Corneliu Zelea Codreanu

Corneliu Zelea Codreanu (born Corneliu Zelinski; September 13, 1899 – November 30, 1938) was the charismatic leader of the Romanian ultra-Nationalist and strongly anti-Semitic movement in the interwar period, the Iron Guard (Garda de Fier) or The Legion of the Archangel Michael (also known as the Legionaries, The Legionary Movement or, although never officially, as The Green Shirts). References to him as just Corneliu Codreanu do exist, and Zelea is never used as the family name it is: all entries for Codreanu cite it as if it were a middle name. This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... is the 256th day of the year (257th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1899 (MDCCCXCIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Friday [1] of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ... is the 334th day of the year (335th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1938 (MCMXXXVIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar). ... Charismatic authority, as defined by the sociologist Max Weber, is one of three forms of authority laid out in Webers tripartite classification of authority, the other two being traditional authority and legal or rational authority. ... Nationalism is an ideology that creates and sustains a nation as a concept of a common identity for groups of humans. ... The Eternal Jew: 1937 German poster. ... Europe between 1929 and 1938. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Guido Renis archangel Michael (in the Capuchin church of Sta. ...

The Legionaries traditionally referred to Codreanu as Căpitanul ("The Captain"), and he held absolute authority over the organization until his death. Noua Dreaptă, which claims to be successor of the pre-war Iron Guard, depicts him as a spiritual figure and Romanian Orthodox saint. A political sticker displaying the Celtic cross and the words identitate naÅ£ională, revoluÅ£ie spirituală (national identity, spiritual revolution). ... The Romanian Orthodox Church (Biserica Ortodoxă Română in Romanian) is one of the autocephalous Eastern Orthodox churches. ... In traditional Christian iconography, Saints are often depicted as having halos. ...

Biography

Early life

Corneliu Codreanu was born in Huşi to Ion Zelea Codreanu and Elizabeth (Brunner) Codreanu. Ion would later become a political figure within his son's Movement. A native of Bukovina in Austria-Hungary, Ion had originally been known as Zelinski; his wife was ethnically German. The speculation that Ion Zelea Codreanu was originally a Rusyn^[1] is in contrast with the Romanian chauvinism he embraced for the rest of his life. Thus, Codreanu the elder associated with anti-Semitic figures such as University of Iaşi professor A. C. Cuza.^[2] Coat of arms of the city HuÅŸi is a city in the Vaslui County, Romania, formal capital of the disbanned Falciu County, episcopal see, and home of some of the best wineyards of Romania. ... Bukovina (Ukrainian: , Bukovyna; Romanian: Bucovina; German and Polish: Bukowina; see also other languages) is a historical region on the northern slopes of the northeastern Carpathian Mountains and the adjoining plains. ... Austria-Hungary, also known as the Dual monarchy (or: the k. ... The Transylvanian Saxons (German: Siebenbürger Sachsen; Romanian: SaÅŸi, Hungarian: Szászok) are a people of German origin who settled in Transylvania from the 12th century onwards. ... Rusyns, also called Ruthenians, Ruthenes, Rusins, Carpatho-Rusins, and Russniaks, are a modern group of ethnic groups that speak the Rusyn language and are descended from the minority of Ruthenians who did not adopt a Ukrainian national identity and become Ukrainians in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. ... Chauvinism is extreme and unreasoning partisanship on behalf of a group to which one belongs, especially when the partisanship includes malice and hatred towards a rival group. ... The University of IaÅŸi (in full: Alexander John Cuza University, IaÅŸi; Romanian: Universitatea Alexandru Ioan Cuza, IaÅŸi) is a university in IaÅŸi, Romania. ... A. C. Cuza (Alexandru C. Cuza; November 8, 1857, IaÅŸi—1947) was a Romanian far right politician and theorist. ...

