Bindweed family
Ipomoea imperati
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae Division: Magnoliophyta Class: Magnoliopsida Order: Solanales Family: Convolvulaceae
Type genus
Convolvulus L.
Genera
See text Ipomoea imperati Downloaded from : [[1]] Credits : US Geological Survey Photo by Forest & Kim Starr File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Scientific classification or biological classification is a method by which biologists group and categorize species of organisms. ... Divisions Green algae Chlorophyta Charophyta Land plants (embryophytes) Non-vascular plants (bryophytes) Marchantiophyta—liverworts Anthocerotophyta—hornworts Bryophyta—mosses Vascular plants (tracheophytes) †Rhyniophyta—rhyniophytes †Zosterophyllophyta—zosterophylls Lycopodiophyta—clubmosses †Trimerophytophyta—trimerophytes Pteridophyta—ferns and horsetails Seed plants (spermatophytes) †Pteridospermatophyta—seed ferns Pinophyta—conifers Cycadophyta—cycads Ginkgophyta—ginkgo Gnetophyta—gnetae Magnoliophyta—flowering plants... Classes Magnoliopsida - Dicots Liliopsida - Monocots The flowering plants (also called angiosperms) are the dominant and most familiar group of land plants. ... Magnoliopsida is the botanical name for a class: this name is formed by replacing the termination -aceae in the name Magnoliaceae by the termination -opsida (Art 16 of the ICBN). ... Families at least the following: Solanaceae Convolvulaceae and others, varying between classification systems; for details see text The Solanales are an order of flowering plants, included in the asterid group of dicotyledons. ... In scientific classification, a type is a specimen or description that corresponds to a taxon (a group of organisms), and helps to identify which organisms may be referred to with that name. ... Species See text Bindweeds are annual or herbaceous perennial vines in the genus Convolvulus, in the Morning Glory family Convolvulaceae. ... Carl Linnaeus, Latinized as Carolus Linnaeus, also known after his ennoblement as  , (May 23, 1707[1] – January 10, 1778), was a Swedish botanist, physician and zoologist[2] who laid the foundations for the modern scheme of nomenclature. ...

The Convolvulaceae, known commonly as the bindweed or morning glory family, is a group of about 60 genera and more than 1,650 species of mostly herbaceous vines, but also trees, shrubs and herbs. Species See text. ... Morning Glory flower An unopened spiral bud of a morning glory flower Morning glory is a common name for over a thousand species of flowering plants in the family the Convolvulaceae, belonging to the following genera: Calystegia Convolvulus Ipomoea Merremia Rivea As the name implies, morning glory flowers, which are... In biological classification, family (Latin: familia, plural familiae) is 1) a rank or 2) a taxon in that rank. ... This article is about the plants used in cooking and medicine. ... The term vine was originally a term for the plant on which grapes grew, from the word for wine (Greek oinos), for which grapes were grown. ... The coniferous Coast Redwood, the tallest tree species on earth. ... A broom shrub in flower A shrub or bush is a horticultural rather than strictly botanical category of woody plant, distinguished from a tree by its multiple stems and lower height, usually less than 6 m tall. ... Herbs: basil Herbs (IPA: hə()b, or əb; see pronunciation differences) are plants grown for any purpose other than food, wood or beauty. ...

Description

They can easily be recognized by their funnel-shaped radially symmetrical flowers. These have 5 sepals, a corolla of 5 united petals and 5 stamens. The flowers are hypogynous (= having a superior ovary). The stem of these plants is usually winding, hence its Latin name (convolvere = to wind). The leaves are simple and alternate, without stipules. The fruit is a capsule with one to four seeds (sometimes even more), or a berry or a nut. A Phalaenopsis flower Rudbeckia fulgida A flower, (<Old French flo(u)r<Latin florem<flos), also known as a bloom or blossom, is the reproductive structure found in flowering plants (plants of the division Magnoliophyta, also called angiosperms). ... Flower of the Primrose Willowherb (Ludwigia octovalvis) showing petals and sepals A sepal is one member or part of the calyx of a flower. ... Corolla can be: A Latin-language term for crown The Toyota Corolla, a model of automobile manufactured by Toyota The corolla is one whorl of the perianth of a flower and composed of petals The town of Corolla, North Carolina This is a disambiguation page, a list of pages that... It has been suggested that Corolla be merged into this article or section. ... Stamens of the Amaryllis with prominent anthers carrying pollen Insects, while collecting nectar, unintentionally transfer pollen from one flower to another, bringing about pollination The stamen (from Latin stamen meaning thread of the warp) is the male organ of a flower. ...

