Cormorants and shags
Little Pied Cormorant (Phalacrocorax melanoleucos)
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Aves Order: Pelecaniformes Family: Phalacrocoracidae Reichenbach, 1850 Genus: Phalacrocorax (but see text) Brisson, 1760
Species
1-8, see text A cormorant is a kind of bird. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 × 530 pixelsFull resolution (3039 × 2014 pixel, file size: 536 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ... Binomial name Phalacrocorax melanoleucos (Vieillot, 1817) The Little Pied Cormorant, Little Shag or Kawaupaka (Phalacrocorax melanoleucos) is a common Australasian waterbird, found around the coasts, islands, estuaries, and inland waters of Australia, New Guinea, New Zealand, Malaysia, and Indonesia, and around the islands of the south-western Pacific and the... For other uses, see Scientific classification (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Animal (disambiguation). ... Typical Classes Subphylum Urochordata - Tunicates Ascidiacea Thaliacea Larvacea Subphylum Cephalochordata - Lancelets Subphylum Myxini - Hagfishes Subphylum Vertebrata - Vertebrates Petromyzontida - Lampreys Placodermi (extinct) Chondrichthyes - Cartilaginous fishes Acanthodii (extinct) Actinopterygii - Ray-finned fishes Actinistia - Coelacanths Dipnoi - Lungfishes Amphibia - Amphibians Reptilia - Reptiles Aves - Birds Mammalia - Mammals Chordates (phylum Chordata) include the vertebrates, together with... For other meanings of bird, see bird (disambiguation). ... Families Fregatidae Pelecanidae Sulidae Phalacrocoracidae Anhingidae Phaethontidae For prehistoric families, see article text. ... Heinrich Gottlieb Ludwig Reichenbach Heinrich Gottlieb Ludwig Reichenbach (January 8, 1793 - March 17, 1879) was a German botanist and ornithologist. ... For the game, see: 1850 (board game) 1850 (MDCCCL) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Sunday [1] of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Mathurin Jacques Brisson (April 30, 1723 - June 23, 1806) was a French zoologist and natural philosopher. ... 1760 was a leap year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... For other uses, see Species (disambiguation). ...
Synonyms
Australocorax Compsohalieus Euleucocarbo Halietor Hypoleucos Leucocarbo Microcarbo Miocorax Nannopterum Nesocarbo Notocarbo Paracorax Pliocarbo Stictocarbo (but see text) In scientific nomenclature, synonyms are different scientific names used for a single taxon. ...

The bird family Phalacrocoracidae is today represented by some 40 species of cormorants and shags. Several different classifications of the family have been proposed recently, and the number of genera is disputed. For other uses, see Bird (disambiguation). ... The hierarchy of scientific classification In biological classification, family (Latin: familia, plural familiae) is a rank, or a taxon in that rank. ... For other uses, see Species (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Genus (disambiguation). ...

Names

There is no consistent distinction between cormorants and shags. The names "cormorant" and "shag" were originally the common names of the two species of the family found in Great Britain, Phalacrocorax carbo (now referred to by ornithologists as the Great Cormorant) and P. aristotelis (the Common Shag). "Shag" refers to the bird's crest, which the British forms of the Great Cormorant lack. As other species were discovered by English-speaking sailors and explorers elsewhere in the world, some were called cormorants and some shags, depending on whether they had crests or not. Sometimes the same species is called a cormorant in one part of the world and a shag in another, e.g., the Great Cormorant is called the Black Shag in New Zealand (the birds found in Australasia have a crest that is absent in European members of the species). Van Tets (1976) proposed to divide the family into two genera and attach the name "Cormorant" to one and "Shag" to the other, but this flies in the face of common usage and has not been widely adopted. Binomial name Linnaeus, 1758 The Great Cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo), known in Australia as the Black Cormorant, is a widespread member of the cormorant family of seabirds. ... Binomial name Phalacrocorax aristotelis (Linnaeus, 1758) The Common Shag (Phalacrocorax aristotelis) is a species of cormorant. ... The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ... Australasia Australasia is a term variably used to describe a region of Oceania: Australia, New Zealand, and neighbouring islands in the Pacific Ocean. ... For other uses, see Europe (disambiguation). ... In biology, a genus (plural genera) is a grouping in the classification of living organisms having one or more related and morphologically similar species. ...

The scientific genus name is latinized Ancient Greek, from φαλακρός (phalakros, "bald") and κόραξ (korax, "raven"). This is often thought to refer to the creamy white patch on the cheeks of adult Great Cormorants, or the ornamental white head plumes prominent in Mediterranean birds of this species, but is certainly not a unifying characteristic of cormorants. "Cormorant" is a contraction derived from Latin corvus marinus, "sea raven". Indeed, "sea raven" or analogous terms were the usual terms for cormorants in Germanic languages until after the Middle Ages, and the erroneous belief that these birds were related to ravens lasted at least to the 16th century: For other uses, see Genus (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Latin (disambiguation). ... Note: This article contains special characters. ... Binomial name Linnaeus, 1758 The Great Cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo), known in Australia as the Black Cormorant, is a widespread member of the cormorant family of seabirds. ... In traditional grammar, a contraction is the formation of a new word from two or more individual words. ... The Germanic languages are a group of related languages constituting a branch of the Indo-European (IE) language family. ... The Middle Ages formed the middle period in a traditional schematic division of European history into three ages: the classical civilization of Antiquity, the Middle Ages, and modern times, beginning with the Renaissance. ... (15th century - 16th century - 17th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 16th century was that century which lasted from 1501 to 1600. ...

"...le bec semblable à celuy d'un cormaran, ou autre corbeau." (..."the beak similar to that of a cormorant or other corvids."; Thevet, 1558). André de Thevet (1502 in Angouleme - November 23, 1590 in Paris) was a French Franciscan priest, explorer, cosmographer and writer who travelled to Brazil in the 16th century and described the country, its aboriginal inhabitants and the historical episodes involved in the France Antarctique, a French settlement in Rio de...

Characteristics

Cormorants and shags are medium-to-large seabirds. They range in size from the Pygmy Cormorant (Phalacrocorax pygmaeus), at as little as 45 cm (18 in) and 340 g (12 oz), to the Flightless Cormorant (Phalacrocorax harrisi), at a maximum size 100 cm (40 in) and 5 kg (11 lbs). The recently-extinct Spectacled Cormorant (Phalacrocorax perspicillatus) was rather larger, at an average size of 6.3 kg (14 lbs). The majority, including nearly all Northern Hemisphere species, have mainly dark plumage, but some Southern Hemisphere species are black and white, and a few (e.g. the Spotted Shag of New Zealand) are quite colourful. Many species have areas of coloured skin on the face (the lores and the gular skin) which can be bright blue, orange, red or yellow, typically becoming more brightly coloured in the breeding season. The bill is long, thin, and sharply hooked. Their feet have webbing between all four toes, as in their relatives. The Sooty Tern is highly aerial and marine and will spend years flying at sea without returning to land. ... Binomial name Phalacrocorax pygmaeus (Pallas, 1773) The Pygmy Cormorant (Phalacrocorax pygmaeus) is a member of the cormorant family of seabirds. ... Binomial name Nannopterum harrisi (Rothschild, 1898) The Flightless Cormorant, Nannopterum harrisi, is a cormorant native to the Galapagos Islands. ... Binomial name Phalacrocorax perspicillatus Pallas, 1811 The Spectacled Cormorant (Phalacrocorax perspicillatus) is an extinct marine bird of the cormorant family of seabirds that inhabited a few islands at the western end of the Aleutian Islands. ... Two feathers Feathers are one of the epidermal growths that form the distinctive outer covering, or plumage, on birds. ... Binomial name Phalacrocorax punctatus (Sparrman, 1786) The Spotted Shag or Parekareka (Phalacrocorax punctatus, also occasionally called the Spotted Cormorant) is an attractive species of the family Phalacrocoracidae found only in New Zealand. ... Look up lore in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... In ornithology, gular skin refers to an area of featherless skin found in some species of bird, which joins the lower mandible of the bill to the birds neck. ...

Imperial Shags in Beagle Channel

They are coastal rather than oceanic birds, and some have colonised inland waters - indeed, the original ancestor of cormorants seems to have been a fresh-water bird, judging from the habitat of the most ancient lineage. They range around the world, except for the central Pacific islands. Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 × 536 pixelsFull resolution (968 × 648 pixel, file size: 796 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Own work http://www. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 × 536 pixelsFull resolution (968 × 648 pixel, file size: 796 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Own work http://www. ... Binomial name (King, 1828) Synonyms Leucocarbo atriceps The Imperial Shag, (Phalacrocorax atriceps), also known as the Blue-Eyed Shag, and including the Antarctic Shag (among other subspecies) is a Cormorant native to many islands of the Southern Hemisphere. ... For other meanings of Pacific, see Pacific (disambiguation). ...

All are fish-eaters, dining on small eels, fish, and even water snakes. They dive from the surface, though many species make a characteristic half-jump as they dive, presumably to give themselves a more streamlined entry into the water. Under water they propel themselves with their feet. Some cormorant species have been found, using depth gauges, to dive to depths of as much as 45 metres. For other uses, see Fish (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Eel (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Snake (disambiguation). ... A Depth Gauge is a device used to measure pressure and display the equivalent depth in water. ...

