti-transportation movement was seldom concerned with the inhumanity of the system, but rather the hated stain it was believed to inflict on the free (non-emancipist) middle classes. Image File history File linksMetadata CessationMedallion. ... Image File history File linksMetadata CessationMedallion. ... John Fairfax (1804 - 1877) is notable for the incorporation of the major newspapers of modern day Australia. ... The Rev. ... An emancipist was any of the original convicts sentenced under the convict system to Australia, who was later liberated from servitude. ...

Transportation to New South Wales ended in 1840, by which time some 150,000 convicts had been sent to the colonies. The sending of convicts to Brisbane in its Moreton Bay district had ceased the previous year, and administration of Norfolk Island was later transferred to Van Diemens Land.

The continuation of transportation to Van Diemens Land saw the rise of a well-coordinated anti- transportation movement, especially following a severe economic depression in the early 1840s. Transportation was temporarily suspended in 1846 but soon revived with overcrowding of British gaols and clamour for the availability of transportation as a deterrent. By the late 1840s most convicts being sent to Van Diemens Land (plus those to Victoria) were designated as "exiles" and were free to work for pay while under sentence. In 1850 the Australasian Anti-Transportation League was formed to lobby for the permanent cessation of transportation, its aims being furthered by the commencement of the Australian gold rushes the following year. The last convict ship to be sent from England, the St. Vincent, arrived in 1853, and on 10 August 1853 Jubilee festivals in Hobart and Launceston celebrated 50 years of European settlement with the official end of transportation. Van Diemens Land is the name originally used by the British for Tasmania, an island state of Australia. ... 1846 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... “VIC” redirects here. ... Australian Anti-Transportation League Flag The Australian Anti-Transportation League Flag is a flag used historically by members of the Anti-Transportation League who opposed penal transportation to the British colonies which are now a part of Australia. ... // Cassilis Mine, circa 1900 The Australian gold rushes started in 1851 when prospector Edward Hargraves proclaimed his gold nuggets near Bathurst, New South Wales, at a site Hargraves called Ophir. ... Hobart is the state capital and most populous city of the Australian island state of Tasmania. ... Launceston is a city in the north of the state of Tasmania, Australia, population approximately 90,000 (Greater urban and 99,100 statistical division), located at the juncture of the North Esk, South Esk, and Tamar rivers. ...

Transportation continued in small numbers to Western Australia. The last convict ship to arrive in Western Australia, the Hougoumont, left Britain in 1867 and arrived in Western Australia on 10 January 1868. In all, about 164,000 convicts were transported to the Australian colonies between 1788 and 1868. Slogan or Nickname: Wildflower State or the Golden State Other Australian states and territories Capital Perth Government Constitutional monarchy Governor Ken Michael Premier Alan Carpenter (ALP) Federal representation  - House seats 15  - Senate seats 12 Gross State Product (2004-05)  - Product ($m)  $100,900 (4th)  - Product per capita  $50,355/person... Slogan or Nickname: Wildflower State or the Golden State Other Australian states and territories Capital Perth Government Constitutional monarchy Governor Ken Michael Premier Alan Carpenter (ALP) Federal representation  - House seats 15  - Senate seats 12 Gross State Product (2004-05)  - Product ($m)  $100,900 (4th)  - Product per capita  $50,355/person... HMS Hougoumont was the last convict ship to bring convicts to Australia. ... Cunt BAg Twat Fuk suck my penis ring 0778851865!!!!!!Year 1867 (MDCCCLXVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Thursday of the of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... is the 10th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1868 (MDCCCLXVIII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a leap year starting on Monday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ...

Legacy

The history of convictism in the British Australian colonies is etched into the minds of most Australians even today. The lasting effects of the long dead practice are still felt in some areas of life. Many Australians can accurately trace their lineage back to colonial times, and most cases being related to one of the original British convicts invokes a sense of national pride.^{[citation needed]} It should be remembered that these convicts were, for the most part, not violent criminals, but rather petty thieves, other non-violent offenders or supporters of Irish independence. This attitude is, however, a relatively new phenomenon in Australia. Until after the Second World War most Australians felt a sense of shame about the existence of British Convicts in what is now Australia, and many did not even attempt to investigate their families' origins, for fear that they could be descended from criminals. This was known as the Convict Stain attitude, and it made research all the more difficult. In recent decades community attitudes have changed, and many Australians with convict ancestors are now more comfortable to investigate and discuss their past. The term lineage can refer to several things. ... In general, the word colonial means of or relating to a colony. In United States history, the term Colonial is used to refer to the period before US independence. ... Defence of the fatherland is a commonplace of patriotism: The statue in the courtyard of École polytechnique, Paris, commemorating the students involvement in defending France against the 1814 invasion of the Coalition. ... Mushroom cloud from the nuclear explosion over Nagasaki rising 18 km into the air. ...

