 Warm pink and yellow host coral organism due to stress. Coral bleaching refers to the loss of color of corals due to stress-induced expulsion of symbiotic unicellular algae. The corals that form the structure of the great reef ecosystems of tropical seas depend on a symbiotic relationship with photosynthesizing unicellular algae called zooxanthellae that live within their tissues. Zooxanthellae give coral its particular coloration, depending on the clade living within the coral. Under stress, corals may expel their zooxantheallae, which leads to a lighter or completely white appearance, hence the term "bleached". Image File history File links Download high resolution version (540x779, 82 KB) Summary Licensing File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Coral bleaching ...
Image File history File links Download high resolution version (540x779, 82 KB) Summary Licensing File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Coral bleaching ...
Extant Subclasses and Orders Alcyonaria Alcyonacea Helioporacea Zoantharia Antipatharia Corallimorpharia Scleractinia Zoanthidea [1][2] See Anthozoa for details For other uses, see Coral (disambiguation). ...
A microorganism or microbe is an organism that is so small that it is microscopic (invisible to the naked eye). ...
A seaweed (Laurencia) up close: the branches are multicellular and only about 1 mm thick. ...
Extant Subclasses and Orders Alcyonaria Alcyonacea Helioporacea Zoantharia Antipatharia Corallimorpharia Scleractinia Zoanthidea [1][2] See Anthozoa for details For other uses, see Coral (disambiguation). ...
Some of the biodiversity of a coral reef. ...
A coral reef near the Hawaiian islands is an example of a complex marine ecosystem. ...
The leaf is the primary site of photosynthesis in plants. ...
Zooxanthellae are golden-brown intracellular endosymbionts of various marine animals and protozoa, especially anthozoans. ...
Coral bleaching is a vivid sign of corals responding to stress, which can be induced by any of:
Some of these factors are anthropogenic, while others occur naturally. Global mean surface temperatures 1850 to 2006 Mean surface temperature anomalies during the period 1995 to 2004 with respect to the average temperatures from 1940 to 1980 Global warming is the observed increase in the average temperature of the Earths atmosphere and oceans in recent decades and the projected...
Photomontage of plankton organisms Plankton is the aggregate community of weakly swimming but mostly drifting small organisms that inhabit the water column of the ocean, seas, and bodies of freshwater. ...
× The Traffic Light colour convention, showing the concept of Harvest Control Rule (HCR), specifying when a rebuilding plan is mandatory in terms of precautionary and limit reference points for spawning biomass and fishing mortality rate. ...
PAR is the range of light, 400-700nm that can be photosynthesized by plants. ...
Note: Ultraviolet is also the name of a 1998 UK television miniseries about vampires. ...
Run-off or runoff may refer to one of the following. ...
Look up anthropogenic in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
Once bleaching begins, corals tend to continue to bleach even if the stressor is removed. If the coral colony survies, it often requires weeks to months for the remaining symbiont population to reach a normal density. Following bleaching, corals may be recolonised by the same species of zooxanthellae, or by a different species. Different types of zooxanthellae respond differently to environmental conditions and may be more resistant to coral bleaching than other species. Some corals are known to host multiple clades of zooxanthellae within an individual coral. [2]. Ability to withstand stress and bleaching and ability to recover from a bleaching event varies greatly across coral species. Large massive corals, such as Porites lobata is able to withstand extreme temperature shocks, while fragile branching corals, such as Acropora spp. are far more susceptible to dying following a bleaching event. Recent research has also shown that corals consistently exposed to low levels of stress may in fact be more resistant to bleaching. Factors that protect against mass coral bleaching are bleaching resistance, coral tolerance, reef recovery. Due to the patchy nature of bleaching, local climatic conditions such as shade or a stream of cooler water can reduce the risk of bleaching. Also, the health and genetics of both the coral and its zoozanthellae can influence the risk of bleaching.[3]
Other reef creatures have symbiotic zooxanthellae, which they may also expel under stressful conditions. Bleaching stress is also exhibited by soft corals, giant Tridacna clams and some sponges. Families Suborder Alcyoniina Suborder Calcaxonia Suborder Holaxonia Suborder Protoalcyonaria Suborder Scleraxonia Suborder Stolonifera Suborder Incertae sedis Wikispecies has information related to: Alcyonacea Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Category:Alcyonaria The Alcyonacea, or the soft corals are an order of corals which do not produce calcium carbonate cups. ...
Binomial name Tridacna gigas Linnaeus, 1758 The giant clam (Tridacna gigas) or traditionally, pa’ua, is the largest living bivalve mollusk. ...
Classes Calcarea Hexactinellida Demospongiae The sponges or poriferans (from Latin porus pore and ferre to bear) are animals of the phylum Porifera. ...
The Great Barrier Reef along the northeast coast of Australia suffered two mass coral bleaching events in the summers of 1998 and 2002. While most reef areas recovered with relatively low levels of coral death, some locations suffered severe damage, with up to 90% of corals killed. The Great Barrier Reef is the worlds largest coral reef system,[1][2] composed of roughly 3,000 individual reefs and 900 islands that stretch for 2,600 kilometres (1,616 mi) and cover an area of approximately 344,400 km².[3][4] The reef is located in the...
Other coral reef provinces have been permanently damaged by warm sea temperatures, most severely in the Indian Ocean. Up to 90% of coral cover has been lost in the Maldives, Sri Lanka, Kenya and Tanzania and in the Seychelles.
 Bioerosion (coral damage) such as this may be caused by coral bleaching. [4] A coral reef tha has undergone bioerosion. ...
A coral reef tha has undergone bioerosion. ...
Pathogen infection
In 1996, Kushumaro, et al. [5] reported that the agent for the coral bleaching in the Red Sea was an infectious bacteria attacking the symbiotic algae. The agent has been later identified as Vibrio shiloi. The pathogen is infectious only during warm periods; therefore, global warming would increase the occurance of conditions that promote the spread of infection.
During the summer of 2003, coral reefs in the Red Sea appeared to gain resistance to the pathogen, and further infection was not observed [6]. The main hypothesis for the emerged resistance is probiotic: inside the symbiotic communities of bacteria living with the corals. One species capable of lysing V. shiloi has gained prominence. This hypothetical bacteria has not yet been identified. Probiotics are dietary supplements containing potentially beneficial bacteria or yeast, with lactic acid bacteria (LAB) as the most common microbes used. ...
Notes and references 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ...
March 2 is the 61st day of the year (62nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
The Great Barrier Reef Marine Park protects a large part of Australias Great Barrier Reef from activities that would damage it. ...
April 17 is the 107th day of the year (108th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
Iowa State University of Science and Technology (ISU) is a public land-grant and space-grant university located in Ames, Iowa. ...
For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ...
November 2 is the 306th day of the year (307th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 59 days remaining. ...
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