29 nickel ← copper → zinc - ↑ Cu ↓ Ag periodic table
General
Name, Symbol, Number	copper, Cu, 29
Chemical series	transition metals
Group, Period, Block	11, 4, d
Appearance	copper, metallic
Atomic mass	63.546(3) g/mol
Electron configuration	[Ar] 3d10 4s1
Electrons per shell	2, 8, 18, 1
Physical properties
Phase	solid
Density (near r.t.)	8.96 g/cm³
Liquid density at m.p.	8.02 g/cm³
Melting point	1357.77 K (1084.62 °C, 1984.32 °F)
Boiling point	2835 K (2562 °C, 4643 °F)
Heat of fusion	13.26 kJ/mol
Heat of vaporization	300.4 kJ/mol
Heat capacity	(25 °C) 24.440 J/(mol·K)
Vapor pressure P/Pa 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k at T/K 1509 1661 1850 2089 2404 2836
Atomic properties
Crystal structure	cubic face centered
Oxidation states	2, 1 (mildly basic oxide)
Electronegativity	1.90 (Pauling scale)
Ionization energies (more)	1st: 745.5 kJ/mol
	2nd: 1957.9 kJ/mol
	3rd: 3555 kJ/mol
Atomic radius	135 pm
Atomic radius (calc.)	145 pm
Covalent radius	138 pm
Van der Waals radius	140 pm
Miscellaneous
Magnetic ordering	diamagnetic
Electrical resistivity	(20 °C) 16.78 nΩ·m
Thermal conductivity	(300 K) 401 W/(m·K)
Thermal expansion	(25 °C) 16.5 µm/(m·K)
Speed of sound (thin rod)	(r.t.) (annealed) 3810 m/s
Young's modulus	130 GPa
Shear modulus	48 GPa
Bulk modulus	140 GPa
Poisson ratio	0.34
Mohs hardness	3.0
Vickers hardness	369 MPa
Brinell hardness	874 MPa
CAS registry number	7440-50-8
Notable isotopes
Main article: Isotopes of copper iso NA half-life DM DE (MeV) DP 63Cu 69.17% Cu is stable with 34 neutrons 65Cu 30.83% Cu is stable with 36 neutrons
References

