The Coriolis effect is an apparent deflection of a moving object in a rotating frame of reference. This effect is sometimes attributed to the fictitious Coriolis force. Image File history File links Corioliskraftanimation. ... A Rotating frame of reference is not an inertial frame of reference because a rotation is an acceleration, by definition. ... A fictitious force is a force used to explain acceleration in a non-inertial frame of reference, such as a rotating frame. ...

The Coriolis effect caused by the rotation of the Earth is responsible for the precession of a Foucault pendulum and for the direction of rotation of cyclones. In general, the effect deflects objects moving along the surface of the Earth to the right of the direction of travel in the Northern hemisphere and to the left of the direction of travel in the Southern hemisphere. As a consequence, winds around the center of a cyclone rotate counterclockwise on the northern hemisphere and clockwise on the southern hemisphere. However, contrary to popular belief, the Coriolis effect is not a determining factor in the rotation of water in toilets or bathtubs (see the Draining bathtubs/toilets section below). Earth (IPA: , often referred to as the Earth, Terra, the World or Planet Earth) is the third planet in the solar system in terms of distance from the Sun, and the fifth largest. ... Precession refers to a change in the direction of the axis of a rotating object. ... Foucaults Pendulum in the Panthéon, Paris A Foucault pendulum, or Foucaults pendulum, named after the French physicist Léon Foucault, was conceived as an experiment to demonstrate the rotation of the Earth; its action is a result of the Coriolis effect. ... Radar image of a tropical cyclone in the northern hemisphere. ... The Northern Hemisphere is the half of a planets surface (or celestial sphere) that is north of the equator (the word hemisphere literally means half ball). On the Earth, the Northern Hemisphere contains most of the land and about 88-90% of the human population. ... The Southern Hemisphere is the half of a planets surface (or celestial sphere) that is south of the equator (the word hemisphere literally means half ball). On Earth it contains five continents (Antarctica, Australia, most of South America, parts of Africa and Asia) as well as four oceans (South...

The effect is named after Gaspard-Gustave Coriolis, a French scientist, who described it in 1835, though the mathematics appeared in the tidal equations of Laplace in 1778. Gaspard-Gustave de Coriolis or Gustave Coriolis (May 21, 1792–September 19, 1843), mathematician, mechanical engineer and scientist born in Paris, France. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...

Formula

The formula for the Coriolis acceleration is

where (here and below) is the velocity of the particle in the rotating system, and is the angular velocity vector (which has magnitude equal to the rotation rate and is parallel with the axis of rotation) of the rotating system. The equation may be multiplied by the mass of the relevant object to produce the Coriolis force

.

See Fictitious force for a derivation. A fictitious force is a force used to explain acceleration in a non-inertial frame of reference, such as a rotating frame. ...

Note that these are cross products. In non-vector terms: at a given rate of rotation of the observer, the magnitude of the Coriolis acceleration of the object will be proportional to the velocity of the object and also to the sine of the angle between the direction of movement of the object and the axis of rotation. (Note also that the cross product does not commute. Changing the order of the vectors changes the sign of the product.) In mathematics, the cross product is a binary operation on vectors in a three-dimensional Euclidean space. ... In mathematics, especially abstract algebra, a binary operation * on a set S is commutative if x * y = y * x for all x and y in S. Otherwise * is noncommutative. ...

The Coriolis effect is the behavior added by the Coriolis acceleration. The formula implies that the Coriolis acceleration is perpendicular both to the direction of the velocity of the moving mass and to the rotation axis. So in particular:

• if the velocity is parallel to the rotation axis, the Coriolis acceleration is zero
• if the velocity is straight inward to the axis, the acceleration is in the direction of local rotation
• if the velocity is straight outward from the axis, the acceleration is against the direction of local rotation
• if the velocity is in the direction of local rotation, the acceleration is outward from the axis
• if the velocity is against the direction of local rotation, the acceleration is inward to the axis

The above formulae use vector notation, and give both the magnitude and direction of the Coriolis effect. For some special cases, a scalar expression might be sufficient, as the direction has already been deduced. For the case of motion restricted to a plane perpendicular to the axis of rotation, such as a rotating turntable, the magnitude of the acceleraton is given by the formula

.

When considering atmospheric dynamics, the Coriolis acceleration is only significant in the horizontal equations, due to the short length scale in the vertical direction. However, the horizontal plane is not in general perpendicular to the axis of rotation. The magnitude of the horizontal component of the acceleration is then

,

where (where is the latitude) is called the Coriolis parameter and is the horizontal component of the velocity. The Coriolis frequency, f, is equal to twice the rotation rate of the Earth multiplied by the sine of the latitude. ...