The leaves and starchy tuberous roots of some species are used as foodstuffs (e.g. sweet potato and water spinach), and the seeds are exploited for their medicinal value as purgatives. Some species contain ergoline alkaloids that are likely responsible for the use of these species as ingredients in psychedelic drugs (e.g. ololiuhqui). The presence of ergolines in this plant family is apparently due to infection by fungi related to the ergot fungi of the genus Claviceps. A recent study of the Convolvulaceae species, Ipomoea asarifolia, and its associated fungi showed that the presence of a fungus, identified by DNA sequencing of 18s and ITS ribosomal DNA and phylogenetic analysis to be closely related to fungi in the family Clavicipitaceae, was always associated with the presence of ergoline alkaloids in the plant. The identified fungus appears to be a seed-transmitted obligate biotroph growing epiphytically on its host.^[1] This finding strongly suggests that the unique presence of ergoline alkaloids in some species of the family Convolvulaceae is due to symbiosis with clavicipitaceous fungi. A tuberous root is a modified lateral root, enlarged for storage. ... Food is any substance, usually composed primarily of carbohydrates, fats, water and/or proteins, that can be eaten or drunk by an animal for nutrition and/or pleasure. ... Binomial name Ipomoea batatas L. “Camote” redirects here. ... Binomial name Ipomoea aquatica Forssk. ... A laxative is a preparation used for the purpose of encouraging defecation, or the elimination of feces. ... Chemical structure of ergoline Ergoline is a chemical compound whose structure serves as the skeleton for a diverse range of alkaloids and synthetic drugs. ... An alkaloid is a nitrogenous organic molecule that has a pharmacological effect on humans and other animals. ... For psychedelics, see psychedelic drug. ... Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ... Binomial name Rivea corymbosa (L.)Hallier f. ... Divisions Chytridiomycota Zygomycota Ascomycota Basidiomycota The Fungi (singular: fungus) are a large group of organisms ranked as a kingdom within the Domain Eukaryota. ... Species About 50, including: Claviceps africanum Claviceps fusiformis Claviceps paspali Claviceps purpurea Ergot is the common name of a fungus in the genus Claviceps that is parasitic on certain grains and grasses. ... Divisions Chytridiomycota Zygomycota Ascomycota Basidiomycota The Fungi (singular: fungus) are a large group of organisms ranked as a kingdom within the Domain Eukaryota. ... DNA sequencing is the process of determining the order of the nucleotide bases, adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine, in a DNA oligonucleotide. ... Ribosomal DNA (rDNA) are sequences encoding ribosomal RNA. These sequences regulate amplification and transcription initiation and contain transcribed and nontranscribed spacer segments. ... In biology, phylogenetics (Greek: phylon = tribe, race and genetikos = relative to birth, from genesis = birth) is the study of evolutionary relatedness among various groups of organisms (e. ... Families xx Clavicipitaceae is a family of fungi within the order Hypocreales. ... Mites parasitising a harvestman Parasitism is one version of symbiosis (living together), a phenomenon in which two organisms which are phylogenetically unrelated co-exist over a prolonged period of time, usually the lifetime of one of the individuals. ... An example of an epiphyte assemblage of orchids and bromeliads in a garden setting The term epiphyte refers to any plant that grows upon or attached to another living plant. ... Meat Ants harvest Leaf Hoppers for their honey dew. ... Families xx Clavicipitaceae is a family of fungi within the order Hypocreales. ...

Members of the family are well known as showy garden plants (e.g. morning glory) and as troublesome weeds (e.g. bindweed). Morning Glory flower An unopened spiral bud of a morning glory flower Morning glory is a common name for over a thousand species of flowering plants in the family the Convolvulaceae, belonging to the following genera: Calystegia Convolvulus Ipomoea Merremia Rivea As the name implies, morning glory flowers, which are... Species See text. ...

Tribes

According to the study of D.F. Austin (see Reference) the family Convolvulaceae can be classified in the following tribes:

• Ericybeae
• Cressea
• Convolvuleae
• Merremioids
• Ipomoeae
• Argyreiae
• Poraneae
• Dichondreae
• Cuscuteae (sometimes classified as a separate family Cuscutaceae).