Copper is a chemical element in the periodic table that has the symbol Cu and atomic number 29. General Name, Symbol, Number nickel, Ni, 28 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 10, 4, d Appearance lustrous, metallic Atomic mass 58. ... General Name, Symbol, Number zinc, Zn, 30 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 12, 4, d Appearance bluish pale gray Atomic mass 65. ... General Name, Symbol, Number silver, Ag, 47 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 11, 5, d Appearance lustrous white metal Atomic mass 107. ... Copper table image created for Wikipedia by Schnee on June 25, 2003, 10:37 UTC. Licensed under the terms of the GNU FDL. File links The following pages link to this file: Copper User:Femto/elements e4 Categories: GFDL images ... State at standard temperature and pressure those numbered in red are gases those numbered in green are liquids those numbered in black are solid Natural occurrence those without borders have not been discovered/synthesized yet those with dotted borders do not occur naturally (Synthetic elements) those with dashed borders naturally... This is a list of the chemical elements, sorted by name. ... Categories: Chemical elements ... A chemical series is a group of chemical elements whose physical and chemical characteristics vary progressively from one end of the series to another. ... This article is in need of attention. ... A periodic table group is a vertical column in the periodic table of the chemical elements. ... In the periodic table of the elements, a period is a row of the table. ... A block of the periodic table of elements is a set of adjacent groups. ... The Group 11 Elements (IB) of the periodic table consist of the traditional coinage metals of copper, silver, and gold. ... A period 4 element is one of the chemical elements in the fourth row (or period) of the periodic table of the elements. ... D Block is a rap group based in Yonkers, New York. ... Color is an important part of the visual arts. ... Copper sample. ... ... To help compare different orders of magnitude we list here masses between 6. ... Electron atomic and molecular orbitals In atomic physics, the electron configuration is the arrangement of electrons in an atom, molecule or other body. ... General Name, Symbol, Number argon, Ar, 18 Chemical series noble gases Group, Period, Block 18, 3, p Appearance colorless Atomic mass 39. ... Properties The electron is a subatomic particle. ... In physics and quantum chemistry, an energy level is a quantized energy of a bound quantum mechanical state. ... In the physical sciences, a phase is a set of states of a macroscopic physical system that have relatively uniform chemical composition and physical properties (i. ... A solid is a state of matter, characterized by a definite volume and a definite shape (i. ... Density (symbol: ρ - Greek: rho) is a measure of mass per unit of volume. ... Room temperature, in laboratory reports, is taken to be roughly 21–23 degrees Celsius (70–73 degrees Fahrenheit), or 294–296 kelvins. ... Density (symbol: ρ - Greek: rho) is a measure of mass per unit of volume. ... The melting point of a solid is the temperature at which it changes state from solid to liquid. ... The melting point of a solid is the temperature at which it changes state from solid to liquid. ... The kelvin (symbol: K) is the SI unit of temperature, and is one of the seven SI base units. ... The degree Celsius (°C) is a unit of temperature named after the Swedish astronomer Anders Celsius (1701–1744), who first proposed a similar system in 1742. ... Fahrenheit is a temperature scale named after the German physicist Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686–1736), who proposed it in 1724. ... The boiling point of a substance is the temperature at which it can change state from a liquid to a gas throughout the bulk of the liquid. ... The kelvin (symbol: K) is the SI unit of temperature, and is one of the seven SI base units. ... The degree Celsius (°C) is a unit of temperature named after the Swedish astronomer Anders Celsius (1701–1744), who first proposed a similar system in 1742. ... Fahrenheit is a temperature scale named after the German physicist Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686–1736), who proposed it in 1724. ... This article is in need of attention. ... Kilojoule per mole are an SI derived unit of energy per amount of material, where energy is measured in units of 1000 joules, and the amount of material is measured in mole units. ... The heat of vaporization is a physical property of substances. ... Kilojoule per mole are an SI derived unit of energy per amount of material, where energy is measured in units of 1000 joules, and the amount of material is measured in mole units. ... Heat capacity (abbreviated Cth or just C, also called thermal capacity) is the ability of matter to store heat. ... The vapor pressure is the pressure (if the vapor is mixed with other gases, the partial pressure) of a vapor. ... Rose des Sables (Sand Rose), a formation of gypse crystal In mineralogy and crystallography, a crystal structure is a unique arrangement of atoms in a crystal. ... The oxidation state or oxidation number is defined as the sum of negative and positive charges in an atom, which indirectly indicates the number of electrons it has accepted or donated. ... The common (Arrhenius) definition of a base is a chemical compound that either donates hydroxide ions or absorbs hydrogen ions when dissolved in water. ... Electronegativity is the measure of the ability of an atom or molecule to attract electrons in the context of a chemical bond. ... Electronegativity is a measure of the attraction that an atom has for the bonding pair of electrons in a covalent bond. ... ... These tables list the ionization energy in kJ/mol necessary to remove an electron from a neutral atom (first energy), respectively from a singly, doubly, etc. ... Kilojoule per mole are an SI derived unit of energy per amount of material, where energy is measured in units of 1000 joules, and the amount of material is measured in mole units. ... The poopie is the distance from the atomic nucleus to the outmost stable electron orbital in a atom that is at equilibrium. ... To help compare different orders of magnitude this page lists lengths between 100 pm and 1 nm (10-10 m and 10-9 m). ... Picometre (American spelling: picometer) is an SI measure of length that is equal to 10−12 of a metre. ... The poopie is the distance from the atomic nucleus to the outmost stable electron orbital in a atom that is at equilibrium. ... To help compare different orders of magnitude this page lists lengths between 100 pm and 1 nm (10-10 m and 10-9 m). ... Picometre (American spelling: picometer) is an SI measure of length that is equal to 10−12 of a metre. ... Covalent radius in chemistry corresponds to half of the distance between two identical atomic nuclei, bound by a covalent bond. ... To help compare different orders of magnitude this page lists lengths between 100 pm and 1 nm (10-10 m and 10-9 m). ... Picometre (American spelling: picometer) is an SI measure of length that is equal to 10−12 of a metre. ... The title given to this article is incorrect due to technical limitations. ... To help compare different orders of magnitude this page lists lengths between 100 pm and 1 nm (10-10 m and 10-9 m). ... Picometre (American spelling: picometer) is an SI measure of length that is equal to 10−12 of a metre. ... In physics, magnetism is a phenomenon by which materials exert an attractive or repulsive force on other materials. ... Diamagnetism is a very weak form of magnetism that is only exhibited in the presence of an external magnetic field. ... // Headline text POOP!! Danny Hornsby (also known as Gnome) is a measure indicating how strongly a Gnome can opposes the flow of electric current. ... It is the quantity of heat, Q, transmitted through a unit thickness, L, in a direction normal to a surface of unit area, A, due to a unit temperature gradient, ΔT, under steady state conditions and when the heat transfer is dependent only on the temperature gradient. ... In physics, thermal conductivity, λ, is the quantity of heat transmitted, due to unit temperature gradient, in unit time under steady conditions in a direction normal to a surface of unit area, when the heat transfer is dependent only on the temperature gradient thermal conductivity = heat flow rate / (distance × temperature... The coefficient of thermal expansion is used in two ways: as a volumetric thermal expansion coefficient as a linear thermal expansion coefficient These characteristics are closely related. ... The speed of sound c (from Latin celeritas, velocity) varies depending on the medium through which the sound waves pass. ... Room temperature, in laboratory reports, is taken to be roughly 21–23 degrees Celsius (70–73 degrees Fahrenheit), or 294–296 kelvins. ... Metre per second (U.S. spelling: meter per second) is an SI derived unit of both speed (scalar) and velocity (vector), defined by distance in metres divided by time in seconds. ... In solid mechanics, Youngs modulus (also known as the modulus of elasticity or elastic modulus) is a measure of the stiffness of a given material. ... In materials science, shear modulus S, sometimes referred to as the modulus of rigidity, is defined as the ratio of shear stress to the shear strain: S = shear stress/shear strain = (F/A)/Φ. Another commonly accepted symbol is G. Shear modulus is usually measured in ksi (kips per square... The bulk modulus K of a fluid or solid is the inverse of the compressibility: where p is pressure and V is volume. ... When a sample of material is stretched in one direction, it tends to get thinner in the other two directions. ... Mohs scale of mineral hardness characterizes the scratch resistance of various minerals through the ability of a harder material to scratch a softer. ... The Vickers hardness test was developed in the early 1920s and uses a pyramid-shaped indenter made of diamond. ... The Brinell scale characterises the indentation hardness of materials through the scale of penetration of an indenter, loaded on a material test-piece. ... CAS registry numbers are unique numerical identifiers for chemical compounds, polymers, biological sequences, mixtures and alloys. ... Isotopes are forms of a chemical element whose nuclei have the same atomic number, Z, but different atomic masses, A. The word isotope, meaning at the same place, comes from the fact that all isotopes of an element are located at the same place on the periodic table. ... Natural abundance refers to the prevalence of different isotopes of an element as found in nature. ... Half-Life For a quantity subject to exponential decay, the half-life is the time required for the quantity to fall to half of its initial value. ... In physics, the decay mode describes a particular way a particle decays. ... The decay energy is the energy released by a nuclear decay. ... An electronvolt (symbol: eV) is the amount of energy gained by a single unbound electron when it falls through an electrostatic potential difference of one volt. ... In nuclear physics, a decay product, also known as a daughter product, is a nuclide resulting from the radioactive decay of a parent or precursor nuclide. ... Different isotopes of one chemical element may have different radioactive properties. ... Properties In physics, the neutron is a subatomic particle with no net electric charge and a mass of 939. ... Different isotopes of one chemical element may have different radioactive properties. ... Properties In physics, the neutron is a subatomic particle with no net electric charge and a mass of 939. ... Recommended values for many properties of the elements, together with various references, are collected on these data pages. ... A chemical element, often called simply element, is a substance that cannot be divided or changed into different substances by ordinary chemical methods. ... The periodic table of the chemical elements, also called the Mendeleev periodic table, is a tabular display of the known chemical elements. ... The atomic number (Z) is a term used in chemistry and physics to represent the number of protons found in the nucleus of an atom. ...