Causes

The Coriolis effect exists only when using a rotating reference frame. It is mathematically deduced from the law of inertia. Hence it does not correspond to any actual acceleration or force, but only the appearance thereof from the point of view of a rotating system. The principle of inertia is one of the fundamental laws of classical physics which are used to describe the motion of matter and how it is affected by applied forces. ...

The Coriolis effect can be interpreted as being the sum of the effects of two different causes of equal magnitude.

The first cause is the change of velocity in time. The same velocity (in an inertial frame of reference where the normal laws of physics apply) will be seen as different velocities at different times in a rotating frame of reference. The apparent acceleration is proportional to the angular velocity (the rate at which the coordinate axes changes direction), and to the velocity. This gives a term . The minus sign stems from the fact that the effect is interpreted from the rotating frame of reference. In the absence of any force, the object will appear to accelerate in the direction opposite of that of rotation.

The second cause is change of velocity in space. Different points in a rotating frame reference have different velocities (as seen from an inertial frame of reference). In order for an object to move in a straight line it must therefore be accelerated so that its velocity changes from point to point by the same amount as the velocities of the frame of reference. The effect is proportional to the angular velocity (which determines the relative speed of two different points in the rotating frame of reference), and the velocity of the object perpendicular to the axis of rotation (which determines how quickly it moves between those points). This also gives a term .

What the Coriolis effect is not

• The Coriolis effect does not depend on the curvature of the Earth, only on its rotation. (However, the value of the Coriolis parameter, , does vary with latitude, and that is due to the Earth's shape.)
• The fact that ballistic missiles and satellites appear to follow curved paths when plotted on common world maps is mainly due to the fact that the earth is spherical and the shortest distance between two points on the earth's surface is usually not a straight line on those maps. Every two-dimensional (flat) map necessarily distorts the earth's curved (three-dimensional) surface in some way or another. Typically (as in the commonly-used Mercator projection, for example), this distortion increases with proximity to the poles. A ballistic missile fired toward a distant target using the shortest possible route (a great circle), especially at higher latitudes (i.e., closer to one of the poles), will appear to curve toward the equator on such maps (regardless of hemisphere), because the latitudes, which are projected as straight horizontal lines on most world maps, are in fact circles on the surface of a sphere, which get smaller as they get closer to the pole. Being simply a consequence of the sphericality of the Earth, this would be true even if the Earth didn't rotate at all. (However, like the Coriolis effect, this phenomenon is more pronounced near the poles.) The Coriolis effect is of course also present, but its effect on the plotted path is much smaller.
• The Coriolis force should not be confused with the Centrifugal force given by . A rotating frame of reference will always cause a Centrifugal force no matter what the object is doing (unless that body is particle-like and lies on the axis of rotation), whereas the Coriolis force requires the object to be in motion relative to the rotating frame and not such that it moves parallel to the rotation axis. Therefore, because the Centrifugal force always exist, it can be easy to confuse the two, making simple explanations of the effect of Coriolis in isolation difficult. In particular, when is tangential to the direction of rotation, the Coriolis force will be parallel to the centrifugal force. It is then possible to construct rotating reference frame of a different rotational speed, where is zero and there is no Coriolis force. What was considered a Coriolis force in the first frame of reference becomes a part of the centrifugal force in the second.

Mercator world map Nova et Aucta Orbis Terrae Descriptio ad Usum Navigatium Emendate (1569) The Mercator projection is a cylindrical map projection presented by the Flemish geographer and cartographer Gerardus Mercator, in 1569. ... For the Brisbane bus routes known collectively as the Great Circle Line (598 & 599), see the following list of Brisbane Transport routes A great circle on a sphere A great circle is a circle on the surface of a sphere that has the same diameter as the sphere, dividing the... Centrifugal force (from Latin centrum center and fugere to flee) is a term which may refer to two different forces which are related to rotation. ... A Rotating frame of reference is not an inertial frame of reference because a rotation is an acceleration, by definition. ... Centrifugal force (from Latin centrum center and fugere to flee) is a term which may refer to two different forces which are related to rotation. ... A point particle is an idealized particle heavily used in physics. ... Centrifugal force (from Latin centrum center and fugere to flee) is a term which may refer to two different forces which are related to rotation. ...