After fishing, cormorants go ashore, and are frequently seen holding their wings out in the sun; it is assumed that this is to dry them. Unusually for a water bird, their feathers are not waterproofed. This may help them dive quickly, since their feathers do not retain air bubbles. Two feathers Feathers are one of the epidermal growths that form the distinctive outer covering, or plumage, on birds. ...

Cormorants are colonial nesters, using trees, rocky islets, or cliffs. The eggs are a chalky-blue colour. There is usually one brood a year. The young are fed through regurgitation. They typically have deep, ungainly bills, showing a greater resemblance to those of the pelicans', to which they are related, than is obvious in the adults. In most birds and reptiles, an egg (Latin ovum) is the zygote, resulting from fertilization of the ovum. ... Regurgitation is the controlled flow of stomach contents back into the oesophagus and mouth. ... For other uses, see Pelican (disambiguation). ...

Systematics

The cormorants are a group traditionally placed within the Pelecaniformes or, in the Sibley-Ahlquist taxonomy, the expanded Ciconiiformes. This latter group is certainly not a natural one, and even after the tropicbirds have been recognized as quite distinct, the remaining Pelecaniformes seem not to be entirely monophyletic. Their relationships and delimitation - apart from being part of a "higher waterfowl" clade which is similar but not identical to Sibley and Ahlquist's "pan-Ciconiiformes" - remain mostly unresolved. Families Fregatidae Pelecanidae Sulidae Phalacrocoracidae Anhingidae Phaethontidae For prehistoric families, see article text. ... The Sibley-Ahlquist taxonomy is a radical bird taxonomy based on DNA-DNA hybridization studies conducted in the late 1970s and throughout the 1980s. ... Families Ardeidae Cochlearidae (the Boat-billed Heron) Balaenicipitidae (the Shoebill) Scopidae (the Hammerkop) Ciconiidae Threskiornithidae Cathartidae Traditionally, the order Ciconiiformes has included a variety of large, long-legged wading birds with large bills: storks, herons, egrets, ibises, spoonbills, and several others. ... Species 3, see text 0mgg t1z R @ll liez Tropicbirds are a group of three closely related pelagic cows of tropical oceans: The Red-Billed Tropicbird, the Red-Tailed Tropicbird, and the White-Tailed Tropicbird. ... In phylogenetics, a group is monophyletic (Greek: of one stem) if all organisms in that group are known to have developed from a common ancestral form, and all descendants of that form are included in the group. ... A clade is a term belonging to the discipline of cladistics. ...

Notwithstanding, all evidence agrees that the cormorants and shags are closer to the darters and Sulidae (gannets and boobies), and perhaps the pelicans and/or even penguins, than to all other living birds (Kennedy et al. 2000, Mayr 2005). In recent years, three preferred treatments have emerged: either to leave all living cormorants in a single genus, Phalacrocorax, or to split off a few species like the Imperial Shag complex (in Leucocarbo) and perhaps the Flightless Cormorant. Alternatively, the genus may be disassembled altogether and in the most extreme case be reduced to the Great, White-breasted and Temminck's Cormorants. See Siegel-Causey (1988), Orta (1992) and Kennedy et al. (2000) for a review of classification schemes. Species The darters or snake-birds are birds in the family Anhingidae. ... Genera Morus Sula Papasula The bird family Sulidae comprises the gannets and boobies. ... For other uses, see Pelican (disambiguation). ... Modern genera Aptenodytes Eudyptes Eudyptula Megadyptes Pygoscelis Spheniscus For prehistoric genera, see Systematics Some penguins are curious. ... Binomial name (King, 1828) Synonyms Leucocarbo atriceps The Imperial Shag, (Phalacrocorax atriceps), also known as the Blue-Eyed Shag, and including the Antarctic Shag (among other subspecies) is a Cormorant native to many islands of the Southern Hemisphere. ... Binomial name Nannopterum harrisi (Rothschild, 1898) The Flightless Cormorant, Nannopterum harrisi, is a cormorant native to the Galapagos Islands. ... Binomial name Linnaeus, 1758 The Great Cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo), known in Australia as the Black Cormorant, is a widespread member of the cormorant family of seabirds. ... Binomial name Phalacrocorax lucidus (Lichtenstein, 1823) The White-breasted Cormorant, a member of the cormorant family Phalacrocoracidae, is usually treated as a subspecies of Great Cormorant, in which case it is referred to as Phalacrocorax carbo lucidus. ... Binomial name Phalacrocorax capillatus (Temminck and Schlegel, 1850) The Japanese Cormorant (Phalacrocorax capillatus), also known as Temmincks Cormorant, is a cormorant native to East Asia, from Taiwan north through Korea and Japan to the Russian Far East. ...

Pending a thorough review of the Recent and prehistoric cormorants, the single-genus approach of Orta (1992) is followed here for three reasons: First, it is preferrable to tentatively assigning genera without a robust hypothesis. Second, it makes it easier to deal with the fossil forms, the systematic treatment of which has been no less controversial than that of living cormorants and shags. Third, this scheme is also used by the IUCN (2006), making it easier to incorporate status data. In accordance with the treatment there, the Imperial Shag complex is here left unsplit too, but the King Shag complex is split up. The World Conservation Union or International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) is an international organization dedicated to natural resource conservation. ...

Several evolutionary groups are still recognizable. However, combining the available evidence suggests that there has also been a great deal of convergent evolution; for example the "cliff shags" are a convergent paraphyletic group. The proposed division into Phalacrocorax sensu stricto (or subfamily Phalacrocoracinae) "cormorants" and Leucocarbo sensu lato (or Leucocarboninae) "shags" (van Tets 1976, Siegel-Causey 1988) does indeed have some degree of merit - though not as originally intended - but fails to account for basal lineages and the fact that the entire family cannot be clearly divided at present beyond the superspecies or species-complex level (Kennedy et al. 2000). The resolution provided by the mtDNA 12S rRNA and ATPase subunits 6 and 8 sequence data of Kennedy et al. (2000) is not sufficient to properly resolve several groups to satisfaction; in addition, many species remain unsampled, the fossil record has not been integrated in the data, and the effects of hybridization - known in some Pacific species especially - on the DNA sequence data are unstudied. This article is about evolution in biology. ... In evolutionary biology, convergent evolution is the process whereby organisms not closely related, independently evolve similar traits as a result of having to adapt to similar environments or ecological niches. ... Paraphyletic - Wikipedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ... ... In phylogenetics, basal members of a group diverged earlier than a subgroup of others (or vice versa). ... In biology, a cryptic species complex is a group of species that satisfy the scientific definition of species — that is, they are reproductively isolated from each other — but which are not morphologically distinguishable. ... Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is DNA which is not located in the nucleus of the cell but in the mitochondria. ... A non-coding RNA (ncRNA) is any RNA molecule that functions without being translated into a protein. ... ATPases are a class of enzymes that catalyze the decomposition of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) into adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and a free phosphate ion. ... In structural biology, a protein subunit or subunit protein is a single protein molecule that assembles (or coassembles) with other protein molecules to form a multimeric or oligomeric protein. ... part of a DNA sequence A DNA sequence (sometimes genetic sequence) is a succession of letters representing the primary structure of a real or hypothetical DNA molecule or strand, The possible letters are A, C, G, and T, representing the four nucleotide subunits of a DNA strand (adenine, cytosine, guanine... For other meanings of Pacific, see Pacific (disambiguation). ...

Species in HBW sequence

This sequence follows Orta (1992).

• Double-crested Cormorant or White-crested Cormorant, Phalacrocorax auritus
• Neotropic Cormorant, Phalacrocorax brasilianus
• Olivaceous Cormorant or Mexican Cormorant, Phalacrocorax olivaceus
• Little Black Cormorant, Phalacrocorax sulcirostris
• Great Cormorant, Phalacrocorax carbo
• White-breasted Cormorant, Phalacrocorax lucidus
• Indian Cormorant, Phalacrocorax fuscicollis
• Cape Cormorant, Phalacrocorax capensis
• Socotra Cormorant, Phalacrocorax nigrogularis
• Wahlberg's Cormorant or Bank Cormorant, Phalacrocorax neglectus
• Temminck's Cormorant or Japanese Cormorant, Phalacrocorax capillatus
• Brandt's Cormorant, Phalacrocorax penicillatus
• Spectacled Cormorant, Phalacrocorax perspicillatus - extinct (c.1850)
• Common Shag, Phalacrocorax aristotelis
• Pelagic Cormorant or Baird's Cormorant, Phalacrocorax pelagicus
• Red-faced Cormorant, Phalacrocorax urile
• Rock Shag, Phalacrocorax magellanicus
• Guanay Cormorant, Phalacrocorax bougainvillii
• Pied Cormorant or Yellow-faced Cormorant, Phalacrocorax varius
• Black-faced Cormorant, Phalacrocorax fuscescens
• King Shag or Rough-faced Shag, Phalacrocorax carunculatus
• Stewart Island Shag, Phalacrocorax chalconotus
• Chatham Shag, Phalacrocorax onslowi
• Auckland Shag, Phalacrocorax colensoi
• Campbell Shag, Phalacrocorax campbelli
• Bounty Shag, Phalacrocorax ranfurlyi
• Imperial Shag or Blue-eyed Shag, Phalacrocorax atriceps
  • White-bellied Shag, Phalacrocorax atriceps albiventer
• Antarctic Shag, Phalacrocorax bransfieldensis
• South Georgia Shag, Phalacrocorax georgianus
• Heard Shag, Phalacrocorax nivalis
• Crozet Shag, Phalacrocorax melanogenis
• Kerguelen Shag, Phalacrocorax verrucosus
• Macquarie Shag, Phalacrocorax purpurascens
• Red-footed Shag, Phalacrocorax gaimardi
• Spotted Shag Phalacrocorax punctatus
• Pitt Cormorant or Featherstone's Shag Phalacrocorax featherstoni
• Little Pied Cormorant, Phalacrocorax melanoleucos
• Long-tailed Cormorant, Phalacrocorax africanus
• Crowned Cormorant, Phalacrocorax coronatus
• Little Cormorant, Phalacrocorax niger
• Pygmy Cormorant, Phalacrocorax pygmaeus
• Flightless Cormorant, Phalacrocorax harrisi

