Copper(II) nitrate is the chemical compound with the formula Cu(NO₃)₂. Commonly referred to simply as copper nitrate, the anhydrous form is a blue, crystalline solid. Hydrated forms of copper nitrate, also blue, are commonly used in school laboratories to demonstrate chemical voltaic cell reactions. The hydrated and anhydrous species have remarkably different properties, illustrating the effect of water of crystallization. Risk and Safety Statements, also known as R/S statements, R/S numbers, R/S phrases, and R/S sentences, is a system of hazard codes and phrases for labeling dangerous chemicals and compounds. ... R-phrases are defined in Annex III of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Nature of special risks attributed to dangerous substances and preparations. ... S-phrases are defined in Annex IV of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Safety advice concerning dangerous substances and preparations. ... RTECS, also known as Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances, is a database of toxicity information compiled from the open scientific literature that is available for charge. ... The refractive index (or index of refraction) of a material is the factor by which the phase velocity of electromagnetic radiation is slowed in that material, relative to its velocity in a vacuum. ... The dielectric constant εr (represented as or K in some cases) is defined as the ratio: where εs is the static permittivity of the material in question, and ε0 is the vacuum permittivity. ... Ultraviolet-Visible Spectroscopy or Ultraviolet-Visible Spectrophotometry (UV/ VIS) involves the spectroscopy of photons (spectrophotometry). ... IR spectrum of a thin film of liquid ethanol. ... Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy most commonly known as NMR Spectroscopy is the name given to the technique which exploits the magnetic properties of nuclei. ... Basic schematic of a mass spectrometer Mass spectrometry (also known as mass spectroscopy (deprecated)[1] or in common speech mass-spec) is an analytical technique used to measure the mass-to-charge ratio of ions. ... An ion is an atom or group of atoms that normally are electrically neutral and achieve their status as an ion by loss or addition of one or more electrons. ... An ion is an atom or group of atoms that normally are electrically neutral and achieve their status as an ion by loss or addition of one or more electrons. ... Copper(II) sulfate, the chemical compound with the formula CuSO4, is a common salt of copper. ... In chemistry, the standard state of a material is its state at 1 bar (100 kilopascals) and 25 degrees Celsius (298. ... A chemical compound is a chemical substance consisting of two or more different chemically bonded chemical elements, with a fixed ratio determining the composition. ... Voltaic cell can connote: Galvanic cell Voltaic pile see also: battery (electricity), fuel cell This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... Water of crystallization is water that is tightly associated with crystalline metal salts, and remains after drying in a fixed proportion to the salt. ...

The Roman numeral sign is to specify that the copper has an oxidation state of +2. In chemistry, the oxidation state is a measure of the degree of oxidation of an atom in a chemical compound. ...

Properties

Hydrated and anhydrous copper nitrates behave differently.

Anhydrous form

The bright blue anhydrous material, Cu(NO₃)₂, is a volatile solid, subliming in a vacuum. In the gas-phase, Cu(NO₃)₂ is square planar, each Cu center being surrounded by four oxygen atoms. Upon condensation, this monomer polymerizes.^[1] Square planar co-ordination can be imagined to result when two ligands on the z-axis of an octahedron are removed from the complex, leaving only the ligands in the x-y plane. ...

Hydrated copper nitrate

Crystalline Cu(NO₃)₂(H₂O)_2.5 features octahedral Cu centers surrounded by water and the nitrate anions.^[1] This hydrate decomposes at ca. 170 °C into copper(II) oxide, nitrogen dioxide and oxygen: An octahedron (plural: octahedra) is a polyhedron with eight faces. ... Copper(II) oxide or cupric oxide (CuO) is the higher oxide of copper. ... [1] R-phrases , S-phrases , , , , , Supplementary data page Structure and properties n, εr, etc. ... General Name, Symbol, Number oxygen, O, 8 Chemical series Nonmetals, chalcogens Group, Period, Block 16, 2, p Appearance colorless (gas) very pale blue (liquid) Atomic mass 15. ...