History

In Greek times, the metal was known by the name chalkos (χαλκός). In Roman times, it became known as aes Cyprium (aes being the generic Latin term for copper alloys such as bronze and other metals, and because so much of it was mined in Cyprus). From this, the phrase was simplified to cuprum and then eventually Anglicized into the English copper. Bronze figurine, found at Öland Bronze is the traditional name for a broad range of alloys of copper. ...

Copper was known to some of the oldest civilizations on record, and has a history of use that is at least 10,000 years old. A copper pendant was found in what is now northern Iraq that dates to 8700 BC. By 5000 BC there are signs of copper smelting, the refining of copper from simple copper oxides such as malachite or azurite. The earliest signs of gold use, by contrast, appear around 4000 BC. Chemical reduction or smelting is a form of extractive metallurgy. ... Malachite from the Democratic Republic of Congo Malachite is a carbonate mineral, copper(II) carbonate hydroxide Cu2CO3(OH)2. ... Categories: Mineral stubs | Carbonate minerals | Pigments ... General Name, Symbol, Number gold, Au, 79 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 11, 6, d Appearance metallic yellow Atomic mass 196. ...

There are copper and bronze artifacts from Sumerian cities that date to 3000 BC, and Egyptian artifacts in copper and copper alloyed with tin nearly as old. In one pyramid, a copper plumbing system was found that is 5000 years old. Bronze figurine, found at Öland Bronze is the traditional name for a broad range of alloys of copper. ... Sumer (or Shumer, Sumeria, Shinar, native ki-en-gir) formed the southern part of Mesopotamia from the time of settlement by the Sumerians until the time of Babylonia. ... General Name, Symbol, Number tin, Sn, 50 Chemical series poor metals Group, Period, Block 14, 5, p Appearance silvery lustrous gray Atomic mass 118. ...