Visualisation of the Coriolis effect

A fluid assuming a parabolic shape as it is rotating

To demonstrate the Coriolis effect, a parabolic turntable can be used. On a flat turntable the centrifugal force, which always acts outwards from the rotation axis, would lead to objects being forced out off the edge. But if the surface of the turntable has the correct parabolic bowl shape, and is rotated at the correct rate, then the component of gravity tangential to the bowl surface will exactly balance the centrifugal force. This allows the Coriolis force to be displayed in isolation. Image File history File linksMetadata Coriolis_effect11. ...

Discs cut from cylinders of dry ice can be used as pucks, moving around almost frictionlessly over the surface of the parabolic turntable, allowing effects of Coriolis on dynamic phenomena to show themselves. To get a view of the motions as seen from a rotating point of view, a video-camera is attached to the turntable in such a way that the camera is co-rotating with the turntable. Dry ice is a genericized trademark for solid (frozen) carbon dioxide. ...

When the fluid is rotating on a flat turntable, the surface of the fluid naturally assumes the correct parabolic shape. This fact may be exploited in order to make a parabolic turntable, by using a fluid that sets after several hours, such as a synthetic resin. For other uses, see Parabola (disambiguation). ... Resin of a pine Insect trapped in resin. ...

In a manner of speaking, the Earth represents such a turntable. The rotation has caused the planet to assume a spheroid shape such that the normal force exactly balances the centrifugal force on a "horizontal" surface. (See equatorial bulge.) An equatorial bulge is a planetological term which describes a bulge which a planet may have around its equator, distorting it into an oblate spheroid. ...

Draining bathtubs/toilets

A popular misconception is that the Coriolis effect determines the direction in which bathtubs or toilets drain, and whether water always drains in one direction in the Northern Hemisphere, and in the other direction in the Southern Hemisphere. This myth is perpetuated by the Simpsons episode "Bart Vs. Australia." In reality, the Coriolis effect is a few orders of magnitude smaller than other random influences on drain direction, such as the geometry of the sink, toilet, or tub; whether it is flat or tilted; and the direction in which water was initially added to it. Note that toilets typically are designed to only flush in one rotation, by having the flush water enter at an angle. Simpsons redirects here. ... Bart vs. ... An order of magnitude is the class of scale or magnitude of any amount, where each class contains values of a fixed ratio to the class preceding it. ...

This is less of a puzzle once one remembers that the Earth revolves once per day but that a bathtub takes only seconds to drain. When the water is being drawn towards the drain, the radius with which it is spinning around it decreases, so its rate of rotation increases from the low background level to a noticeable spin in order to conserve its angular momentum (the same effect as ice skaters bringing their arms in to cause them to spin faster). In physics, angular momentum intuitively measures how much the linear momentum is directed around a certain point called the origin; the moment of momentum. ...

Coriolis in Meteorology

This low pressure system over Iceland spins counter-clockwise due to balance between the Coriolis force and the pressure gradient force.

Perhaps the most important instance of the Coriolis effect is in the large scale dynamics of the oceans and the atmosphere. In meteorology, it is convenient to use a rotating frame of reference where the Earth is stationary. The fictitious centrifugal and Coriolis forces must then be introduced. The former, however, is cancelled by the non-spherical shape of the earth (see the turn-table analogy above). Hence the Coriolis force is the only fictitious force to have a significant impact on calculations. ImageMetadata File history File links Download high resolution version (3500x3033, 2363 KB) A beautifully-formed low-pressure system swirls off the southeastern coast of Iceland, illustrating the maxim that nature abhors a vacuum. ... ImageMetadata File history File links Download high resolution version (3500x3033, 2363 KB) A beautifully-formed low-pressure system swirls off the southeastern coast of Iceland, illustrating the maxim that nature abhors a vacuum. ... A large low-pressure system swirls off the southwestern coast of Iceland, illustrating the maxim that nature abhors a vacuum. ...

Flow around a low-pressure area

Schematic representation of flow around a low-pressure area in the Northern hemisphere. The pressure gradient force is represented by blue arrows, the Coriolis acceleration (always perpendicular to the velocity) by red arrows

If a low-pressure area forms in the atmosphere, air will tend to flow in towards it, but will be deflected perpendicular to its velocity by the Coriolis acceleration. A system of equilibrium can then establish itself creating circular movement, or a cyclonic flow. Image File history File links Coriolis_effect10. ...