British and Irish convicts and ex-convicts, became an important class in Australian society, because they were the most significant source of labour until the mid-19th century. Social class refers to the hierarchical distinctions between individuals or groups in societies or cultures. ... Unfree labour is a generic or collective term for those work relations, especially in modern or early modern history, in which people are employed against their will by the threat of destitution, detention, violence (including death), or other extreme hardship to themselves, or to members of their families. ...

Not all Australian settlements were official penal colonies and most were established by free settlers, looking for opportunities. A penis colony is a colony used to detain prisoners and generally use them for penal labor in an economically underdeveloped part of the states (usually colonial) territories, and on a far larger scale than a prison farm. ...

Famous convicts transported to Australia

• Esther Abrahams - one of the few Jewish convicts.
• Samuel Barsby - First convict to be flogged
• Billy Blue - established a ferry service.
• Mary Bryant - famous escapee.
• William Buckley - famously associated with Aboriginal people.
• Aaron Burr - Trialled for Witchcraft after ritually murdering 3 officers and 5 men in New South Wales.
• Wade & Sean Cardilini -Italian Convicts who worked closely with Aaron Burr.
• Martin Cash - Famous escapee and bushranger
• Margaret Dawson - First Fleeter, "founding mother".
• Francis Greenway - famous Australian architect.
• Daniel Herbert - Built the Ross bridge and was a skilled stone mason
• Mark Jeffrey - wrote famous auto-biography
• Lawrence Kavenagh - notorious bushranger
• Red Kelly - Irish Convict & father of bushranger Ned Kelly
• Simeon Lord was a pioneer merchant and a magistrate in Australia.
• John Mitchel - Irish nationalist
• Francis McNamara, aka 'Frank the Poet' - composer of various oral convict ballads, including The Convict's Tour to Hell
• John Mortlock - former marine
• William Smith O'Brien - Famous Irish revolutionary- sent to Van Diemen's land in 1849 after leading a rebellion in Tipperary
• John Boyle O'Reilly - Famous escapee and writer; author of The Moondyne
• William Redfern - one of the few surgeon convicts.
• Mary Reibey - operated a fleet of ships.
• James Ruse - successful farmer
• Henry Savery - Australia's first novelist, author of Quintus Servinton
• James Squire - An old hand of the First Fleet and Australia's first brewer and cultivator of hops.
• D'Arcy Wentworth, highwaymen and father of William Wentworth, who was born at Norfolk Island.
• Joseph Wild - explorer