Ancient Copper ingot from Zakros, Crete. The ingot is shaped in the form of an animal skin, a typical shape of copper ingots from these times.

The Egyptians found that adding a small amount of tin made the metal easier to cast, so bronze alloys are found in Egypt almost as soon as copper is found. Use of copper in ancient China dates to at least 2000 BC. By 1200 BC excellent bronzes were being made in China. Note that these dates are affected by wars and conquest, as copper is easily melted down and reused. In Europe, Oetzi the Iceman, a well preserved male dated to 3200 BC, was found with a copper tipped axe whose metal was 99.7% pure. High levels of arsenic in his hair suggests he was involved in copper smelting. Download high resolution version (1264x803, 352 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Download high resolution version (1264x803, 352 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... An ingot is a mass of metal or semiconducting material, heated past the melting point, and then recast, typically into the form of a bar or block. ... Ötzi the Iceman (also spelled Oetzi) is the modern nickname of a well-preserved natural mummy of a man from about 3300 BC, found in 1991 in a glacier of the Ötztaler Alps, near the border between Austria and Italy. ... (33rd century BC - 32nd century BC - 31st century BC - other centuries) (5th millennium BC - 4th millennium BC - 3rd millennium BC) Events Ancient Egypt: Earliest known Egyptian hieroglyphs Crete: Rise of Minoan civilization Neolithic settlement built at Skara Brae in the Orkney Islands, Scotland New Stone Age people in Ireland build... General Name, Symbol, Number arsenic, As, 33 Chemical series metalloids Group, Period, Block 15, 4, p Appearance metallic gray Atomic mass 74. ...

The use of bronze was so pervasive in a certain era of civilization that it has been named the Bronze Age. The transitional period in certain regions between the preceding Neolithic period and the Bronze Age is termed the Chalcolithic, with some high purity copper tools being used alongside stone tools. Bronze figurine, found at Öland Bronze is the traditional name for a broad range of alloys of copper. ... The Bronze Age is a period in a civilizations development when the most advanced metalworking has developed the techniques of smelting copper from natural outcroppings and alloys it to cast bronze. ... ,neos=new, lithos=stone, or New Stone Age) was a period in the development of human technology that is traditionally the last part of the Stone Age. ... The Chalcolithic (Greek khalkos + lithos copper stone) period, also known as the Eneolithic or Copper Age period, is a phase in the development of human culture in which the use of early metal tools appeared alongside the use of stone tools. ...

Brass, an alloy of zinc and copper, was known to the Greeks but first used extensively by the Romans. Alchemical symbol for copper. ... Brass is an alloy of copper and zinc. ... An alloy is a combination, either in solution or compound, of two or more elements, at least one of which is a metal, and where the resultant material has metallic properties. ... General Name, Symbol, Number zinc, Zn, 30 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 12, 4, d Appearance bluish pale gray Atomic mass 65. ... Ancient Rome was a civilization that existed in Europe, North Africa, and the Middle East between 753 BC and its downfall in AD 476. ...

Copper was associated with the goddess Aphrodite/Venus in mythology and alchemy, owing to its lustrous beauty, its ancient use in producing mirrors, and its association with Cyprus, which was sacred to the goddess. Aphrodite (Αφροδίτη, risen from sea-foam) is the Greek goddess of love and beauty. ... Venus is the Roman goddess of love, equivalent to Greek Aphrodite and Etruscan Turan. ... Alchemy is an early protoscientific practice combining elements of chemistry, physics, astrology, art, semiotics, metallurgy, medicine, mysticism, and religion. ...

In alchemy the symbol for copper was also the symbol for the planet Venus. Alchemy is an early protoscientific practice combining elements of chemistry, physics, astrology, art, semiotics, metallurgy, medicine, mysticism, and religion. ... (*min temperature refers to cloud tops only) Atmospheric characteristics Atmospheric pressure 9. ...