The force balance is largely between the pressure gradient force acting towards the low-pressure area and the Coriolis force acting away from the center of the low pressure. Instead of flowing down the gradient, the air tends to flow perpendicular to the air-pressure gradient and forms a cyclonic flow. This is an example of a more general case of geostrophic flow in which air flows along isobars. On a non-rotating planet the air would flow along the straightest possible line, quickly leveling the air pressure. Note that the force balance is thus very different from the case of "inertial circles" (see below) which explains why mid-latitude cyclones are larger by an order of magnitude than inertial circle flow would be. The pressure gradient force is the force that is usually responsible for accelerating a parcel of air from a high atmospheric pressure region to a low pressure region, resulting in wind. ... The geostrophic wind is defined as the wind resulting from the balance between the Coriolis force and the pressure gradient force. ... The word isobar derives from the two ancient Greek words, ισος (isos), meaning equal, and βαρος (baros), meaning weight. In meteorology, an isobar is a line of equal or constant pressure on a graph, plot, or map; an isopleth of pressure. ...

This pattern of deflection, and the direction of movement, is called Buys-Ballot's law. The pattern of flow is called a cyclone. In the Northern Hemisphere the direction of movement around a low-pressure area is counterclockwise. In the Southern Hemisphere, the direction of movement is clockwise because the rotational dynamics is a mirror image there. However, at high altitudes, outward-spreading air rotates in the opposite direction [1] Cyclones cannot form on the equator, and they rarely travel towards the equator, because in the equatorial region the coriolis parameter is small, and exactly zero on the equator. C.H.D. Buys Ballot Buys-Ballots law, in meteorology, is the name given to a law which may be expressed as follows: In the Northern Hemisphere, stand with your back to the wind; the low pressure area will be on your left. ... Radar image of a tropical cyclone in the northern hemisphere. ...

Inertial circles

Schematic representation of inertial circles of air masses in the absence of other forces, calculated for a wind speed of approximately 50 to 70 m/s. Note that the rotation is exactly opposite that normally experienced with air masses in weather systems around depressions.

An air or water mass moving with speed subject only to the Coriolis force travels in a circular trajectory called an 'inertial circle'. Since the force is directed at right angles to the motion of the particle, it will move with a constant speed, and perform a complete circle with frequency f. The magnitude of the Coriolis force also determines the radius of this circle: Image File history File links File links The following pages link to this file: Coriolis effect ...

.

On the Earth, a typical mid-latitude value for f is 10⁻⁴ s⁻¹; hence for a typical atmospheric speed of 10 m/s the radius is 100 km, with a period of about 14 hours. In the ocean, where a typical speed is closer to 10 cm/s, the radius of an inertial circle is 1 km. These inertial circles are clockwise in the northern hemisphere (where trajectories are bent to the right) and anti-clockwise in the southern hemisphere.

If the rotating system is a parabolic turntable, then f is constant and the trajectories are exact circles. On a rotating planet, f varies with latitude and the paths of particles do not form exact circles. Since the parameter f varies as the sine of the latitude, the oscillations associated with a given speed are smallest at the poles (latitude = ), and would increase indefinitely at the equator, except the dynamics ceases to apply close to the equator.

The dynamics of inertial circles are different from those of mid-latitude cyclones. In the latter case, the Coriolis force (directed outward) is in an approximate balance with the pressure gradient force (directed inward), a situation known as geostrophic balance. In particular, cyclones rotate in the opposite direction as inertial circles. Radar image of a tropical cyclone in the northern hemisphere. ... The pressure gradient force is the force that is usually responsible for accelerating a parcel of air from a high atmospheric pressure region to a low pressure region, resulting in wind. ... Geostrophic balance is the balance of the pressure gradient force and coriolis force acting on a parcel of air, causing the wind to blow parrallel to isobars of pressure in the earths atmosphere. ...

Length scales and the Rossby number

Further information: Rossby number

The time, space and velocity scales are important in determining the importance of the Coriolis effect. Whether rotation is important in a system can be determined by its Rossby number, which is the ratio of the velocity of a system to the product of the Coriolis parameter, and the lengthscale of the motion: The Rossby number, named for Carl-Gustav Arvid Rossby, is a dimensionless number used in describing fluid flow, usually in geophysical phenomena in the oceans and atmosphere. ... The Rossby number, named for Carl-Gustav Arvid Rossby, is a dimensionless number used in describing fluid flow, usually in geophysical phenomena in the oceans and atmosphere. ...

.