Esther Abrahams was a Jewish Londoner who was found guilty of theft, and transported to Australia as punishment in 1787. ... The word Jew ( Hebrew: יהודי) is used in a wide number of ways, but generally refers to a follower of the Jewish faith, a child of a Jewish mother, or someone of Jewish descent with a connection to Jewish culture or ethnicity and often a combination... Billy Blue or William Blue, the man, arrived in Sydney as a convict in 1801. ... Mary Bryant (1765 - ?) was a Cornish convict sent to Australia. ... William Buckley William Buckley (1780 - January 1, 1856), was an English convict who was transported to Australia, escaped, was given up for dead and lived in an Aboriginal community for many years. ... This article discusses Aaron Burr (1756-1836), the American politician. ... Martin Cash Martin Cash (c. ... Margaret Dawson (c1770-1816 was a convict on the First Fleet sent from Britain to New South Wales in 1787. ... The First Fleet is the name given to the 11 ships which sailed from Great Britain on May 13, 1787 to establish the first European colony in New South Wales. ... Francis Greenway Hyde Park Barracks, designed by Francis Greenway; Old Colonial Georgian architectural style; drawing by Hardy Wilson in 1914 Francis Howard Greenway (20 November 1777 – September 1837) was an iconic Australian colonial architect. ... Daniel Herbert was born February 6, 1974 in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. ... Mark Jeffrey b(1825-1903) was an English convict transported to Australia, He was known as Big Mark The grave digger on the Isle of the Dead Cemetery at Port Arthur, Tasmania. ... Lawrence Kavanagh (c. ... Bushrangers, or bush rangers were outlaws in the early years of the European settlement of Australia who had the survival skills necessary to use the Australian bush as a refuge to hide from the authorities. ... 1967: Kelly,right,with Frank Mahovlich and Torontos last Stanley Cup Leonard Patrick Red Kelly, CM (born 9 July 1927 in Simcoe, Ontario, Canada) is a former hockey player in the NHL. A solid, playmaking defenceman, he joined the Detroit Red Wings in 1947. ... For other uses, see Ned Kelly (disambiguation). ... Simeon Lord (1771 – 29 January 1840) was a pioneer merchant and a magistrate in Australia. ... John Mitchel John Mitchel (Irish: Seán Uí Mistéil; b. ... John Mortlock (1755-1816) was a British draper, banker, Member of Parliament and 13 times mayor of Cambridge. ... William Smith OBrien (born Dromoland, Ireland, October 17, 1803; died Bangor, Wales, June 18, 1864) was an Irish Nationalist and MP and leader of the Young Ireland movement. ... John Boyle OReilly John Boyle OReilly (28 June 1844–10 August 1890) was an Irish-born poet and novelist. ... It has been suggested that this article be split into multiple articles accessible from a disambiguation page. ... William Redfern (born ca 1774, died Edinburgh, Scotland July 1833) was sentenced to death for his part in the naval Mutiny of the Nore in 1797. ... Mary Reibey (12 May 1777 - 30 May 1855) (also spelled Reibie, Raby, and Raiby[1]) was born Mary Haydock in England. ... This article is about the Australian farmer. ... For other uses, see Farmer (disambiguation). ... Saverys memorial stone on the Isle of the Dead at Port Arthur Henry Savery (born August 4, 1791, died February 6, 1842) was a convict transported to Port Arthur, Tasmania and Australias first novelist. ... Saverys memorial stone on the Isle of the Dead at Port Arthur Henry Savery (born August 4, 1791, died February 6, 1842) was a convict transported to Port Arthur, Tasmania and Australias first novelist. ... The Rev. ... Darcy Wentworth (1762 - 1827) born on 14 February 1762 in Portadown, County Armagh, Northern Ireland, immigrated to Australia as an assistant surgeon to then-new colony of Sydney. ... William Wentworth For the Australian politician, see William Wentworth IV William Charles Wentworth (early 1790 – 20 March 1872), Australian explorer, journalist and politician, was one of the leading figures of early colonial New South Wales. ... Joseph Wild (also Wilde) (c. ... See also explorations, sea explorers, astronaut, conquistador, travelogue, the History of Science and Technology and Biography. ...

References

• Alexander, Alison. Editor. The Companion to Tasmanian History. Hobart, 2005. ISBN 1-86295-223-X
• Bateson, Charles, The Convict Ships, 1787–1868, Sydney, 1974.
• Pardons & Punshments: Judge's Reports on Criminals, 1783 to 1830: HO (Home Office) 47, volumes 304 & 305, List and Index Society, The National Archives, Kew, England, TW9 4DU
• Gillen, Mollie, The Founders of Australia: a biographical dictionary of the First Fleet, Sydney, Library of Australian History, 1989.
• Gordon Greenwood, Australia: A Social and Political History, Angus and Robertson 1955.
• Hughes, Robert, The Fatal Shore, London, Pan, 1988.
• A Pictorial History of Australia, Rex & Thea Rienits, Hamlyn Publishing group, 1969.
• Robson, Lloyd. History of Tasmania, 2 Volumes.
• Edward Shann, An Economic History of Australia, Georgian House 1930.
• John West, History of Tasmania, 1852

Robert Studley Forrest Hughes AO, (born July 28, 1938), who is usually known as Robert Hughes, is an art critic, writer and television documentary maker. ... The Fatal Shore, by Robert Hughes, published 1987, is a history of Britains settlement of Australia as a penal colony. ...

See also

• Convicts on the West Coast of Tasmania
• Convict era of Western Australia

• Port Arthur, Tasmania

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:

convicts

The West Coast of Tasmania has a significant convict heritage. ... James Wilson, a convict transported to Western Australia in 1867 The convict era of Western Australia was the period during which Western Australia was a penal colony of the British Empire. ... The iconic view of the penitentiary originally built as a flour mill, across the water. ... Image File history File links Commons-logo. ...

External links

• Australian Convict Transportation Registers
• Convict life - State Library of NSW
• The National Archives (UK)
• The Albany Historical Society