Species Cuscuta americana Cuscuta applanata Cuscuta approximata Cuscuta attenuata Cuscuta boldinghii Cuscuta brachycalyx Cuscuta californica Cuscuta cassytoides Cuscuta ceanothi Cuscuta cephalanthi Cuscuta compacta Cuscuta coryli Cuscuta corylii Cuscuta cuspidata Cuscuta decipiens Cuscuta dentatasquamata Cuscuta denticulata Cuscuta epilinum Cuscuta epithymum Cuscuta erosa Cuscuta europaea Cuscuta exaltata Cuscuta fasciculata Cuscuta globulosa Cuscuta...

Genera

Binomial name Argyreia nervosa (Burm. ... Binomial name Argyreia nervosa (Burm. ... Species see text False bindweeds are annual or herbaceous perennial vines in the genus Calystegia, in the Morning Glory family Convolvulaceae. ... Species See text. ... Look up morning glory in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Species See text Bindweeds are annual or herbaceous perennial vines in the genus Convolvulus, in the Morning Glory family Convolvulaceae. ... Species See text. ... Look up morning glory in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Species About 100 species, including: Cuscuta americana Cuscuta applanata Cuscuta approximata Cuscuta attenuata Cuscuta boldinghii Cuscuta brachycalyx Cuscuta californica Cuscuta campestris Cuscuta cassytoides Cuscuta ceanothi Cuscuta cephalanthi Cuscuta compacta Cuscuta coryli Cuscuta corylii Cuscuta cuspidata Cuscuta decipiens Cuscuta dentatasquamata Cuscuta denticulata Cuscuta epilinum Cuscuta epithymum Cuscuta erosa Cuscuta europaea Cuscuta... Dichondra is a genus of plants in the family Convolvulaceae. ... Species I. alba- Moonflower I. aquatica- Water spinach I. batatas- Sweet potato I. purpurea I. violacea - Beach morning glory The Genus Ipomoea, with over 500 species, is the largest genus in the Family Convolvulaceae. ... Look up morning glory in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Binomial name Ipomoea batatas L. “Camote” redirects here. ... Binomial name Rivea corymbosa (L.)Hallier f. ...

Removal

When dealing with a troublesome growth of bindweed; the farmer, land manager, or home owner must recognize that there are no ‘quick-fix’ solutions to eliminate it. Species See text. ...

Solution 1: With Patience...

• Black plastic or landscape fabric Weed Barriers covered with an organic mulch deprive bindweed of sunlight and have been used successfully to manage this pest.
• When employing this method, you must be sure to overlap the sheets of plastic or fabric to prevent the weed from receiving sunlight and be sure that there are no holes in the material, as the weed is very effective at finding light.
• This method can take up to three or four years, so be patient.

Solution 2: Constant Vigilance... Species See text. ...

• Seedling bindweed (until it's about a month old) is easy to control by pulling it up or cultivating with a hoe.
• These techniques are also important for managing older bindweed even though you won't kill the plant once it has developed its root system.
• Eliminating flowers before they set seed is critical, because one plant may produce 500 seeds that can remain viable for 50 years if conditions are right.
• In addition, removing the above-ground part of the weed repeatedly can deplete the carbohydrate reserves stored in the roots.
• Allow the plant to grow for about ten days, or until it's about 6 inches long.
• Then, remove the growing parts to force it to draw on energy stored in the roots while depriving it of the ability to make more.
• Eventually, the plant will die.
• Be careful when using this method; bindweed happily propagates itself from inch-sized pieces of roots.

Solution 3: The All Out War... Species See text. ... Species See text. ... Species See text. ...

• Some literature suggests hoeing or cultivating in combination with growing plants that shade out bindweed.
• The basic idea is to eradicate as much of the existing plant as possible and then bring in plants that compete with the weed's need for food and light. Heavy shade is essential for this method.
• First, remove all flower heads if they are present as bindweed self-seeds rigorously.
• Thoroughly fork over the infested garden, diligently removing all plants and roots from the soil, as bindweed can grow from an inch of lurking root!
• Dig a trench on the borders of your garden and install a rhizome barrier 450mm deep, in high density polyethylene.
• Remember to keep an eye out for any lurking roots, as within 10 days, you may see little plantlets growing all over your nicely turned garden. Bindweed has brittle roots, that will break off very easily when pulled, so dig down and remove the offending individual.
• Farmers have used sequences of plantings to manage bindweed. Small-scale versions of these solutions can be tailored for use in a home garden.
• One sequence is rye and vetch, planted in the fall and disked or hoed down in late spring, followed by buckwheat or oats with peas, disked or hoed down in late summer.
• The final step repeats the rye and vetch.
• The next spring, the land is ready for growing vegetables.
• According to the National Sustainable Agriculture Information Service, farmers have also used pumpkins and sunflowers to out-compete bindweed.
• Alfalfa, legumes, and corn have also reduced bindweed infestations.
• Be persistant and you will be rewarded with a bindweed free garden!