A small Rossby number signifies a system which is strongly affected by rotation, and a large Rossby number signifies a system in which rotation is unimportant. An atmospheric system moving at U = 10m/s occupying a spatial distance of L=1000km, has a Rossby number

A man playing catch may throw the ball at U=30m/s in a garden of length L=50m. The Rossby number in this case would be

.

Needless to say, one does not worry about which hemisphere one is in when playing catch in the garden. However, an unguided missile obeys exactly the same physics as a baseball, but may travel far enough and be in the air long enough to notice the effect of Coriolis. Long range shells landed close to, but to the right of where they were aimed until this was noted (or left if they were fired in the southern hemisphere, though most were not).

The Rossby number can also tell us about the bathtub. If the lengthscale of the tub is about L=1m, and the water moves towards the drain at about 60cm/s, then the Rossby number is

.

Thus, the bathtub is, in terms of scales, much like a game of catch, and rotation is likely to be unimportant.

However, if the experiment is very carefully controlled to remove all other forces from the system, rotation can play a role in bathtub dynamics. An article in the British "Journal of Fluid Mechanics" in the 1930s describes this. The key is to put a few drops of ink into the bathtub water, and observing when the ink stops swirling, meaning the viscosity of the water has dissipated its initial vorticity (or curl; i.e. ) then, if the plug is extracted ever so slowly so as not to introduce any additional vorticity, then the tub will empty with a counterclockwise swirl in England.

Terrestrial effects summarized

The magnitude of the (horizontal) Coriolis effect changes with the latitude and the speed of the air (and water). It is greatest in polar regions where the surface of the Earth is at right angles to the axis of rotation, and it is zero at the equator. It causes air and water masses to turn right in the northern hemisphere and left in the southern hemisphere. This gives rise to geostrophic winds and currents. Geostrophic current a current resulting from the balance between gravitational forces and the Coriolis effect. ...

The Coriolis effect strongly affects the large-scale atmospheric circulation, leading to the Hadley, Ferrel, and Polar cells. In the oceans, Coriolis is responsible for the propagation of Kelvin waves and the establishment of the Sverdrup balance. Atmospheric circulation is the large-scale movement of air, and the means (together with the ocean circulation, which is smaller [1]) by which heat is distributed on the surface of the Earth. ... The Hadley cell is a circulation pattern that dominates the tropical atmosphere, with rising motion near the equator, poleward flow 10-15 kilometers above the surface, descending motion in the subtropics, and equatorward flow near the surface. ... The Ferrel cell is usually shown between the Hadley and Polar cells, e. ... A Kelvin wave is a wave in the ocean or atmosphere that balances the Earths Coriolis force against a topographic boundary such as a coastline. ... Harald Sverdrup in 1947 proposed a theory of ocean circulation and derived a relationship between the wind forcing (expressed as the curl of the wind stress) and the mass transport of the upper ocean. ...

There are also components of the Coriolis effect that are not in the plane tangential to the Earth's surface. Eastward traveling objects will be deflected upwards (feel lighter), while westward traveling objects will be deflected downwards (feel heavier). This is known as the Eötvös effect. In addition objects traveling upwards or downwards will be deflected to the west or east respectively. These effects are greatest near the equator, and require precise instruments to detect since they are quite small. In the early 1900s a German team from the Institute of Geodesy in Potsdam carried out gravity measurements on moving ships in the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans. ...

Coriolis Elsewhere

Coriolis flow meter

A practical application of the Coriolis effect is the mass flow meter, an instrument that measures the mass flow rate of a fluid through a tube. The operating principle was introduced in 1977 by Micro Motion Inc. Simple flow meters measure volume flow rate, which is proportional to mass flow rate only when the density of the fluid is constant. If the fluid has varying density, or contains bubbles, then the volume flow rate multiplied by the density is not an accurate measure of the mass flow rate. The Coriolis mass flow meter operating principle essentially involves rotation, though not through a full circle. It works by inducing a vibration of the tube through which the fluid passes, and subsequently monitoring and analysing the inertial effects that occur in response to the combination of the induced vibration and the mass flow. A mass flow meter, also known as inertial flow meter and coriolis flow meter, is a device that measures how much liquid is flowing through a tube. ... Mass flow rate is the movement of mass per time. ... In fluid dynamics, the volumetric flow rate, also volume flow rate and rate of fluid flow, is the volume of fluid which passes through a given volume per unit time (for example gallons per minute or squeaks per parsec). ... Density, or volumic mass (ISO 31), is a measure of mass per volume. ...