Biological role

Copper is essential in all higher plants and animals. Copper is carried mostly in the bloodstream on a plasma protein called ceruloplasmin. When copper is first absorbed in the gut it is transported to the liver bound to albumin. Copper is found in a variety of enzymes, including the copper centers of cytochrome c oxidase, the Cu-Zn containing enzyme superoxide dismutase, and is the central metal in the oxygen carrying pigment hemocyanin. The blood of the horseshoe crab, Limulus polyphemus uses copper rather than iron for oxygen transport. Blood proteins are proteins found in blood plasma. ... Ceruloplasmin Ceruloplasmin (or caeruloplasmin), officially known as ferroxidase or iron(II):oxygen oxidoreductase, is a copper transport protein found in the blood. ... The liver is an organ in vertebrates, including humans. ... You may be looking for albumen, or egg white. ... Neuraminidase ribbon diagram An enzyme (in Greek en = in and zyme = leaven) is a protein, or protein complex, that catalyzes a chemical reaction and also controls the 3D orientation of the catalyzed substrates. ... Cytochrome c oxidase The enzyme cytochrome c oxidase (PDB 2OCC, EC 1. ... Superoxide dismutase The enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD, EC 1. ... General Name, Symbol, Number oxygen, O, 8 Chemical series nonmetals Group, Period, Block 16, 2, p Appearance colorless Atomic mass 15. ... Single Oxygenated Hemocyanin protein from Octopus Hemocyanins (also spelled haemocyanins) are respiratory proteins containing two copper atoms that reversibly bind a single oxygen molecule (O2). ... Binomial name Limulus polyphemus Linnaeus, 1758 The horseshoe crab (Limulus polyphemus), also known as king crab, is an arthropod that is more closely related to spiders than crabs. ... General Name, Symbol, Number iron, Fe, 26 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 8, 4, d Appearance lustrous metallic with a grayish tinge Atomic mass 55. ...

It is believed that zinc and copper compete for absorption in the digestive tract so that a diet that is excessive in one of these minerals may result in a deficiency in the other. The RDA for copper in normal healthy adults is 0.9 mg/day. General Name, Symbol, Number zinc, Zn, 30 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 12, 4, d Appearance bluish pale gray Atomic mass 65. ... Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) is the daily dietary intake level of a nutrient that is considered sufficient to meet the requirements of nearly all (97-98%) healthy individuals in each life-stage and gender group. ... The milligram (symbol mg) is an SI unit of mass. ...

Toxicity

All copper compounds, unless otherwise known, should be treated as if they were toxic. 30g of copper sulfate is potentially lethal in humans. The suggested safe level of copper in drinking water for humans varies depending on the source, but tends to be pegged at 1.5 to 2 mg/l. The DRI Tolerable Upper Intake Level for adults of dietary copper from all sources is 10 mg/day. For a list of biologically injurious substances, including toxins and other materials, as well as their effects, see poison. ... Drinking water is water that is intended to be drunk by humans. ... Dietary Reference Intake is a set of guidelines set up in 1997 to give more detailed guidance than the RDA system which preceded it. ...

An inherited condition called Wilson's disease causes the body to retain copper, since it is not excreted by the liver into the bile. This disease, if untreated, can lead to brain and liver damage. In addition, studies have found that people with mental illnesses such as schizophrenia had heightened levels of copper in their systems. However it is unknown at this stage whether the copper contributes to the mental illness, whether the body attempts to store more copper in response to the illness, or whether the high levels of copper are the result of the mental illness. Wilsons disease is an autosomal recessive hereditary disease, with an incidence of about 1 in 30,000. ... The liver is an organ in vertebrates, including humans. ... Bile (or gall) is a bitter, greenish-yellow alkaline fluid secreted by the liver of most vertebrates. ... In the anatomy of animals, the brain, or encephalon, is the supervisory center of the nervous system. ... The liver is an organ in vertebrates, including humans. ...

Miscellaneous hazards

The metal, when powdered, is a fire hazard. At concentrations higher than 1 mg/L, copper can stain clothes and items washed in water. A fire hazard is considered to exist where there is a danger of a fire breaking out or spreading quickly. ...

Physical characteristics

Copper is a reddish-coloured metal, with a high electrical and thermal conductivity (among pure metals at room temperature, only silver has a higher electrical conductivity). Copper may well be the oldest metal in use, as copper artifacts dating to 8700 BC have been found. Besides being part of various ores, copper can be found in the metallic form (i.e. native copper) in some locations. Copper sample. ... Hot metal work from a blacksmith In chemistry, a metal (Greek: Metallon) is an element that readily forms ions (cations) and has metallic bonds, and metals are sometimes described as a lattice of positive ions (cations) in a cloud of electrons. ... Electrical conductivity is a measure of how well a material accommodates the transport of electric charge. ... General Name, Symbol, Number silver, Ag, 47 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 11, 5, d Appearance lustrous white metal Atomic mass 107. ...

There are two stable isotopes, ⁶³Cu and ⁶⁵Cu, along with a couple dozen radioisotopes. The vast majority of radioisotopes have half lives on the order of minutes or less, the longest lived, ⁶⁴Cu, has a half life of 12.7 hours, with two decay modes, leading to two separate products.