Too young for conscription in 1916, when Romania entered World War I, Corneliu nonetheless tried his best to enlist. His education at the military school in Bacău (where he was a colleague of Petre Pandrea, the future left-wing activist)^[3] ended in the same year as Romania's direct implication in the war. But 1919 was the year when, after moving to Iaşi, Codreanu found Communism as his new enemy, after he had witnessed the impact of Bolshevik agitation in Moldavia, and especially after the October Revolution had made Romania lose her main ally in the war, forcing her to sign the humiliating 1918 Treaty of Bucharest; what added to this was that the newly-founded Comintern had from the start been violently opposed to all the new borders of the Romanian state (see Greater Romania).^[4] While the Bolshevik presence had decreased in general (following the repression of Socialist Party riots in Bucharest, December 1918),^[5] it remained relatively strong in Iaşi and other Moldavian cities and towns; Codreanu followed in his father's footsteps as an Anti-Semite, but connected it with Anti-Communism, in the belief that Jews were, amongst other things, the primordial agents of the Soviet Union.^[6] “The Great War ” redirects here. ... County Bacău County Status County capital Mayor Romeo Stavarache, National Liberal Party, since 2004 Area 41 km² Population (2002) 175,500 181,144 - National Institute of statistics, July 1, 2004 Density 5133 inh/km² Geographical coordinates Web site http://www. ... In politics, left-wing, political left, leftism, or simply the left, are terms which refer (with no particular precision) to the segment of the political spectrum typically associated with any of several strains of socialism, social democracy, or liberalism (especially in the American sense of the word), or with opposition... County Status Municipality Mayor Gheorghe Nichita, Social Democratic Party, since 2003 Area 93. ... Communism is an ideology that seeks to establish a classless, stateless social organization based on common ownership of the means of production. ... Bolshevik Party Meeting. ... For other uses of Moldavia or Moldova, see Moldova (disambiguation). ... “Red October” redirects here. ... A French caricature on the treaty: the Kaiser points a dagger at a woman (Romania), while showing her the Peace Treaty Delegates at the Peace of Bucharest The Treaty of Bucharest was a peace treaty which was signed on May 7, 1918 forced by Germany to the Romanian side. ... The Comintern (Russian: Коммунистический Интернационал, Kommunisticheskiy Internatsional – Communist International, also known as the Third International) was an international Communist organization founded in March 1919, in the midst of the war communism period (1918-1921), by Vladimir Lenin and the Russian Communist Party (Bolshevik), which intended to fight by all available means, including... Anthem Trăiască Regele Capital Bucharest Language(s) Romanian Government Constitutional monarchy Head of State  - 1918 - 1927 Ferdinand I of Romania  - 1927 - 1930 - 1930 - 1940 - 1940 - 1947 Michael I of Romania Carol II of Romania Michael I of Romania Legislature Adunarea DeputaÅ£ilor and Senatul Historical era Interbellum Years  - Kingdom... The Socialist Party of Romania (Romanian: Partidul Socialist din România, commonly known as Partidul Socialist, PS) was a Romanian socialist political party, created on December 11, 1918 by members of the Romanian Social Democratic Party (PSDR), after the latter emerged from clandestinity. ... Status Capital of Romania Mayor Adriean Videanu, since 2005 Area 238 km² Population (2005) 1,924,959[1] Density 8,088 inh/km² Geographical coordinates Web site http://www. ... This article needs additional references or sources for verification. ...

GCN and strikes in Iaşi

Codreanu studied Law in Iaşi, where he began his political career. Like his father, he became close to A. C. Cuza. Codreanu's fear of Bolshevik insurrection led to his efforts to address industrial workers himself. In late 1919, he joined the short-lived Garda Conştiinţei Naţionale (GCN, "The National Awareness Guard"), a group formed by the electrician Constantin Pancu, who attempted to revive loyalism within the proletariat (while offering an alternative to Communism by promising to advocate increased labor rights).^[7] As much as other reactionary groups, it won the tacit support of General Alexandru Averescu and his increasingly popular People's Party (of which Cuza became an affiliate);^[8] Averescu's ascension to power in 1920 engendered a new period of social troubles in the larger urban areas (see Labor movement in Romania).^[9] Lady Justice or Justitia is a personification of the moral force that underlies the legal system (particularly in Western art). ... Look up rebellion in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... An electrician hooking up a generator to a homes electrical panel. ... In general, a loyalist is an individual who is loyal to the powers that be. ... The proletariat (from Latin proles, offspring) is a term used to identify a lower social class; a member of such a class is proletarian. ... Labor rights or workers rights are a group of legal rights and claimed human rights having to do with labor relations between workers and their employers, usually obtained under labor and employment law. ... Reactionary (or reactionist) is a political epithet, generally used as a pejorative, originally applied in the context of the French Revolution to counter-revolutionaries who wished to restore the real or imagined conditions of the monarchical Ancien Régime. ... Alexandru Averescu on horseback Alexander Avescu Alexandru Averescu (14 November 1859, born in Babele, near Ismail, now in Ukraine - 1938) was a Romanian army general and commander of the Romanian Army during World War I, often being credited with Romanias victory in this war. ...