Molecular physics

In polyatomic molecules, the molecule motion can be described by a rigid body rotation and internal vibration of atoms about their equilibrium position. As a result of the vibrations of the atoms, the atoms are in motion relative to the rotating coordinate system of the molecule. Coriolis effects will therefore be present and will cause the atoms to move in a direction perpendicular to the original oscillations. This leads to a mixing in molecular spectra between the rotational and vibrational levels. A quantum mechanical system can only be in certain states, so that only certain energy levels are possible. ...

Ballistics

The Coriolis effects became important in external ballistics for calculating the trajectories of very long-range artillery shells. The most famous historical example was the Paris gun, used by the Germans during World War I to bombard Paris from a range of about 120 km. External ballistics is the part of ballistics tht refers to the behavior of a bullet after it exits the barrel and before it hits the target. ... Historically, artillery (from French artillerie) refers to any engine used for the discharge of projectiles during war. ... The German Paris Gun, also known as the William’s Gun, was the largest rail artillery gun of the Great War. ... Combatants Allied Powers: Russian Empire France British Empire Italy United States Central Powers: Austria-Hungary German Empire Ottoman Empire Bulgaria Commanders Nicholas II Aleksei Brusilov Georges Clemenceau Joseph Joffre Ferdinand Foch Herbert Henry Asquith Douglas Haig John Jellicoe Victor Emmanuel III Luigi Cadorna Armando Diaz Woodrow Wilson John Pershing Franz... City flag City coat of arms Motto: Fluctuat nec mergitur (Latin: Tossed by the waves, she does not sink) Paris Eiffel tower as seen from the esplanade du Trocadéro. ...

References

Physics and meteorology references

• Coriolis, G.G., 1832: Mémoire sur le principe des forces vives dans les mouvements relatifs des machines. Journal de l'école Polytechnique, Vol 13, 268-302

• Coriolis, G.G., 1835: Mémoire sur les équations du mouvement relatif des systèmes de corps. Journal de l'école Polytechnique, Vol 15, 142-154

• Gill, AE Atmospher-Ocean dynamics, Academic Press, 1982.

• Durran, D. R., 1993: Is the Coriolis force really responsible for the inertial oscillation?, Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 74, 2179–2184; Corrigenda. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 75, 261

• Durran, D. R., and S. K. Domonkos, 1996: An apparatus for demonstrating the inertial oscillation, Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 77, 557–559.

• Marion, Jerry B. 1970, Classical Dynamics of Particles and Systems, Academic Press.

• Persson, A., 1998 How do we Understand the Coriolis Force? Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 79, 1373-1385.

• Symon, Keith. 1971, Mechanics, Addison-Wesley

• Norman Ph. A., 2000 An Explication of the Coriolis Effect, Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society: Vol. 81, No. 2, pp. 299–303.

Historical references

• Grattan-Guinness, I., Ed., 1994: Companion Encyclopedia of the History and Philosophy of the Mathematical Sciences. Vols. I and II. Routledge, 1840 pp.
  1997: The Fontana History of the Mathematical Sciences. Fontana, 817 pp. 710 pp.

• Khrgian, A., 1970: Meteorology—A Historical Survey. Vol. 1. Keter Press, 387 pp.

• Kuhn, T. S., 1977: Energy conservation as an example of simultaneous discovery. The Essential Tension, Selected Studies in Scientific Tradition and Change, University of Chicago Press, 66–104.

• Kutzbach, G., 1979: The Thermal Theory of Cyclones. A History of Meteorological Thought in the Nineteenth Century. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 254 pp.

Footnotes

External links

• The definition of the Coriolis effect from the Glossary of Meteorology
• The Coriolis Effect PDF-file. 17 pages. A general discussion by Anders Persson of various aspects of the coriolis effect, including Foucault's Pendulum and Taylor columns.
• Anders Persson The Coriolis Effect: Four centuries of conflict between common sense and mathematics, Part I: A history to 1885 History of Meteorology 2 (2005)
• Coriolis Force - from ScienceWorld
• The Coriolis Effect: An Introduction. Details of the causes of prevailing wind patterns. Targeted towards ages 5 to 18.
• Coriolis Effect and Drains An article from the NEWTON web site hosted by the Argonne National Laboratory.
• Do bathtubs drain counterclockwise in the Northern Hemisphere? by Cecil Adams.
• Bad Coriolis. An article uncovering misinformation about the Coriolis effect. By Alistair B. Fraser, Emeritus Professor of Meteorology at Pennsylvania State University

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