There are numerous alloys of copper - speculum metal is a copper/tin alloy, brass is a copper/zinc alloy, and bronze is a copper/tin alloy. Monel metal is a copper/nickel alloy, also called cupronickel. An alloy is a combination, either in solution or compound, of two or more elements, at least one of which is a metal, and where the resultant material has metallic properties. ... Speculum metal is an alloy of four parts copper to one part tin. ... Brass is an alloy of copper and zinc. ... General Name, Symbol, Number zinc, Zn, 30 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 12, 4, d Appearance bluish pale gray Atomic mass 65. ... Bronze figurine, found at Öland Bronze is the traditional name for a broad range of alloys of copper. ... General Name, Symbol, Number tin, Sn, 50 Chemical series poor metals Group, Period, Block 14, 5, p Appearance silvery lustrous gray Atomic mass 118. ... Monel is a rustless metal alloy, primarily composed of nickel and copper, with some iron and other trace elements. ... General Name, Symbol, Number nickel, Ni, 28 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 10, 4, d Appearance lustrous, metallic Atomic mass 58. ... Cupronickel is an alloy of copper, nickel and stengthening impurities, such as iron and manganese. ...

Compounds

Native copper

Common oxidation states of copper include the less stable copper(I) state, Cu⁺¹; and the more stable copper(II) state, Cu⁺², which forms lovely blue or blue-green salts. Under unusual conditions, a +3 state can be obtained. File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ...

Copper(II) carbonate is green from which arises the unique appearance of copper-clad roofs or domes on some buildings. Copper(II) sulfate forms a blue crystalline pentahydrate which is perhaps the most familiar copper compound in the laboratory. It is used as a fungicide, known as Bordeau mixture. Copper(II) carbonate (often called copper carbonate or cupric carbonate) is a blue-green compound (chemical formula CuCO3) forming most of the patina one sees on weathered brass, bronze, and copper. ... Laboratory sample of CuSO4 · 5H2O Copper(II) sulfate (CuSO4) is the most common copper salt, made by the action of sulfuric acid on the base copper(II) oxide. ... Hydrates are compounds formed by the union of water with some other substance, generally forming a neutral body, as certain crystallized salts. ... Fungicides are pesticides for destruction or development prevention of fungi. ...

There are two stable copper oxides, copper(II) oxide (CuO) and copper(I) oxide (Cu₂O). Copper oxides are used to make yttrium barium copper oxide (YBa₂Cu₃O_7-δ) or YBCO which forms the basis of many unconventional superconductors. This article may be too technical for most readers to understand. ... This article may be too technical for most readers to understand. ... General Name, Symbol, Number yttrium, Y, 39 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 3, 5, d Appearance silvery white Atomic mass 88. ... Barium is also the Latin name for the city Bari in Italy. ... Yttrium barium copper oxide, or YBCO, chemical formula YBa2Cu3O7-δ, is a high-temperature superconductor with a superconducting temperature of 94K. Its discovery by C.W. Chu in 1987 launched the era of high-temperature superconductors. ... Unconventional superconductors are materials that display superconductivity but that do not conform to BCS theory or its extensions. ...

Other compounds : Copper(I) chloride, copper(II) chloride, copper(II) sulfide. Overview Copper(I) chloride (quite commonly called cuprous chloride), is the lower chloride of copper, with the formula CuCl. ... Copper(II) chloride is the higher chloride of copper, with the formula CuCl2. ...

Occurrence

The El Chino open-pit copper mine in New Mexico.

See Copper extraction for the main article.

Copper can be found as native copper in mineral form. Minerals such as the carbonates azurite (Cu₃(CO₃)₂(OH)₂) and malachite (Cu₂CO₃(OH)₂) are sources of copper, as are sulfides such as chalcopyrite (CuFeS₂), bornite (Cu₅FeS₄), covellite (CuS), chalcocite (Cu₂S) and oxides like cuprite (Cu₂O). The Chino open-pit copper mine located just out of Silver City, New Mexico. ... The Chino open-pit copper mine located just out of Silver City, New Mexico. ... State nickname: Land of Enchantment Other U.S. States Capital Santa Fe Largest city Albuquerque Governor Bill Richardson Official languages English and Spanish Area 315,194 km² (5th)  - Land 314,590 km²  - Water 607 km² (0. ... Currently, the most common source of copper ore is the mineral chalcopyrite (CuFeS2), which accounts for about 50% of copper production. ... This page is a candidate for speedy deletion. ... This article is about minerals in the geologic sense; for nutrient minerals see dietary mineral; for the band see Mineral (band). ... Carbonate is an anion with a charge of -2 and an empirical formula of CO32-. An aqueous solution of carbon dioxide contains a minute amount of H2CO3, called carbonic acid, which dissociates to form hydrogen ions and carbonate ions. ... Categories: Mineral stubs | Carbonate minerals | Pigments ... Malachite from the Democratic Republic of Congo Malachite is a carbonate mineral, copper(II) carbonate hydroxide Cu2CO3(OH)2. ... In chemistry, a sulfide (sulphide in British and Canadian English) is a chemical compound or combination of sulfur with an oxidation number of -2, with another chemical element or a radical thereof. ... Chalcopyrite is a copper iron sulfide mineral that crystallizes in the tetragonal system. ... Bornite (Copper Iron Sulfide) Tarnish of Bornite Bornite is a sulfide mineral with chemical composition Cu5FeS4 that crystallizes in the cubic system. ... Covellite (also know as covelline) is a crystalline form of copper(II) sulfide (CuS). ... Chalcocite, copper(I) sulfide (Cu2S), is an important copper mineral ore. ... Cuprite Cuprite is a mineral composed of copper(I) oxide Cu2O, and is an important ore of copper. ...