Binomial name Phalacrocorax auritus (Lesson, 1831) The Double-crested Cormorant (Phalacrocorax auritus) is a North American member of the cormorant family of seabirds. ... Binomial name Phalacrocorax brasilianus (Gmelin, 1789) The Neotropic Cormorant, Phalacrocorax brasilianus, is a cormorant found throughout the American tropics and subtropics, from the Gulf and Californian coasts of the USA, south through Mexico and Central America to southern South America. ... Binomial name Phalacrocorax olivaceus (Humboldt, 1905) The Olivaceous Cormorant or Mexican Cormorant, Phalacrocorax olivaceus is a medium-sized member of the cormorant family found in tropical and near tropical regions of North and Central America, from the south-central United States (chiefly Texas and Louisiana) south to Nicaragua. ... Binomial name Phalacrocorax sulcirostris (Brandt, 1837) The Little Black Cormorant, Phalacrocorax sulcirostris, is a member of the cormorant family of seabirds. ... Binomial name Linnaeus, 1758 The Great Cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo), known in Australia as the Black Cormorant, is a widespread member of the cormorant family of seabirds. ... Binomial name Phalacrocorax lucidus (Lichtenstein, 1823) The White-breasted Cormorant, a member of the cormorant family Phalacrocoracidae, is usually treated as a subspecies of Great Cormorant, in which case it is referred to as Phalacrocorax carbo lucidus. ... Binomial name Phalacrocorax fuscicollis Stephens, 1826 The Indian Cormorant (Phalacrocorax fuscicollis) is a member of the cormorant family of seabirds. ... Binomial name Phalacrocorax capensis (Sparrman), 1788 The Cape Cormorant or Cape Shag, Phalacrocorax capensis, is a cormorant that is endemic to the southwestern coasts of Africa. ... Binomial name Phalacrocorax nigrogularis (Ogilvie-Grant & Forbes), 1899 The Socotra Cormorant, Phalacrocorax nigrogularis, is a cormorant that is endemic to the Persian Gulf and the south-east coast of the Arabian Peninsula. ... Binomial name Phalacrocorax neglectus (Wahlberg, 1855) The Bank Cormorant or Wahlbergs Cormorant is a medium-sized cormorant that is endemic to Namibia and the western seaboard of South Africa, living in and around coastal waters; they are rarely recorded more than 15Km offshore. ... Binomial name Phalacrocorax capillatus (Temminck and Schlegel, 1850) The Japanese Cormorant (Phalacrocorax capillatus), also known as Temmincks Cormorant, is a cormorant native to East Asia, from Taiwan north through Korea and Japan to the Russian Far East. ... Binomial name Phalacrocorax penicillatus (Brandt, 1837) The Brandts Cormorant (Phalacrocorax penicillatus ) is a strictly marine bird of the cormorant family of seabirds that inhabits the Pacific coast of North America. ... Binomial name Phalacrocorax perspicillatus Pallas, 1811 The Spectacled Cormorant (Phalacrocorax perspicillatus) is an extinct marine bird of the cormorant family of seabirds that inhabited a few islands at the western end of the Aleutian Islands. ... In biology and ecology, extinction is the ceasing of existence of a species or group of species. ... For the game, see: 1850 (board game) 1850 (MDCCCL) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Sunday [1] of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Binomial name Phalacrocorax aristotelis (Linnaeus, 1758) The Common Shag (Phalacrocorax aristotelis) is a species of cormorant. ... Binomial name Phalacrocorax pelagicus Pallas, 1811 The Pelagic Cormorant (Phalacrocorax pelagicus †) is a small (25-29, 64-74 cm) member of the cormorant family found on the coasts of the northern Pacific. ... Binomial name Phalacrocorax urile (Gmelin, 1789) The Red-faced Cormorant, Red-faced Shag or Violet Shag, Phalacrocorax urile is a species of cormorant that is found in the far north of the Pacific Ocean and Bering Sea, from the eastern tip of Hokkaido in Japan, via the Kuril Islands, the... Binomial name Phalacrocorax magellanicus (Gmelin, 1789) The Rock Shag or Magellanic cormorant is a marine cormorant found around the southernmost coasts of South America. ... Binomial name Phalacrocorax bougainvillii (Lesson, 1837) The Guanay Cormorant or Guanay Shag, Phalacrocorax bougainvillii is a member of the cormorant family found in South America. ... Binomial name Phalacrocorax varius (Gmelin, 1789) The Pied Cormorant (Phalacrocorax varius) is a medium-sized member of the cormorant family. ... Binomial name Phalacrocorax fuscescens (Vieillot, 1817) The Black-faced Cormorant (Phalacrocorax fuscescens), also known as the Black-faced Shag, is a medium-sized member of the cormorant family. ... Binomial name Phalacrocorax carunculatus Gmelin, 1789 // The King Shag Phalacrocorax carunculatus is a rare endemic bird found in New Zealand 76cm, 2. ... Binomial name Phalacrocorax chalconotus (Gray,, 1845) The Stewart Island Shag (also sometimes known as the Bronze Shag or the Stewart Shag) is a species of Shag endemic to the southernmost parts of the South Island of New Zealand, from the Otago Peninsula south to the Foveaux Strait, and Stewart Island... Binomial name Forbes, 1893 The Chatham Island Shag (Phalacrocorax onslowi) is a species of bird in the Phalacrocoracidae family. ... Binomial name Buller, 1888 The Auckland Shag (Phalacrocorax colensoi) is found solely in the Auckland Islands archipelago. ... Binomial name (Filhol, 1878) The Campbell Island Shag (Phalacrocorax campbelli) is a species of bird in the Phalacrocoracidae family. ... Binomial name Ogilvie-Grant, 1901 The Bounty Island Shag (Phalacrocorax ranfurlyi) is a species of bird in the Phalacrocoracidae family. ... Binomial name (King, 1828) Synonyms Leucocarbo atriceps The Imperial Shag, (Phalacrocorax atriceps), also known as the Blue-Eyed Shag, and including the Antarctic Shag (among other subspecies) is a Cormorant native to many islands of the Southern Hemisphere. ... Binomial name (King, 1828) Synonyms Leucocarbo atriceps The Imperial Shag, (Phalacrocorax atriceps), also known as the Blue-Eyed Shag, and including the Antarctic Shag (among other subspecies) is a Cormorant native to many islands of the Southern Hemisphere. ... Binomial name (King, 1828) Synonyms Leucocarbo atriceps The Imperial Shag, Phalacrocorax atriceps, is a cormorant native to many islands of the Southern Hemisphere. ... Binomial name (King, 1828) Synonyms Leucocarbo atriceps The Imperial Shag, Phalacrocorax atriceps, is a cormorant native to many islands of the Southern Hemisphere. ... Binomial name (King, 1828) Synonyms Leucocarbo atriceps The Imperial Shag, Phalacrocorax atriceps, is a cormorant native to many islands of the Southern Hemisphere. ... Binomial name (Cabanis, 1875) The Kerguelen Shag (Phalacrocorax verrucosus) is a species of cormorant endemic to the Kerguelen Islands. ... Binomial name (King, 1828) Synonyms Leucocarbo atriceps The Imperial Shag, Phalacrocorax atriceps, is a cormorant native to many islands of the Southern Hemisphere. ... Binomial name (Lesson & Garnot, 1828) The Red-legged Cormorant (Phalacrocorax gaimardi) is a species of bird in the Phalacrocoracidae family. ... Binomial name Phalacrocorax punctatus (Sparrman, 1786) The Spotted Shag or Parekareka (Phalacrocorax punctatus, also occasionally called the Spotted Cormorant) is an attractive species of the family Phalacrocoracidae found only in New Zealand. ... Binomial name Buller, 1873 The Pitt Island Shag (Phalacrocorax featherstoni) is a species of bird in the Phalacrocoracidae family. ... Binomial name Phalacrocorax melanoleucos (Vieillot, 1817) The Little Pied Cormorant, Little Shag or Kawaupaka (Phalacrocorax melanoleucos) is a common Australasian waterbird, found around the coasts, islands, estuaries, and inland waters of Australia, New Guinea, New Zealand, Malaysia, and Indonesia, and around the islands of the south-western Pacific and the... Binomial name Phalacrocorax africanus (Gmelin, 1789) The Long-tailed Cormorant (Phalacrocorax africanus) is a member of the cormorant family of seabirds. ... Binomial name Phalacrocorax coronatus (Wahlberg, 1855) The Crowned Cormorant, Phalacrocorax coronatus, is a small cormorant that is endemic to Namibia and the western seaboard of South Africa. ... Binomial name Phalacrocorax niger Vieillot, 1817 The Little Cormorant (Phalacrocorax niger) is a member of the cormorant family of seabirds. ... Binomial name Phalacrocorax pygmaeus (Pallas, 1773) The Pygmy Cormorant (Phalacrocorax pygmaeus) is a member of the cormorant family of seabirds. ... Binomial name Nannopterum harrisi (Rothschild, 1898) The Flightless Cormorant, Nannopterum harrisi, is a cormorant native to the Galapagos Islands. ...