The GCN, in which Codreanu thought he could see the nucleus of nationalist trade unions, became active in crushing strike actions.^[10] Their activities were modelled on those of Benito Mussolini's fasci di combattimento, and did not fail in attracting attention, especially after students who obeyed Codreanu started demanding a Jewish quota for higher education - this gathered popularity for the GCN, and it led to a drastic increase in the frequency and intensity of assaults on all its opponents.^[11] In response, Codreanu was expelled from University. Although allowed to return when Cuza and others intervened for him (refusing to respect the decision of the University Senate), he was never presented with a diploma after his graduation.^[12] A trade union or labour union is a continuous association of wage-earners for the purpose of maintaining or improving the conditions of their employment. ... See also general strike, or for other uses see: strike (disambiguation). ... Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini (July 29, 1883 – April 28, 1945) was the prime minister and dictator of Italy from 1922 until 1943, when he was overthrown. ... Fascio (plural: fasci) is an Italian language word which was used in the late 19th century to refer to radical political groups of many different (and sometimes opposing) orientations. ... Jewish quota was a percentage that limited the number of Jews in various establishments. ... The University of Cambridge is an institute of higher learning. ... Diploma from Mexico City College, 1948 (in Latin) A diploma (from Greek δίπλωµα diploma) is a certificate or deed issued by an educational institution, such as a university, that testifies that the recipient has successfully completed a particular course of study, or confers an academic degree. ...

While studying in Berlin and Jena in 1922, Codreanu took a critical attitude towards the Weimar Republic, and began praising the March on Rome and Italian fascism as major achievements; he decided to cut his stay short, after he learned of the large student protests in December, prompted by the intention of the government to grant the complete emancipation of Jews (see History of the Jews in Romania).^[13] This article is about the capital of Germany. ... For other uses, see Jena (disambiguation). ... Anthem Das Lied der Deutschen Germany during the Weimar period, with the Free State of Prussia (in blue) as the largest state Capital Berlin Language(s) German Government Republic President  - 1918-1925 Friedrich Ebert  - 1925-1933 Paul von Hindenburg Chancellor  - 1919 Philipp Scheidemann(first)  - 1933 Adolf Hitler (last) Legislature Reichstag... For the movie by Dino Risi, see March on Rome (film) The March on Rome was a pseudo-coup détat by which Mussolinis National Fascist Party came to power in Italy. ... Italian fascism (in Italian, fascismo) was the authoritarian political movement which ruled Italy from 1922 to 1943 under the leadership of Benito Mussolini. ... Jewish Romanian history concerns the Jews of Romania and of Romanian origins. ...

National-Christian Defense League

When protests organized by Codreanu met with the new National Liberal government's lack of interest, he and Cuza founded (March 4, 1923) a Christian nationalist organization called the National-Christian Defense League.^[14] They were joined in 1925 by Ion Moţa, translator of the The Protocols of the Elders of Zion and future ideologue of the Legion.^[15] The Partidul NaÅ£ional Liberal (National Liberal Party) is a liberal party in Romania, and the second largest party in parliament, being edged out only by the Social Democratic Party. ... is the 63rd day of the year (64th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1923 (MCMXXIII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Ion MoÅ£a Ion MoÅ£a (July 5, 1902, Orăştie, Transylvania—January 13, 1937, Majadahonda, Spain) was the Romanian ultra-nationalist deputy leader of the Iron Guard, who became a prominent symbol of martyrdom after killed in battle during the Spanish Civil War. ... 1992 Russian language imprint, adapting Eliphas Levis portrayal of Baphomet image The Protocols of the Elders of Zion (Russian: , see also other titles) is an antisemitic text that purports to describe a Jewish plot to achieve world domination. ...