Most copper ore is mined or extracted from large open pit mines in deposits that contain less than one percent copper. Examples include: Chuquicamata in Chile and El Chino mine in New Mexico. An ore is a mineral deposit containing a metal or other valuable resource in economically viable concentrations. ... Currently, the most common source of copper ore is the mineral chalcopyrite (CuFeS2), which accounts for about 50% of copper production. ... The El Chino mine located near Silver City, New Mexico is an open-pit copper mine Open-pit mining refers to a method of extracting rock or minerals from the earth by their removal from an open pit or borrow. ... Chuquicamata, or, Chuqui, as it is commonly called, is the largest open pit copper mine in the world. ... The El Chino mine located near Silver City, New Mexico The El Chino (or just Chino) Mine is an open-pit copper mine located near Silver City, New Mexico. ... State nickname: Land of Enchantment Other U.S. States Capital Santa Fe Largest city Albuquerque Governor Bill Richardson Official languages English and Spanish Area 315,194 km² (5th)  - Land 314,590 km²  - Water 607 km² (0. ...

The Intergovernmental Council of Copper Exporting Countries (CIPEC), defunct since 1992, once tried to play a similar role for copper as OPEC does for oil, but never achieved the same influence, not least because the second-largest producer, the United States, was never a member. Formed in 1967, its principal members were Chile, Peru, Zaire, and Zambia. The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) is made up of Algeria, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates and Venezuela; since 1965, its international headquarters have been in Vienna, Austria. ... Oil is a generic term for organic liquids that are not miscible with water. ...

Applications

Copper is malleable and ductile, and is used extensively, in products such as: Malleability is a physical property of matter, signifying its capability of deformation, especially by hammering or rolling. ... Ductility is the physical property of being capable of sustaining large plastic deformations without fracture (in metals, such as being drawn into a wire). ...

• Copper wire.
• Copper plumbing.
• Doorknobs and other fixtures in houses.
• Statuary: The Statue of Liberty, for example, contains 179,200 pounds (81.3 Mg) of copper.
• Electromagnets.
• Motors, esp electromagnetic motors.
• Watt's steam engine.
• Electrical relays, electrical busbars and electrical switches.
• Vacuum tubes, cathode ray tubes, and the magnetrons in microwave ovens.
• Wave guides for microwave radiation.
• There is increasing use of copper in integrated circuits, replacing aluminium because of its superior conductivity.
• Alloyed with nickel, e.g. cupronickel and Monel, used as corrosive resistant materials in shipbuilding.
• As a component of coins, often as cupronickel alloy.
• In cookware, such as frying pans.
• Most flatware (knives, forks, spoons) contains some copper (nickel silver).
• Sterling silver, if it is to be used in dinnerware, must contain a few percent copper.
• As a component in ceramic glazes, and to color glass.
• Musical instruments, especially brass instruments.
• As a biostatic surface in hospitals, and to line parts of ships to protect against barnacles and mussels.
• Compounds, such as Fehling's solution, have applications in chemistry.
• Copper (II) sulfate is used as a poison and a water purifier.