Species in phylogenetic sequence

This list attempts to follow a phylogenetic order based on Orta (1992) and Kennedy et al. (2000). If the distinction into subfamilies would be upheld, the "blue-eyed" and related species would probably be the Leucocarboninae, and the groups that follow them the Phalacrocoracinae. The first two lineages (and possibly the Flightless Cormorant) are basal and cannot be assigned to either subfamily. A phylogeny (or phylogenesis) is the origin and evolution of a set of organisms, usually of a species. ...

Little Cormorant, Phalacrocorax niger

Basal lineage 1: "Microcormorants", proposed genus Microcarbo or Halietor ("Phalacrocoracinae"); the former genus name would be valid. Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Binomial name Phalacrocorax niger Vieillot, 1817 The Little Cormorant (Phalacrocorax niger) is a member of the cormorant family of seabirds. ...

Small, short-billed subtropical to tropical marine and freshwater species from the Old World and Australia. They have black feet and almost all lack significant white feathers. They often have a diminutive frontal tuft.

• Little Pied Cormorant, Phalacrocorax melanoleucos
• Long-tailed Cormorant, Phalacrocorax africanus
• Crowned Cormorant, Phalacrocorax coronatus
• Little Cormorant, Phalacrocorax niger
• Pygmy Cormorant, Phalacrocorax pygmaeus

Basal lineage 2: Red-footed Shag. Included in Leucocarbo or Stictocarbo ("Leucocarboninae") The Old World consists of those parts of Earth known to Europeans, Asians, and Africans before the voyages of Christopher Columbus; it includes Europe, Asia, and Africa (collectively known as Africa-Eurasia), plus surrounding islands. ... Binomial name Phalacrocorax melanoleucos (Vieillot, 1817) The Little Pied Cormorant, Little Shag or Kawaupaka (Phalacrocorax melanoleucos) is a common Australasian waterbird, found around the coasts, islands, estuaries, and inland waters of Australia, New Guinea, New Zealand, Malaysia, and Indonesia, and around the islands of the south-western Pacific and the... Binomial name Phalacrocorax africanus (Gmelin, 1789) The Long-tailed Cormorant (Phalacrocorax africanus) is a member of the cormorant family of seabirds. ... Binomial name Phalacrocorax coronatus (Wahlberg, 1855) The Crowned Cormorant, Phalacrocorax coronatus, is a small cormorant that is endemic to Namibia and the western seaboard of South Africa. ... Binomial name Phalacrocorax niger Vieillot, 1817 The Little Cormorant (Phalacrocorax niger) is a member of the cormorant family of seabirds. ... Binomial name Phalacrocorax pygmaeus (Pallas, 1773) The Pygmy Cormorant (Phalacrocorax pygmaeus) is a member of the cormorant family of seabirds. ...

Pacific coast of South America. This species apparently has no close living relatives. It has a highly apomorphic color pattern: naked red base of bill, red feet, and a white neck spot, and it is crestless [1]. It seems to be convergent in some aspects with the punctatus superspecies.^[1]

• Red-footed Shag, Phalacrocorax gaimardi

The Double-crested Cormorant's crests are normally not visible

Blue-eyed shags and relatives: variously placed in Euleucocarbo, Hypoleucos Leucocarbo, Notocarbo and Stictocarbo ("Leucocarboninae") South America South America is a continent crossed by the equator, with most of its area in the Southern Hemisphere. ... This cladogram shows the relationship among various insect groups. ... Binomial name (Lesson & Garnot, 1828) The Red-legged Cormorant (Phalacrocorax gaimardi) is a species of bird in the Phalacrocoracidae family. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1024x1024, 352 KB) Double-crested Cormorant -- Humber Bay Park (Toronto, Canada) -- 2005 File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1024x1024, 352 KB) Double-crested Cormorant -- Humber Bay Park (Toronto, Canada) -- 2005 File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Binomial name Phalacrocorax auritus (Lesson, 1831) The Double-crested Cormorant (Phalacrocorax auritus) is a North American member of the cormorant family of seabirds. ...

This reasonably well-supported marine clade contains 3 lineages:

1. One containing American species which are black-footed, black-plumaged, and have vellow skin at the base of the bill as well as rather inconspicuous crests. They occur in marine and freshwater habitats
2. The Rock Shag from southern South America with red skin at the bill base, pink feet, a frontal crest, and an apomorphic white ear-spot
3. A group of numerous close-knit forms from southern Pacific and subantarctic waters which are white below with pink feet but otherwise quite varying in appearance. It contains the King and Imperial complexes and the Guanay Cormorant. Almost all have some amount of white on the upperwing coverts, frontal crests, and blue eye-rings. The crested shags with yellow warts in front of the eyes belong to this group. The genus name Leucocarbo would apply to either this group, or the entire clade.

• Double-crested Cormorant or White-crested Cormorant, Phalacrocorax auritus
• Neotropic Cormorant, Phalacrocorax brasilianus
• Olivaceous Cormorant or Mexican Cormorant, Phalacrocorax olivaceus

• Rock Shag, Phalacrocorax magellanicus

Guanay Cormorant, Phalacrocorax bougainvillii

• Imperial Shag or Blue-eyed Shag, Phalacrocorax atriceps
  • White-bellied Shag, Phalacrocorax (atriceps) albiventer
  • Antarctic Shag, Phalacrocorax (atriceps) bransfieldensis
  • South Georgian Shag, Phalacrocorax (atriceps) georgianus
  • Heard Shag, Phalacrocorax (atriceps) nivalis
  • Crozet Shag, Phalacrocorax (atriceps) melanogenis
  • Kerguelen Shag, Phalacrocorax (atriceps) verrucosus
  • Macquarie Shag, Phalacrocorax (atriceps) purpurascens
• Guanay Cormorant, Phalacrocorax bougainvillii
• King Shag or Rough-faced Shag, Phalacrocorax carunculatus
• Stewart Island Shag, Phalacrocorax chalconotus
• Chatham Shag, Phalacrocorax onslowi
• Auckland Shag, Phalacrocorax colensoi
• Campbell Shag, Phalacrocorax campbelli
• Bounty Shag, Phalacrocorax ranfurlyi

Brandt's Cormorant (Phalacrocorax penicillatus) - crestless, but with ornamental plumes