2Cu(NO₃)_2(s) → 2CuO_(s) + 4NO_2(g) + O_2(g)

Copper nitrate can be used to generate nitric acid by heating it until decomposition and passing the fumes directly into water. This method is similar to the last step in the Ostwald process. The equations are as follows: In jewelry, a solid gold piece is the alternative to gold-filled or gold-plated jewelry. ... Copper(II) oxide or cupric oxide (CuO) is the higher oxide of copper. ... [1] R-phrases , S-phrases , , , , , Supplementary data page Structure and properties n, εr, etc. ... A gas is one of the four major phases of matter (after solid and liquid, and followed by plasma, that subsequently appear as a solid material is subjected to increasingly higher temperatures. ... General Name, Symbol, Number oxygen, O, 8 Chemical series Nonmetals, chalcogens Group, Period, Block 16, 2, p Appearance colorless (gas) very pale blue (liquid) Atomic mass 15. ... The chemical compound nitric acid (HNO3), otherwise known as aqua fortis or spirit of nitre, is an aqueous solution of hydrogen nitrate (anhydrous nitric acid). ... The Ostwald process is chemical process for producing nitric acid, which was developed by Wilhelm Ostwald (patented 1902). ...

2Cu(NO₃)₂ → 2CuO + 4NO₂ + O₂

NO₂ + H₂O → 2 HNO₃ + NO

Copper nitrate soaked splints of wood burn with an emerald green flame. Addition of Magnesium nitrate gives a lime green color. General Name, Symbol, Number oxygen, O, 8 Chemical series Nonmetals, chalcogens Group, Period, Block 16, 2, p Appearance colorless (gas) very pale blue (liquid) Atomic mass 15. ... This article describes water from a scientific and technical perspective. ... The chemical compound nitric acid (HNO3), otherwise known as aqua fortis or spirit of nitre, is an aqueous solution of hydrogen nitrate (anhydrous nitric acid). ... The chemical compound nitric oxide is a gas with chemical formula NO. It is an important signaling molecule in the body of mammals including humans, one of the few gaseous signaling molecules known. ...

Synthesis

Cu(NO₃)₂ forms when copper metal is treated with N₂O₄:^[2] Nitrogen tetroxide (or Dinitrogen tetroxide) (N2O4) is a hypergolic propellant often used in combination with a hydrazine-based rocket fuel. ...

Cu + 2 N₂O₄ → Cu(NO₃)₂ + 2 NO

Use in organic synthesis

Copper nitrate, in combination with acetic anhydride, is an effective reagent for nitration of aromatic compounds, under what are known as "Menke conditions", in honor of the Dutch chemist who discovered that metal nitrates are effective reagents for nitration. ^[3] Hydrated copper nitrate absorbed onto clay affords a reagent called "claycop". The resulting blue clay is used as a slurry, for example for the oxidation of thiols to disulfides. Claycop is also used to convert dithioacetals to carbonyls.^[4] A related reagent based on Montmorillonite has proven useful for the nitration of aromatic compounds.^[5] Acetic anhydride, also known as ethanoic anhydride, is one of the simplest of acid anhydrides. ... In organic chemistry, a thiol is a compound that contains the functional group composed of a sulfur atom and a hydrogen atom (-SH). ... In chemistry, a disulfide is an ion formed by sulfur atoms. ... Montmorillonite is a very soft phyllosilicate mineral that typically forms in microscopic crystals, forming a clay. ... Nitration is a general chemical process for the introduction of a nitro group in a chemical compound by means of a chemical reaction. ... In chemistry, an aromatic molecule is one in which electrons are free to cycle around circular arrangements of atoms, which are alternately singly and doubly bonded to one another. ...

External links

• National Pollutant Inventory - Copper and compounds fact sheet

• ICSC Copper and comounds fact sheet

• Links to external chemical sources.

References

1. ^ ^{a b} Wells, A.F. Structural Inorganic Chemistry, Oxford: Clarendon Press (1984). ISBN 0-19-855370-6.
2. ^ Jolly, W. L. "The Synthesis and Characterization of Inorganic Compounds" Prentice Hall, London, 1970
3. ^ Menke J.B. (1925). "Nitration with nitrates". Recueil des Travaux Chimiques des Payes-Bas 44: 141.
4. ^ Balogh, M. "Copper(II) Nitrate–K10 Bentonite Clay" in Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis (Ed: L. Paquette) 2004, J. Wiley & Sons, New York. DOI: 10.1002/047084289.
5. ^ Collet, C.; Delville, A.; Laszlo, P. “Clays Direct Aromatic Nitration” Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English, 2003, Volume 29, Issue 5 , Pages 535 - 536. DOI 10.1002/anie.199005351.