Species See text. ... Species See text. ... Species See text. ... Species See text. ... Species See text. ... Binomial name Secale cereale M.Bieb. ... Binomial name Vicia sativa Vetch or tare is a nitrogen fixing leguminous plant. ... Binomial name Fagopyrum esculentum Moench Common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum) is a plant in the genus Fagopyrum (sometimes merged into genus Polygonum) in the family Polygonaceae. ... Species References ITIS 41455 2002-09-22 Oats are the seeds of any of several cereal grains in the genus Avena. ... Binomial name Pisum sativum A pea (Pisum sativum) is the small, edible round green seed which grows in a pod on a leguminous vine, hence why it is called a legume. ... Binomial name Secale cereale M.Bieb. ... Binomial name Vicia sativa Vetch or tare is a nitrogen fixing leguminous plant. ... Pumpkins A pumpkin is a gourd (Cucurbitaceae), most commonly orange in colour when ripe, that grows from a trailing vine. ... Sunflowers is also a painting by Vincent van Gogh. ... Species See text. ... Binomial name Medicago sativa L. Subspecies subsp. ... Varieties of soybean seeds, a popular legume The term legume has two closely related meanings in botany, a situation encountered with many botanical common names of useful plants whereby an applied name can refer to either the plant itself, or to the edible fruit (or useful part). ... Look up corn in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Species See text. ... Species See text. ...

References

1. ^ Steiner U. et al. (2006) Molecular characterization of a seed transmitted clavicipitaceous fungus occurring on dicotyledoneous plants (Convolvulaceae). Planta 224: 533-544. PMID 16525783

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:

Convolvulaceae

• Austin, D. F. (1973) The American Erycibeae (Convolvulaceae): Maripa, Dicranostyles, and Lysiostyles I. Systematics. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 60: 306-412.
• Austin, D. F. 1997. Convolvulaceae (Morning Glory Family)
• Convolvulus plant
• Convolvulaceae in L. Watson and M.J. Dallwitz (1992 onwards). The families of flowering plants.
• Austin, D.F. 2000. Bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis, Convolvulaceae) in North America—From medicine to menace. J. Torrey Bot. Soc. 127:172-177
• Lyons, K.E. 2001. Element stewardship abstract for Convolvulus arvensis L. field bindweed. The Nature Conservancy. [1]
• Calif. Dept. of Food and Agriculture. Undated. Field bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis L.). [2]
• Univ. of Idaho Extension. 1999. Homewise: No matter what we do, our morning glory weeds come back every year. Any advice? Aug. 23. [3]
• Hodges, L. 2003. Bindweed identification and trol options for organic production. NebFacts. Univ. of Nebraska – Lincoln Cooperative Extension. [4]
• Univ. of California Agriculture and Natural Resources. 2003. Field Bindweed. Pest Notes. Publ. # 7462. [5]
• Washington State Univ. Cooperative Extension. Undated. Hortsense: Weeds: Field bindweed (Wild morningglory): Convolvulus arvensis. [6]
• Sullivan, P. 2004. Field bindweed control alternatives. ATTRA. National Sustainable Agriculture Information Service. [7]
• Lanini, W. T. Undated. Organic weed management in vineyards. University of California, Davis Cooperative Extension. [8]
• Cox, H.R. 1915. The eradication of bindweed or wild morning-glory. U.S. Dept. of Agriculture Farmers’ Bulletin 368. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.
• Littlefield, J.L. 2004. Bindweeds. In Biological control of invasive plants in the United States, ed. E.M. Coombs et al. Corvallis OR: Oregon State Universityy Press. Pp. 150-157.
• New Mexico State Univ. Cooperative Extension Service. 2004. Managing Aceria malherbae gall mites for control of field bindweed. [9]
• Cox, Caroline. 2005. Coping with field bindweed without using herbicides. Journal of Pesticide Reform 25(1): 6-7