North Pacific shags: spread between Compsohalieus ("Phalacrocoracinae") and Stictocarbo ("Leucocarboninae"). If a distinct genus, the former name would apply A clade is a term belonging to the discipline of cladistics. ... Binomial name Phalacrocorax magellanicus (Gmelin, 1789) The Rock Shag or Magellanic cormorant is a marine cormorant found around the southernmost coasts of South America. ... The subantarctic is a region in the Southern Hemisphere immediately north of the true Antarctic. ... Binomial name Phalacrocorax auritus (Lesson, 1831) The Double-crested Cormorant (Phalacrocorax auritus) is a North American member of the cormorant family of seabirds. ... Binomial name Phalacrocorax brasilianus (Gmelin, 1789) The Neotropic Cormorant, Phalacrocorax brasilianus, is a cormorant found throughout the American tropics and subtropics, from the Gulf and Californian coasts of the USA, south through Mexico and Central America to southern South America. ... Binomial name Phalacrocorax olivaceus (Humboldt, 1905) The Olivaceous Cormorant or Mexican Cormorant, Phalacrocorax olivaceus is a medium-sized member of the cormorant family found in tropical and near tropical regions of North and Central America, from the south-central United States (chiefly Texas and Louisiana) south to Nicaragua. ... Binomial name Phalacrocorax magellanicus (Gmelin, 1789) The Rock Shag or Magellanic cormorant is a marine cormorant found around the southernmost coasts of South America. ... Image File history File links Description: Guanay Cormorant (Phalacrocorax bougainvillii) Photograph: Bamse, picture taken 09/09/2003 in Pisco, Peru by me (Jens Tobiska) first upload in en wikipedia on 21:36, 12 August 2005 by Bamse Licence: File links The following pages link to this file: Guanay Cormorant ... Image File history File links Description: Guanay Cormorant (Phalacrocorax bougainvillii) Photograph: Bamse, picture taken 09/09/2003 in Pisco, Peru by me (Jens Tobiska) first upload in en wikipedia on 21:36, 12 August 2005 by Bamse Licence: File links The following pages link to this file: Guanay Cormorant ... Binomial name Phalacrocorax bougainvillii (Lesson, 1837) The Guanay Cormorant or Guanay Shag, Phalacrocorax bougainvillii is a member of the cormorant family found in South America. ... Binomial name (King, 1828) Synonyms Leucocarbo atriceps The Imperial Shag, (Phalacrocorax atriceps), also known as the Blue-Eyed Shag, and including the Antarctic Shag (among other subspecies) is a Cormorant native to many islands of the Southern Hemisphere. ... Binomial name (Cabanis, 1875) The Kerguelen Shag (Phalacrocorax verrucosus) is a species of cormorant endemic to the Kerguelen Islands. ... Binomial name Phalacrocorax bougainvillii (Lesson, 1837) The Guanay Cormorant or Guanay Shag, Phalacrocorax bougainvillii is a member of the cormorant family found in South America. ... Binomial name Phalacrocorax carunculatus Gmelin, 1789 // The King Shag Phalacrocorax carunculatus is a rare endemic bird found in New Zealand 76cm, 2. ... Binomial name Phalacrocorax chalconotus (Gray,, 1845) The Stewart Island Shag (also sometimes known as the Bronze Shag or the Stewart Shag) is a species of Shag endemic to the southernmost parts of the South Island of New Zealand, from the Otago Peninsula south to the Foveaux Strait, and Stewart Island... Binomial name Forbes, 1893 The Chatham Island Shag (Phalacrocorax onslowi) is a species of bird in the Phalacrocoracidae family. ... Binomial name Buller, 1888 The Auckland Shag (Phalacrocorax colensoi) is found solely in the Auckland Islands archipelago. ... Binomial name (Filhol, 1878) The Campbell Island Shag (Phalacrocorax campbelli) is a species of bird in the Phalacrocoracidae family. ... Binomial name Ogilvie-Grant, 1901 The Bounty Island Shag (Phalacrocorax ranfurlyi) is a species of bird in the Phalacrocoracidae family. ... ImageMetadata File history File links Download high resolution version (1344x1822, 846 KB) Summary Brandts Cormorant on Alcatraz Island in San Francisco in 2005. ... ImageMetadata File history File links Download high resolution version (1344x1822, 846 KB) Summary Brandts Cormorant on Alcatraz Island in San Francisco in 2005. ... Binomial name Phalacrocorax penicillatus (Brandt, 1837) The Brandts Cormorant (Phalacrocorax penicillatus ) is a strictly marine bird of the cormorant family of seabirds that inhabits the Pacific coast of North America. ...

A well-supported marine group ranging from the Bering Strait to California. They are black-footed and have white ornamental plumes strewn about the head and neck in breeding plumage. They tend to have prominent double crests.

• Brandt's Cormorant, Phalacrocorax penicillatus
• Spectacled Cormorant, Phalacrocorax perspicillatus - extinct (c.1850)
• Pelagic Cormorant or Baird's Cormorant, Phalacrocorax pelagicus
• Red-faced Cormorant, Phalacrocorax urile

Common Shag lineage: formerly in Compsohalieus ("Phalacrocoracinae") and Stictocarbo ("Leucocarboninae") Satellite photo of the Bering Strait Photo across the Bering Strait Nautical chart of the Bering Strait The Bering Strait (Russian: ) is a sea strait between Cape Dezhnev, Russia, the easternmost point (169°43 W) of the Asian continent and Cape Prince of Wales, Alaska, the westernmost point (168°05... Official language(s) English Capital Sacramento Largest city Los Angeles Largest metro area Greater Los Angeles Area  Ranked 3rd  - Total 158,302 sq mi (410,000 km²)  - Width 250 miles (400 km)  - Length 770 miles (1,240 km)  - % water 4. ... Binomial name Phalacrocorax penicillatus (Brandt, 1837) The Brandts Cormorant (Phalacrocorax penicillatus ) is a strictly marine bird of the cormorant family of seabirds that inhabits the Pacific coast of North America. ... Binomial name Phalacrocorax perspicillatus Pallas, 1811 The Spectacled Cormorant (Phalacrocorax perspicillatus) is an extinct marine bird of the cormorant family of seabirds that inhabited a few islands at the western end of the Aleutian Islands. ... In biology and ecology, extinction is the ceasing of existence of a species or group of species. ... For the game, see: 1850 (board game) 1850 (MDCCCL) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Sunday [1] of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Binomial name Phalacrocorax pelagicus Pallas, 1811 The Pelagic Cormorant (Phalacrocorax pelagicus †) is a small (25-29, 64-74 cm) member of the cormorant family found on the coasts of the northern Pacific. ... Binomial name Phalacrocorax urile (Gmelin, 1789) The Red-faced Cormorant, Red-faced Shag or Violet Shag, Phalacrocorax urile is a species of cormorant that is found in the far north of the Pacific Ocean and Bering Sea, from the eastern tip of Hokkaido in Japan, via the Kuril Islands, the...

Black-footed smallish marine shags of Europe and southern Africa. Wahlberg's Cormorant is very tentatively placed here; it seems anatomically more similar to the P. fuscscens, but the more informative characters - the combination of frontal crest and lack of extensive naked skin at bill base in mid-sized Old World species - seem to place it here. If this is correct, they are probably very distantly related due to biogeography.

• Common Shag, Phalacrocorax aristotelis
• Wahlberg's Cormorant or Bank Cormorant, Phalacrocorax neglectus - tentatively placed here

Indian Ocean group: spread between Hypoleucos and Leucocarbo ("Leucocarboninae") and Compsohalieus ("Phalacrocoracinae"). Hypoleucos would be the correct genus name if they were split off. Biogeography is the science which deals with patterns of species distribution and the processes that result in such patterns. ... Binomial name Phalacrocorax aristotelis (Linnaeus, 1758) The Common Shag (Phalacrocorax aristotelis) is a species of cormorant. ... Binomial name Phalacrocorax neglectus (Wahlberg, 1855) The Bank Cormorant or Wahlbergs Cormorant is a medium-sized cormorant that is endemic to Namibia and the western seaboard of South Africa, living in and around coastal waters; they are rarely recorded more than 15Km offshore. ...

Little Black Cormorant, Phalacrocorax sulcirostris

A group of black-footed species occurring in tropical coastal or inland habitat between the Persian Gulf and Australia. Most species are tentatively assigned here, based on the combination of range, crestlessness, size, general lack of naked skin ornaments and the presence of some amount of white feathering in the ear region at least in breeding plumage. This clade is not too well supported, but this may be because the two presumed members studied by Kennedy et al. (2000) are quite dissimilar; the three unstudied ones are very similar to one or the other.

• Little Black Cormorant, Phalacrocorax sulcirostris
• Indian Cormorant, Phalacrocorax fuscicollis - tentatively placed here
• Socotran Cormorant, Phalacrocorax nigrogularis - tentatively placed here
• Pied Cormorant or Yellow-faced Cormorant, Phalacrocorax varius
• Black-faced Cormorant, Phalacrocorax fuscescens - tentatively placed here

Spotted group: placed in Stictocarbo ("Leucocarboninae"); indeed, they would be the only members of this possibly distinct genus Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Binomial name Phalacrocorax sulcirostris (Brandt, 1837) The Little Black Cormorant, Phalacrocorax sulcirostris, is a member of the cormorant family of seabirds. ... Look up habitat in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Map of the Persian Gulf. ... Binomial name Phalacrocorax sulcirostris (Brandt, 1837) The Little Black Cormorant, Phalacrocorax sulcirostris, is a member of the cormorant family of seabirds. ... Binomial name Phalacrocorax fuscicollis Stephens, 1826 The Indian Cormorant (Phalacrocorax fuscicollis) is a member of the cormorant family of seabirds. ... Binomial name Phalacrocorax nigrogularis (Ogilvie-Grant & Forbes), 1899 The Socotra Cormorant, Phalacrocorax nigrogularis, is a cormorant that is endemic to the Persian Gulf and the south-east coast of the Arabian Peninsula. ... Binomial name Phalacrocorax varius (Gmelin, 1789) The Pied Cormorant (Phalacrocorax varius) is a medium-sized member of the cormorant family. ... Binomial name Phalacrocorax fuscescens (Vieillot, 1817) The Black-faced Cormorant (Phalacrocorax fuscescens), also known as the Black-faced Shag, is a medium-sized member of the cormorant family. ...

A superspecies of the New Zealand region. Peculiarly apomorphic, with yellowish legs, prominent double crests, white ornamental plumes on the neck, a grey belly and spotted wings.

• Spotted Shag Phalacrocorax punctatus
• Pitt Cormorant or Featherstone's Shag Phalacrocorax featherstoni

Cape Cormorant: sometimes placed in Leucocarbo ("Leucocarboninae") Binomial name Phalacrocorax punctatus (Sparrman, 1786) The Spotted Shag or Parekareka (Phalacrocorax punctatus, also occasionally called the Spotted Cormorant) is an attractive species of the family Phalacrocoracidae found only in New Zealand. ... Binomial name Buller, 1873 The Pitt Island Shag (Phalacrocorax featherstoni) is a species of bird in the Phalacrocoracidae family. ...