A wire is a single, usually cylindrical, elongated strand of drawn metal. ... Plumbing, from the Latin for lead (plumbum), is the trade of working with pipes for water, drainage and natural gas. ... Charlie Chaplin Statue A statue is a sculpture depicting a specific entity, usually a person, event, animal or object. ... The Statue of Liberty Liberty Enlightening the World, commonly known as the Statue of Liberty, is a statue, given to the U.S. by France in the late 19th century, that stands at the mouth of the Hudson River in New York Harbor as a welcome to all: returning Americans... A tonne (also called metric ton) is a non-SI unit of mass, accepted for use with SI, defined as: 1 tonne = 103 kg (= 106 g). ... An electromagnet is a type of magnet in which the magnetic field is induced by a flow of electric current. ... A motor is a device that converts energy into mechanical power, and is often synonymous with engine. ... This article is about the Scottish engineer and inventor. ... A steam engine, once known as a fire and air engine, is a heat engine that makes use of the thermal energy that exists in steam, converting it to mechanical work. ... Automotive style miniature relay A relay is an electrical switch that opens and closes automatically under control of another electrical circuit. ... 1500 amp busbars within a power distribution rack for a large building A busbar (often pronounced buzz bar) refers in electrical power distribution to thick strips of Copper or other material that conduct electricity around a switchboard or distribution board. ... Electrical switches. ... In electronics, a vacuum tube (American English) or (thermionic) valve (British English) is a device generally used to amplify a signal. ... The cathode ray tube or CRT, invented by Karl Ferdinand Braun, is the display device used in most computer displays, video monitors, televisions and oscilloscopes. ... A magnetron is a high-powered vacuum tube that generates coherent microwaves. ... Microwave oven A microwave oven is a kitchen appliance employing microwave radiation primarily to cook or heat food. ... In physics, optics, and telecommunication, a waveguide is an inhomogeneous (structured) material medium that confines and guides a propagating electromagnetic wave. ... An integrated circuit (IC) is a thin chip consisting of at least two interconnected semiconductor devices, mainly transistors, as well as passive components like resistors. ... General Name, Symbol, Number aluminium, Al, 13 Chemical series poor metals Group, Period, Block 13, 3, p Appearance silvery Atomic mass 26. ... General Name, Symbol, Number nickel, Ni, 28 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 10, 4, d Appearance lustrous, metallic Atomic mass 58. ... Cupronickel is an alloy of copper, nickel and stengthening impurities, such as iron and manganese. ... Monel is a rustless metal alloy, primarily composed of nickel and copper, with some iron and other trace elements. ... Men from Francisco de Orellanas expedition building a small brigantine, the San Pedro, to be used in the search for food Shipbuilding is the construction of ships. ... 1¢ euro coin A coin is usually a piece of hard material, generally metal and usually in the shape of a disc, which is used as a form of money. ... cast-iron iron enamel stainless steel The cooking pan is a type of food preparation utensil commonly found in the kitchen which includes many more specific cooking vessels such as saucepans and frying pans (or fry pans). ... This page is about the kitchen item. ... Starch_polyester disposable cutlery Cutlery refers to any hand utensil used in preparing, serving, and especially eating food. ... traditional Scandinavian puukko knife A knife is a sharp-edged hand tool used for cutting. ... A fork on a saucer A fork is an implement with a handle on one end and tines on the other; it is used for pricking, to hold or transfer objects, predominantly food in cooking and eating. ... A common silver spoon A spoon is a common eating utensil, or item of cutlery, like a small spade, that occurs in a number of sizes and forms and is also suitable for liquid food and for stirring, and can have a number of other uses. ... Nickel silver is an alloy of copper with nickel and often but not always zinc. ... Sterling silver is an alloy of silver containing 92. ... Painting technique Glaze is a term for painting with a transparent medium. ... The materials definition of a glass is a uniform amorphous solid material, usually produced when a suitably viscous molten material cools very rapidly, thereby not giving enough time for a regular crystal lattice to form. ... A musical instrument is a device that has been constructed or modified with the purpose of making music. ... A brass instrument is a musical instrument whose tone is produced by vibration of the lips as the player blows into a tubular resonator. ... Italian barque Amerigo Vespucci in New York harbor, 1976. ... Orders Ascothoracica Acrothoracica Thoracica Rhizocephala A barnacle is a type of arthropod belonging to infraclass Cirripedia in the subphylum Crustacea and is hence distantly related to crabs and lobsters. ... Orders A mussel is a bivalve mollusc that can be found in lakes, rivers, creeks, intertidal areas, and throughout the ocean. ... Fehlings solution is a solution used to detect aldehyde functional groups. ... Copper (II) sulfate (CuSO4) is the most common copper salt, made by the action of sulfuric acid on the base copper oxide. ...

References

• Los Alamos National Laboratory - Copper
• Copper: Technology & Competitiveness (Summary) Chapter 6: Copper Production Technology; Author: Office of Technology Assessment 2005

External links

Wikimedia Commons has more media related to:

Copper

• WebElements.com – Copper
• EnvironmentalChemistry.com – Copper
• Copper Toxicity Syndrome
• The Copper Page
• Photos of the Parys Mountain Copper Mine near Amlwch, Anglesey, Wales
• Current copper price as at June 2005, about USD$3,500 / tonne.