With the granting of full rights of citizenship to persons of Jewish descent under the Constitution of 1923, the League raided the Iaşi Ghetto, led a group that petitioned the government in Bucharest (being received with indifference), and ultimately decided to assassinate Premier Ion I. C. Brătianu and other members of government.^[16] In October 1923, he was betrayed by one of his associates, arrested and put on trial. He and the other plotters were soon acquitted, as Romanian legislation did not allow for prosecution of conspiracies that had not been assigned a definite date. Before the jury ended deliberation, Moţa killed the traitor and was given a prison sentence himself.^[17] Citizenship is membership in a political community (originally a city or town but now usually a country) and carries with it rights to political participation; a person having such membership is a citizen. ... A ghetto is an area where people from a specific racial or ethnic background live as a group in seclusion, voluntarily or involuntarily. ... Look up Petition in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Status Capital of Romania Mayor Adriean Videanu, since 2005 Area 238 km² Population (2005) 1,924,959[1] Density 8,088 inh/km² Geographical coordinates Web site http://www. ... It has been suggested that Selective assassination be merged into this article or section. ... Categories: Lists of office-holders | Romanian history | Romanian Prime Ministers ... Ion I.C. Brătianu Ion I. C. Brătianu (20 August 1864–24 November 1927) was the Prime Minister of Romania for five terms, including during World War I, when Romania achieved unification with Transylvania and Bessarabia. ... In the criminal law, a conspiracy is an agreement between natural persons to break the law at some time in the future, and, in some cases, with at least one overt act in furtherance of that agreement. ...

Manciu's killing

Codreanu clashed with Cuza on the issue of the League's structure: he demanded that it develop a paramilitary character, while Cuza was hostile to the idea. In November, while in Văcăreşti prison in Bucharest, Codreanu had planned for the creation of a youth organization within the League, which he aimed to call The Legion of the Archangel Michael in honour of an Orthodox icon that adorned the walls of the prison church.^[18] This marked the beginning of the more obvious mystical tone in Codreanu's vision, coupled with the idea of reformation through the bettering of human characters (and thus quite elitist). A paramilitary organization is a group of civilians trained and organized in a military fashion. ... Status Capital of Romania Mayor Adriean Videanu, since 2005 Area 238 km² Population (2005) 1,924,959[1] Density 8,088 inh/km² Geographical coordinates Web site http://www. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... In the Romanian Orthodox Church, icons serve much the same purpose as they do in other Eastern Orthodox traditions. ... Mysticism (from the Greek μυστικός (mystikos) an initiate (of the Eleusinian Mysteries, μυστήρια (mysteria) meaning initiation[1])) is the pursuit of achieving communion or identity with, or conscious awareness of, ultimate reality, the divine, spiritual truth, or God through direct experience, intuition, or insight; and the belief that such experience is one... Elitism is the belief or attitude that the people who are considered to be the elite — a selected group of persons with outstanding personal abilities, wealth, specialised training or experience, or other distinctive attributes — are the people whose views on a matter are to be taken the most seriously, or...

Back in Iaşi, he created his own system of allegiance within the League, starting with Frăţia de Cruce (named after a variant of blood brotherhood which requires sermon with a cross).^[19] It gathered on May 6, 1924, in the countryside around Iaşi, starting work on the building of a student center. This meeting was violently broken up by the authorities on orders from police prefect Constantin Manciu.^[20] Codreanu and several others were allegedly beaten and tormented for several days (until Cuza's intervention on their behalf proved effective).^[21] The Norwegian warrior Orvar-Odd bids a last farewell to his blood brother, the Swedish warrior Hjalmar, by MÃ¥rten Eskil Winge (1866). ... A sermon is an oration by a prophet or member of the clergy. ... is the 126th day of the year (127th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1924 (MCMXXIV) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar). ...