Highly plesiomorphic among its relatives; a species from the southern coasts of Africa. It is apparently close to the common ancestor of the next group and, perhaps apart from the all-black plumage, looks almost identical to that long-extinct bird.

• Cape Cormorant, Phalacrocorax capensis

Great Cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo) drying its wings

True cormorants: these would be retained in Phalacrocorax no matter how the cormorants and shags are split up This cladogram shows the relationship among various insect groups. ... Binomial name Phalacrocorax capensis (Sparrman), 1788 The Cape Cormorant or Cape Shag, Phalacrocorax capensis, is a cormorant that is endemic to the southwestern coasts of Africa. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Binomial name Linnaeus, 1758 The Great Cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo), known in Australia as the Black Cormorant, is a widespread member of the cormorant family of seabirds. ...

They occur from the western Atlantic through the Old World into Australia, usually but not always in marine and temperate to subtropical habitat. They are characteristic, being large, with white cheek and thigh patches, ornamental plumes in the neck, a yellow naked bill base, black feet, and a shaggy nape crest.

• Great Cormorant, Phalacrocorax carbo
• White-breasted Cormorant, Phalacrocorax lucidus
• Temminck's Cormorant or Japanese Cormorant, Phalacrocorax capillatus

Incertae sedis: Occasionally placed in the monotypic genus Nannopterum, alternatively Compsohalieus ("Phalacrocoracinae") or Leucocarbo ("Leucocarboninae") Binomial name Linnaeus, 1758 The Great Cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo), known in Australia as the Black Cormorant, is a widespread member of the cormorant family of seabirds. ... Binomial name Phalacrocorax lucidus (Lichtenstein, 1823) The White-breasted Cormorant, a member of the cormorant family Phalacrocoracidae, is usually treated as a subspecies of Great Cormorant, in which case it is referred to as Phalacrocorax carbo lucidus. ... Binomial name Phalacrocorax capillatus (Temminck and Schlegel, 1850) The Japanese Cormorant (Phalacrocorax capillatus), also known as Temmincks Cormorant, is a cormorant native to East Asia, from Taiwan north through Korea and Japan to the Russian Far East. ... Monotypic is an adjective, that refers to a taxonomic group with only one type: in botany it means that a taxon has only one species; Ginkgo is a monotypic genus, while Ginkgoaceae is a monotypic family. ...

The relationships of this species remain unresolved. Confined to the Galapagos Islands, its wings have evolved to the size of a penguin's flippers. It is extremely apomorphic due to its flightlessness, and its plumage is entirely nondescript. It might be a derivative of the North Pacific lineage, or even the only cormorant somewhat closer to the Red-footed Shag.

• Flightless Cormorant, Phalacrocorax harrisi

NASA Satellite photo of the Galápagos archipelago. ... This article is about biological evolution. ... Modern genera Aptenodytes Eudyptes Eudyptula Megadyptes Pygoscelis Spheniscus For prehistoric genera, see Systematics Some penguins are curious. ... Binomial name Nannopterum harrisi (Rothschild, 1898) The Flightless Cormorant, Nannopterum harrisi, is a cormorant native to the Galapagos Islands. ...

Evolution and fossil record

Cormorants seem to be a very ancient group, with similar ancestors reaching all the way back to the time of the dinosaurs. In fact, the very earliest known modern bird, Gansus yumenensis, had essentially the same structure, although it was not a cormorant per se. The details of the evolution of the cormorant are mostly unknown, today. Even the technique of using the distribution and relationships of a species to figure out where it came from, biogeography, usually very informative, does not give very specific data for this probably rather ancient and widespread group. Binomial name Gansus yumenensis Hou & Liu, 1984 Gansus is a genus of aquatic birds that lived during the Albian stage of the Early Cretaceous period (around 110 million years ago) in what is now Gansu province, western China. ... Biogeography is the science which deals with patterns of species distribution and the processes that result in such patterns. ...

While the leucocarbonines are almost certainly of southern Pacific origin - possibly even Antarctic, which at the time when cormorants evolved was not yet ice-covered - all that can be said about the phalacrocoracines is that they are most diverse in the regions bordering the Indian Ocean, but generally occur over a large area. Greek ἀνταρκτικός, opposite the arctic) is a continent surrounding the Earths South Pole. ...

Similarly, the origin of the family is shrouded in uncertainties. Some Late Cretaceous fossils have been proposed to belong into the Phalacrocoracidae:
A scapula from the Campanian-Maastrichtian boundary, about 70 mya, was found in the Nemegt Formation in Mongolia; it is now in the PIN collection (Kurochkin 1995). It is from a bird roughly the size of a Spectacled Cormorant, and quite similar to the correesponding bone in Phalacrocorax. A Maastrichtian (Late Cretaceous, c.66 mya) right femur, AMNH 25272 from the Lance Formation near Lance Creek, Wyoming, is sometimes suggested to be the second-oldest record of the Phalacrocoracidae; this was from a rather smaller bird, about the size of a Long-tailed Cormorant (Hope 2002). Geography of the US in the Late Cretaceous Period Late Cretaceous (100mya - 65mya) refers to the second half of the Cretaceous Period, named after the famous white chalk cliffs of southern England, which date from this time. ... Left scapula - front view () Left scapula - rear view () In anatomy, the scapula, or shoulder blade, is the bone that connects the humerus (arm bone) with the clavicle (collar bone). ... The Campanian is a stage on the geologic time scale occuring from 83. ... The Maastrichtian is the last stage of the Cretaceous period, and therefore of the Mesozoic era. ... For other uses of mya, see mya (disambiguation). ... The introduction to this article provides insufficient context for those unfamiliar with the subject matter. ... The Paleontological Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences (PIN; Russian: ) in Moscow is among the world largest paleontological institute. ... Binomial name Phalacrocorax perspicillatus Pallas, 1811 The Spectacled Cormorant (Phalacrocorax perspicillatus) is an extinct marine bird of the cormorant family of seabirds that inhabited a few islands at the western end of the Aleutian Islands. ... The Maastrichtian is the last stage of the Cretaceous period, and therefore of the Mesozoic era. ... Geography of the US in the Late Cretaceous Period Late Cretaceous (100mya - 65mya) refers to the second half of the Cretaceous Period, named after the famous white chalk cliffs of southern England, which date from this time. ... For other uses of mya, see mya (disambiguation). ... The femur or thigh bone is the longest, most voluminous, and strongest bone of the mammalian bodies. ... The American Museum of Natural History is a landmark of Manhattans Upper West Side in New York, at 79th Street and Central Park West. ... The Lance Formation is a division of Late Cretaceous rocks in the western United States. ... Lance Creek is a census-designated place (CDP) in Niobrara County, Wyoming, United States. ... Binomial name Phalacrocorax africanus (Gmelin, 1789) The Long-tailed Cormorant (Phalacrocorax africanus) is a member of the cormorant family of seabirds. ...

As the Early Oligocene "Sula" ronzoni cannot be assigned to any of the suloid families - cormorants and shags, darters, and gannets and boobies - with certainty, the best interpretation is that the Phalacrocoracidae diverged from their closest ancestors in the Early Oligocene, perhaps some 30 million years ago, and that the Cretaceous fossils represent ancestral suloids, "pelecaniforms" or "higher waterbirds"; at least the last lineage is generally believed to have been already distinct and undergoing evolutionary radiation at the end of the Cretaceous. What can be said with certainty is that AMNH 25272 is from a diving bird that used its feet for underwater locomotion; as this is liable to result in some degree of convergent evolution and the bone is missing undisputable neornithine features, it is not entirely certain that the bone is correctly referred to this group (Hope 2002 and see Hesperornithes). The Rupelian (also known as Stampian, Tongrian, Latdorfian, Vicksburgian, or Early Oligocene) is the first of two stages of the Oligocene Epoch. ... This article is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... Artists impression of a major impact event. ... In evolutionary biology, convergent evolution is the process whereby organisms not closely related, independently evolve similar traits as a result of having to adapt to similar environments or ecological niches. ... Families Enaliornithidae Baptornithidae Hesperornithidae Synonyms Odontornithes Marsh, 1873 (partim) Odontolcae Marsh, 1875 Gaviomorphae Cracraft, 1982 (partim) Hesperornithes are an extinct and highly specialized subclass of Cretaceous toothed birds. ...

During the late Paleogene, when the family presumably originated, much of Eurasia was covered by shallow seas, as the Indian Plate finally attached to the mainland. Lacking a detailed study, it may well be that the first "modern" cormorants were small species from East, Southeast or South Asia, possibly living in freshwater habitat, that dispersed due to tectonic events. Such a scenario would account for the present-day distribution of cormorants and shags and is not contradicted by the fossil record; as remarked above, a thorough review of the problem is not yet available. Paleogene (alternatively Palaeogene) period is a unit of geologic time that began 65 and ended 23 million years ago. ...  The Indian plate, shown in red Due to continental drift, the India Plate split from Madagascar and collided with the Eurasian Plate resulting in the formation of the Himalayas. ... ...