After an interval when he retreated from any political activity, Codreanu took revenge on Manciu, assassinating him and severely wounding some other policemen on October 24,^[22] in the Iaşi Tribunal building (where Manciu had been called to answer accusations, after one of Codreanu's comrades had filed a complaint).^[23] Forensics have shown that Manciu was not facing his killer at the moment of his death, which prompted Codreanu to indicate that he considered himself in self-defense based solely on Manciu's earlier actions.^[24] Codreanu turned himself in immediately after having fired his gun, and awaited trial in custody.^[25] In the meantime, the issue was brought up in the Parliament of Romania by the Peasant Party's Paul Bujor, who first made a proposal to review legislation dealing with political violence and sedition; it won the approval of the governing National Liberal Party, which, on December 19, passed the Mârzescu Law^[26] (named after its proponent, the Minister of Justice Gheorghe Gh. Mârzescu) — it most notable, if indirect, effect was the banning of the Communist Party. In October and November debates between members of Parliament became heated, and Cuza's group was singled out as morally responsible for the murder (Petre Andrei stated that "Mr. Cuza aimed and Codreanu fired",^[27] to which Cuza replied by stating his innocence, while theorizing that Manciu's brutality was a justifiable cause for violent retaliation).^[28] October 24 is the 297th day of the year (298th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The word forensic (from Latin: forensis - forum) refers to something of, pertaining to, or used in a court of law. ... Self defense refers to actions taken by a person to defend onself, ones property or ones home. ... Type Bicameral Houses Senatul Camera DeputaÅ£ilor President of the Senate Nicolae Văcăroiu, PSD since 2004 President of the Chamber of Deputies Bogdan Olteanu, PNL since 2006 Members 469 137 senators 332 deputies Political groups (as of 2004 elections) Senate: PSD, PNL, PD,PRM, UDMR, PC, Independents Chamber... The Peasants Party (Romanian: Partidul Ţărănesc, PÅ¢) was a political party in post-World War I Romania that espoused a left-wing ideology partly connected with Agrarianism and Populism, and aimed to represent the interests of the Romanian peasantry. ... Sedition is a term of law to refer to covert conduct such as speech and organization that is deemed by the legal authority as tending toward insurrection against the established order. ... The Partidul NaÅ£ional Liberal (National Liberal Party) is a liberal party in Romania, and the second largest party in parliament, being edged out only by the Social Democratic Party. ... PCR hammer and sickle symbol The Romanian Communist Party (Romanian: Partidul Comunist Român, PCR) was a Communist political party in Romania. ...

Although he was purposely tried as far away from Iaşi as Turnu Severin, the authorities managed to find no neutral jury.^[29] On the day he was acquitted, members of the jury, who deliberated for five minutes in all, showed up wearing badges with League symbols and swastikas (the symbol in use by Cuza's League).^[30] After a triumphal return and the ostentatious wedding to Elena Ilinoiu,^[31] Codreanu clashed with Cuza for a second time and decided to defuse tensions by taking a leave to France. Before leaving, he was the victim of an assassination attempt — Moţa, just returned from prison, was given another short sentence after he led the reprisals. Drobeta-Turnu Severin is a city in Mehedinti county, Oltenia, Romania, on the left bank of the Danube, below the Iron Gates. ... A right-facing Swastika in a decorative Hindu form The swastika (from Sanskrit ) is an equilateral cross with its arms bent at right angles, in either right-facing () or left-facing () forms. ...

Creation of the Legion

He returned from Grenoble to take part in the 1926 elections, and ran as a candidate for the town of Focşani. He lost, and, although it had had a considerable success, the League disbanded in the same year.^[32] Codreanu gathered former members of the League who had spent time in prison, and put into practice his dream of forming the Legion (November 1927, just a few days after the fall of a new Averescu cabinet, which had continued to support Cuza).^[33] He carefully designed it as a selective and autarchic group, paying allegiance to him and no other, and soon expanded into a replicating network of political cells called "nests" (cuiburi).^[34] Grenoble (Arpitan: Grasanòbol) is a city and commune in south-east France situated at the foot of the Alps where the Drac joins the Isère River. ... County Vrancea County Status County capital Mayor Decebal Bacinschi, Social Democratic Party, since 2004 Area 48. ... Look up Autarchy in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

Codreanu felt he had to amend the purpose of the movement after more than two years of stagnation: he and the leadership of the movement started touring rural regions, addressing the churchgoing illiterate population with the rhetoric of sermons, dressing up in long white mantles and instigating Christian prejudice against Judaism^[35] (this intense campaign was also prompted by the fact that the Legion was immediately sidelined by Cuza's League in the traditional Moldavian and Bukovinan centers).^[36] Between 1928 and 1930, the Alexandru Vaida-Voevod National Peasants' Party cabinet gave tacit assistance to the Guard, but Iuliu Maniu (representing the same party) clamped down on the Legion after July 1930, after the latter had tried to provoke a wave of pogroms in Maramureş and Bessarabia,^[37] and had attempted assassinations of government officials and journalists — including that of Constantin Angelescu, undersecretary of Internal Affairs.^[38] Codreanu was briefly arrested together with the would-be assassin Gheorghe Beza: both were tried and acquitted.^[39] Nevertheless, the wave of violence and a planned march into Bessarabia signalled the outlawing of the party by Premier Gheorghe Mironescu and Minister of the Interior Ion Mihalache (January 1931); again arrested, Codreanu was acquitted in late February.^[40] A sermon is an oration by a prophet or member of the clergy. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require restructuring. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... For other uses of Moldavia or Moldova, see Moldova (disambiguation). ... Bukovina (Ukrainian: , Bukovyna; Romanian: Bucovina; German and Polish: Bukowina; see also other languages) is a historical region on the northern slopes of the northeastern Carpathian Mountains and the adjoining plains. ... Alexandru Vaida-Voevod (1872-19 March 1950) was a Romanian politician that served three terms as a Prime Minister of Romania and was a supporter and speakesman of the union of Transylvania with the Romanian Old Kingdom. ... The National Peasants Party (PNT, Partidul Naţional Ţărănesc) was a political party in Romania, formed in 1926 by the fusion of the National Romanian Party from Transylvania and the Peasants Party. ... Iuliu Maniu (January 8, 1873—February 5, 1953) was a Romanian politician. ... Pogrom (from Russian: ; from громить IPA: - to wreak havoc, to demolish violently) is a form of riot directed against a particular group, whether ethnic, religious or other, and characterized by destruction of their homes, businesses and religious centers. ... Map of Romania with MaramureÅŸ region highlighted The MaramureÅŸ region (Hungarian: Máramaros; Latin: Marmatia; Ukrainian: Мармарощина, Marmaroščyna) is in the north of Romania, north of Transylvania along the Tisza River. ... 1927 map of Bessarabia from Charles Upson Clarks book Bessarabia (Basarabia in Romanian, Бесарабія in Ukrainian, Бессарабия in Russian, Бесарабия in Bulgarian, Besarabya in Turkish) is a historical term for the geographic entity in Eastern Europe bounded by the Dniester River on the East and the Prut River on the West. ... Constantin Anghelescu (1870-1948) was a Romanian politician that served as an interim Prime Minister of Romania for five days, between 30 December 1933 and 3 January 1934. ... Gheorghe Mironescu was a Romanian politician who served as a Prime Minister of Romania for two times. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Ion Mihalache (3 March 1882, Topoloveni - probably 1953) was a Romanian politician and the founder and leader of the Peasants Party. ...