One distinct genus of prehistoric cormorants is generally accepted today, if Phalacrocorax is used for all living species:

• †Nectornis (Late Oligocene?/Early Miocene of C Europe - Middle Miocene of Bes-Konak, Turkey) - includes Oligocorax miocaenus

The supposed Late Pliocene/Early Pleistocene "Valenticarbo" is a nomen dubium and given its recent age probably not a separate genus. The Pliocene epoch (spelled Pleiocene in some older texts) is the period in the geologic timescale that extends from 5. ... Early Pleistocene (also known as Lower Pleistocene, or Calabrian) is a stage of the Pleistocene Epoch. ... Binomial name Harrison, 1979 Valenticarbo is a supposed genus of extinct bird that lived during the Late Pliocene or Early Pleistocene (c. ... In scientific classification, a nomen dubium (Latin for doubtful name, plural nomina dubia) is a scientific name that is valid but of unknown or doubtful application: that is, it may be impossible to determine whether a specimen belongs to that group or not. ...

Oligocorax appears to be paraphyletic - the European species have been separated in Nectornis, and the North Americna ones are placed in the expanded Phalacrocorax. A Late Oligocene fossil cormoran foot from Enspel (Germany), sometimes placed herein, would then be referrable to Nectornis if it proves not to be too distinct. All these early European species might belong to the basal group of "microcormorants", as they agree with them in size and seem to have inhabited the same habitat: subtropical coastal or inland waters. Paraphyletic - Wikipedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ... The Chattian (also known as Chickasawhayan or Late Oligocene) is the second and final of two stages of the Oligocene Epoch. ... Enspel is a municipality in Westerwaldkreis district, Rhineland-Palatinate, in western Germany. ...

The remaining species are, in accordance with the scheme used in this article, all placed in the modern genus Phalacrocorax:

• Phalacrocorax marinavis (Oligocene ?-? Early Miocene of Oregon, USA) - formerly Oligocorax
• Phalacrocorax littoralis (Early Miocene of St-Gérand-le-Puy, France) - formerly Oligocorax, might belong into Nectornis
• Phalacrocorax intermedius (Early - Middle Miocene of C Europe) - includes P. praecarbo, Ardea/P. brunhuberi and Botaurites avitus
• Phalacrocorax macropus (Early Miocene ?-? Pliocene of NW USA)
• Phalacrocorax ibericus (Late Miocene of Valles de Fuentiduena, Spain)
• Phalacrocorax lautus (Late Miocene of Golboçica, Moldavia)
• Phalacrocorax serdicensis (Late Miocene of Hrabarsko, Bulgaria)
• Phalacrocorax femoralis (Modelo Late Miocene/Early Pliocene of WC North America) - formerly Miocorax
• Phalacrocorax sp. (Late Miocene/Early Pliocene of Lee Creek Mine, USA)
• Phalacrocorax longipes (Late Miocene - Early Pliocene of the Ukraine) - formerly Pliocarbo
• Phalacrocorax goletensis (Early Pliocene ?-? Early Pleistocene of Mexico)
• Phalacrocorax wetmorei (Bone Valley Early Pliocene of Florida)
• Phalacrocorax sp. (Bone Valley Early Pliocene of Polk County, USA) - may be P. idahensis
• Phalacrocorax leptopus (Juntura Early/Middle Pliocene of Juntura, USA)
• Phalacrocorax idahensis (Middle Pliocene ?-? Pleistocene of Idaho, USA)
• Phalacrocorax destefanii (Late Pliocene of Italy) - formerly Paracorax
• Phalacrocorax filyawi (Pinecrest Late Pliocene of Florida, USA) - may be P. idahensis
• Phalacrocorax kumeyaay (San Diego Late Pliocene of California)
• Phalacrocorax macer (Late Pliocene of Idaho, USA)
• Phalacrocorax mongoliensis (Late Pliocene of W Mongolia)
• Phalacrocorax rogersi (Late Pliocene -? Early Pleistocene of California, USA)
• Phalacrocorax kennelli (San Diego Pliocene of California)
• Phalacrocorax sp. "Wildhalm" (Pliocene)
• Phalacrocorax chapalensis (Late Pliocene/Early Pleistocene of Jalisco, Mexico
• Phalacrocorax gregorii (Late Pleistocene of Australia) - possibly not a valid species
• Phalacrocorax vetustus (Late Pleistocene of Australia) - formerly Australocorax, possibly not a valid species
• Phalacrocorax reliquus
• Phalacrocorax sp. (Sarasota County, Florida) - may be P. filawyi/idahensis

The former "Phalacrocorax" (or "Oligocorax") mediterraneus is now considered to belong to the bathornithid Paracrax antiqua (Cracraft 1971).

Cormorant fishing

Japanese man displaying ancient cormorant night fishing technique.

Humans have historically exploited cormorants' fishing skills, in China, Japan, and Macedonia, where they have been trained by fishermen. In Japan, traditional forms of it can be seen on the Nagara River in the city of Gifu, Gifu Prefecture, where cormorant fishing has continued uninterrupted for 1300 years, or in the city of Inuyama, Aichi. In Guilin, China, cormorant birds are famous for fishing on the shallow Lijiang River. Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 800 × 598 pixel Image in higher resolution (1027 × 768 pixel, file size: 161 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Japanese man using trained bird for ancient night fishing technique. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 800 × 598 pixel Image in higher resolution (1027 × 768 pixel, file size: 161 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Japanese man using trained bird for ancient night fishing technique. ... Fishing is the activity of hunting for fish by hooking, trapping, or gathering. ... The Nagara River ) has its source in the city of Gujo, Gifu Prefecture, and its mouth in Kuwana, Mie Prefecture, Japan. ... The city of Gifu ) is located in the south-central portion of Gifu Prefecture, Japan, and serves as the prefectural capital. ... Gifu Prefecture (岐阜県 Gifu-ken), is located in the Chubu region of central Japan. ... Cormorant Fishing on the Nagara River Cormorant Fishing on the Nagara River ) has played a vital role in the history of Gifu City, Gifu, Japan. ... Inuyama (犬山市; -shi) is a city located near Nagoya in Aichi, Japan. ... For the company, see Aichi Steel Corporation. ... position of Guilin in Guangxi Guilin in Guangxi Guilin (Chinese: æ¡‚æž—; Hanyu Pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Kuei-lin, Postal System Pinyin: Kweilin; Zhuang: Gveilinz) is one of Chinas most picturesque cities, with a population of 670,000, situated in the northeast of the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region of the Peoples... Lijiang near Guilin in Guangxi The Li River 20 Yuan note and its inspiration Elephant Trunk Hill, the symbol of Guilin Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Lijiang River The Li River (Chinese: 漓江, pinyin: Lí Jiāng) is a river in Guangxi Province, China. ...

A snare is tied near the base of the bird's throat, which allows the bird only to swallow small fish. When the bird captures and tries to swallow a large fish, the fish is caught in the bird's throat. When the bird returns to the fisherman's raft, the fisherman helps the bird to remove the fish from its throat. The method is not as common today, since more efficient methods of catching fish have been developed.

Cultural references

• Cormorants feature quite commonly in heraldry and medieval ornamentation, usually in their "wing-drying" pose, which was seen as representing the Christian cross. For example, the Norwegian municipalities of Røst, Loppa and Skjervøy have cormorants in their coat-of-arms. The species depicted in heraldry is most likely to be the Great Cormorant, the most familiar species in Europe.
• On the other hand, in Milton's Paradise Lost, Book IV, Satan takes on the form of a cormorant, sitting on the Tree of Life in form of a cormorant.

"Thence up he flew, and on the Tree of Life,

The middle Tree and highest there that grew,

Sat like a Cormorant; yet not true Life

Thereby regaind, but sat devising death

To them who liv'd; [...]"

-John Milton, Paradise Lost, Book IV, lines 194-98 Heraldry in its most general sense encompasses all matters relating to the duties and responsibilities of officers of arms. ... The Middle Ages formed the middle period in a traditional schematic division of European history into three ages: the classical civilization of Antiquity, the Middle Ages, and modern times. ... For other uses, see Christian (disambiguation). ... County Nordland Landscape Lofoten Municipality NO-1856 Administrative centre Røst Mayor (2003) Paul RÃ¥nes (Kystpartiet) Official language form BokmÃ¥l Area  - Total  - Land  - Percentage Ranked 430 11 km² 10 km² 0. ... County Finnmark District Municipality NO-2014 Administrative centre Øksfjord Mayor (2003) Arne Dag Isaksen (Ap) Official language form BokmÃ¥l Area  - Total  - Land  - Percentage Ranked 162 687 km² 669 km² 0. ... County Troms District Municipality NO-1941 Administrative centre Skjervøy Mayor () Roy Waage Official language form BokmÃ¥l Area  - Total  - Land  - Percentage Ranked 210 478 km² 470 km² 0. ... Binomial name Linnaeus, 1758 The Great Cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo), known in Australia as the Black Cormorant, is a widespread member of the cormorant family of seabirds. ... // Milton may refer to: People with the surname Milton: John Milton (1608–1674), English poet Milton (surname), other people with that surname People with the given name Milton: Milton (given name) In Australia: Milton, New South Wales Milton, Queensland Milton railway station, Brisbane In Canada: Milton, Ontario Milton (GO Station... Title page of the first edition (1667) Paradise Lost is an epic poem in blank verse by the 17th-century English poet John Milton. ... This article is about the concept of Satan. ...

• Christopher Isherwood was evidently unclear on the differences between cormorants and shags, and his information about the birds' nesting habits should not be relied on either, as shown in this comic verse.
• In addition to the verse mentioned above, the bird has inspired numerous poets, including Amy Clampitt, who wrote a poem called "The Cormorant in its Element". (Which species she was referring to is not obvious, since all members of the family share the characteristic behavioural and morphological features that the poem celebrates. The combination of "slim head [...] vermilion-strapped" and "big black feet" perhaps points at the Pelagic Cormorant, which is the only species occurring in the temperate U.S. with these features.)
• In 1853, a woman wearing a dress made of cormorant feathers was found on San Nicolas Island, off the southern coast of California. She had sewn the feather dress together using whale sinews. She is known as the Lone Woman of San Nicolas and was later baptized Juana María. The woman had lived alone on the island for 18 years before being rescued. The story is the basis for the Newbery Medal winning novel Island of the Blue Dolphins, by Scott O'Dell.
• Colin Meloy mentions the cormorant in the song "The Island: Come and See, The Landlord's Daughter, You'll Not Feel The Drowning" on The Crane Wife, a 2006 album by the Decemberists.

Moche Cormorant. Larco Museum Collection Lima, Peru.

• In the video game Ace Combat Zero: The Belkan War, the Gelb Squadron is also known as "The Coupled Cormorants." The callsign of Gelb 2 (2nd Lieutenant Rainer Altman) is "Cormorant." Their squadron insignia includes a cormorant with goggles.
• In the subbed version of the anime .hack//ROOTS, the character Saburo is quoted as saying "Now I know how a cormorant feels during cormorant fishing" after she is given a mission without being given a reason.
• In the film Monty Python's The Meaning of Life, an assembly of school children are reprimanded as apparently someone had been "rubbing linseed oil into the school cormorant".
• One of the ships named in the first act of Dylan Thomas's Under Milk Wood is named Cormorant.
• In 2005 music group Shriekback released an album titled Cormorant.
• The Moche people of ancient Peru worshipped nature.^[2] They placed emphasis on animals and even depicted cormorants in their art.^[3]

Christopher Isherwood (left) and W.H. Auden (right), photographed by Carl Van Vechten, 1939 Christopher Isherwood (prior to 1946 Christopher William Bradshaw-Isherwood) (August 26, 1904 – January 4, 1986), Anglo-American novelist, was born in the ancestral seat of his family, Wybersley Hall, High Lane, in the north west of... Amy Clampitt (1920-1994) was an American poet and author. ... Poetry (ancient Greek: poieo = create) is an art form in which human language is used for its aesthetic qualities in addition to, or instead of, its notional and semantic content. ... Binomial name Phalacrocorax pelagicus Pallas, 1811 The Pelagic Cormorant (Phalacrocorax pelagicus †) is a small (25-29, 64-74 cm) member of the cormorant family found on the coasts of the northern Pacific. ... San Nicolas Island (sometimes shortened as San Nic or SNI) is the most remote of Californias Channel Islands. ... Official language(s) English Capital Sacramento Largest city Los Angeles Largest metro area Greater Los Angeles Area  Ranked 3rd  - Total 158,302 sq mi (410,000 km²)  - Width 250 miles (400 km)  - Length 770 miles (1,240 km)  - % water 4. ... Juana María (died October 18, 1853), better known to history as The Lone Woman of San Nicolas (her Indian name is unknown), was a Native American woman of the now-extinct Nicoleño tribe who lived alone on San Nicolas Island from 1835 until her discovery in 1853. ... The John Newbery Medal is a literary award given by the Association for Library Service to Children of the American Library Association (ALA) to the author of the outstanding American book for children. ... Island of the Blue Dolphins is a novel for children, written by Scott ODell. ... Scott ODell (May 23, 1898 – October 16, 1989) was an American childrens author who wrote 26 novels for youngsters, along with three adult novels and four nonfiction books. ... Colin Meloy in Atlanta, Georgia Colin Meloy in Brussels (2006) Colin Patrick Henry Meloy (born October 5, 1974) is the lead singer and songwriter for the Portland, Oregon, folk-rock band The Decemberists. ... The Crane Wife is an album by The Decemberists, released in 2006. ... The Decemberists are a five-piece indie pop band from Portland, Oregon, fronted by singer/songwriter Colin Meloy . ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... The Larco Museum (Spanish: ) is located in the Pueblo Libre District in Lima, Peru. ... .hack//Roots is a 26-episode anime series, animated by studio Bee Train, that makes up one of the storylines of the . ... The Meaning of Life was a Monty Python comedy film made in 1983. ... Dylan Marlais Thomas (27 October 1914 – 9 November 1953) was a Welsh poet. ... We are not wholly bad or good, who live our lives under Milk Wood - prayer of the Rev Eli Jenkins from Under Milk Wood Statue of Dylans fictional Captain Cat, in Swanseas Maritime Quarter Under Milk Wood was originally a radio play and later a stage play and... Shriekback is a rock band formed in the early 1980s by Barry Andrews, formerly of XTC and League of Gentlemen (keyboards/synthesizers/vocals), Carl Marsh (guitars/vocals), and Dave Allen, formerly of the Gang of Four (bass). ... The Moche civilization (alternately, the Mochica culture, Early Chimu, Pre-Chimu, Proto-Chimu, etc. ...

References

• Cracraft, Joel (1971): Systematics and evolution of the Gruiformes (Class Aves). 2. Additional comments on the Bathornithidae, with descriptions of new species. American Museum Novitates 2449: 1-14 PDF fulltext
• Hope, Sylvia (2002): The Mesozoic radiation of Neornithes. In: Chiappe, Luis M. & Witmer, Lawrence M. (eds.): Mesozoic Birds: Above the Heads of Dinosaurs: 339-388. ISBN 0520200942
• IUCN & Species Survival Commission (2006): 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN, Gland.
• Kennedy, M.; Gray, R.D. & Spencer H.G. (2000): The Phylogenetic Relationships of the Shags and Cormorants: Can Sequence Data Resolve a Disagreement between Behavior and Morphology? Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 17(3): 345-359. doi:10.1006/mpev.2000.0840 PDF fulltext
• Kurochkin, Evgeny N. (1995): Synopsis of Mesozoic birds and early evolution of Class Aves. Archaeopteryx 13: 47–66. PDF fulltext
• Mayr, Gerald (2005): Tertiary plotopterids (Aves, Plotopteridae) and a novel hypothesis on the phylogenetic relationships of penguins (Spheniscidae). Journal of Zoological Systematics 43(1): 67-71. PDF fulltext
• Orta, Jaume (1992): Family Phalacrocoracidae. In: del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew & Sargatal, Jordi (eds.): Handbook of Birds of the World, Volume 1 (Ostrich to Ducks): 326-353, plates 22-23. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. ISBN 84-87334-10-5
• Siegel-Causey, Douglas (1988): Phylogeny of the Phalacrocoracidae. Condor 90(4): 885–905. PDF fulltext
• Thevet, F. André (1558): [About birds of Ascension Island]. In: Les singularitez de la France Antarctique, autrement nommee Amerique, & de plusieurs terres & isles decouvertes de nostre temps: 39-40. Maurice de la Porte heirs, Paris. Fulltext at Gallica
• van Tets, G. F. (1976): Australasia and the origin of shags and cormorants, Phalacrocoracidae. Proceedings of the XVI International Ornithological Congress: 121–124.

A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ... Handbook of Birds of the World vol. ... The Condor is the quarterly journal of the Cooper Ornithological Society. ...

Footnotes

1. ^ Much of Phalacrocoracidae systematics hinges upon this most enigmatic species. The white neck spots and general coloration are very much unlike that of any other living cormorant, though anatomically it is quite similar to the species composing the punctatus superspecies, which are also the only other members of this family with a grey background color. No satisfying theory has been proposed to explain this oddity. What seems sure by now is that this species must be placed in a distinct monotypic genus in almost any case, if species are split from Phalacrocorax.
2. ^ Benson, Elizabeth, The Mochica: A Culture of Peru. New York, NY: Praeger Press. 1972
3. ^ Berrin, Katherine & Larco Museum. The Spirit of Ancient Peru:Treasures from the Museo Arqueológico Rafael Larco Herrera. New York: Thames and Hudson, 1997.

Greek anatome, from ana-temnein, to cut up), is the branch of biology that deals with the structure and organization of living things; thus there is animal anatomy (zootomy) and plant anatomy (phytonomy). ... Monotypic is an adjective, that refers to a taxonomic group with only one type: in botany it means that a taxon has only one species; Ginkgo is a monotypic genus, while Ginkgoaceae is a monotypic family. ... The Larco Museum (Spanish: ) is located in the Pueblo Libre District in Lima, Peru. ... Thames & Hudson (also Thames and Hudson and sometimes T&H for brevity) are a publisher, especially of art and illustrated books, founded in 1949 by Walter and Eva Neurath. ...

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:

Phalacrocoracidae

• Cormorants (Phalacracorax carbo) in the British Isles
• Cormorant videos on the Internet Bird Collection
• Recovery plan for Chatham Island shag and Pitt Island shag 2001-2011 (PDF). Department of Conservation, Wellington, New Zealand (2001). Retrieved on 2007-09-28.