Deputy

The Legion did not cease to benefit from the Great Depression.^[41] In 1931, profiting from the disagreement between King Carol II and the National Peasants' Party (which brought a cabinet formed around Nicolae Iorga)^[42] Codreanu was elected to Chamber of Deputies on the lists of the Corneliu Zelea Codreanu Grouping (a provisional name for the Guard), together with other prominent members of his original movement (including Ion Zelea, his father, and Mihai Stelescu, a young activist who ultimately came into conflict with the Legion); it is likely that the new Vaida-Voevod cabinet gave tacit support to the Group in subsequent partial elections.^[43] The Great Depression started after October 29, 1929, known as Black Tuesday. ... The King of Romania was the title of the ruler of the Kingdom of Romania from 1881 until 1947 when Romania was proclaimed a republic. ... Carol II of Romania, (15 October 1893 – 4 April 1953) reigned as King of Romania from June 8, 1930 until September 6, 1940. ... portrait of Nicolae Iorga Nicolae Iorga (a. ... Type Lower house President (Speaker) Bogdan Olteanu, PNL, since 2006 Number of members 332 Political groups (as of 2006 elections) PSD, PNL, PD, PRM, UDMR, PC, National minorities, Independents Meeting place Palace of the Parliament, Bucharest Web site www. ... Mihai Stelescu (1907-July 16, 1936) was a Romanian political activist. ...

He quickly became noted for exposing corruption of ministers and other politicians on a case-by-case basis (although several of his political adversaries at the time described him as bland and incompetent).^[44]

Clash with Ion Duca

The authorities became truly concerned with the revolutionary potential of the Legion, and minor clashes in 1932 between the two introduced what became, from 1933, almost a decade of major political violence. The situation degenerated after Codreanu expressed his full support for Adolf Hitler and Nazism (even to the detriment of Italian fascism,^[45] and probably an added source for the conflict between the Captain and Stelescu).^[46] A new National Liberal cabinet, formed by Ion G. Duca, moved against such initiatives, stating that the Legion was acting as a puppet of the German Nazi Party, and ordering that a huge number of Legionaries be arrested just prior to the new elections in 1933 (which the Liberals won).^[47] The main effect of this was the killing of Duca by the Iron Guard's Nicadori on December 30.^[48] Another one was the very first crackdown on non-affiliated sympathisers of the Iron Guard, after the group around Nae Ionescu decided to voice protests against the repression.^[49] Hitler redirects here. ... National Socialism redirects here. ... Italian fascism (in Italian, fascismo) was the authoritarian political movement which ruled Italy from 1922 to 1943 under the leadership of Benito Mussolini. ... Ion G. Duca (1879 - December 30, 1933) was prime minister of Romania from November 14 to December 30, 1933, when he was assassinated for his efforts to suppress the fascist Iron Guard movement. ... The National Socialist German Workers Party (German: , or NSDAP, commonly, the Nazi Party), was a political party in Germany between 1920 and 1945. ... During the 1930s, three notable death squads emerged from Romanias Iron Guard: the Nicadori, the Decemviri, and the Răzbunători. ... is the 364th day of the year (365th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Nae Ionescu (born Nicolae C. Ionescu; June 16 (June 4 O. S.) 1890, Brăila—March 15, 1940) was a Romanian philosopher, logician, mathematician, professor, and journalist. ...

Codreanu had to go into hiding at an unknown location, waiting for things to calm down and delegating leadership to General Gheorghe Cantacuzino-Grănicerul, who later assumed partial guilt for Duca's killing;^[50] Stelescu, who soon became Codreanu's adversary as head of the Crusade of Romanianism, later alleged that he had been given refuge by a cousin of Magda Lupescu, Carol's mistress, implying that the Guard was becoming corrupt ("She was a person adverse to your action. How did you get along so well?").^[51] Codreanu's resurgence brought arrest and prosecution under the martial law imposed in the country; he was acquitted yet again. The Crusade of Romanianism (Romanian: Cruciada Românismului) was a Romanian fascist movement that was active during the 1930s. ... Elena Wolff and Carol II arriving in the Caribbean in 1940 Elena Wolff (1895 - 1977), perhaps better known as Magda Lupescu -- Lupescu is the Romanian equivalent of the German surname Wolff and Elena can be a shortened form of Magdalena -- was the mistress of king Carol II of Romania and... This article does not cite any references or sources. ...

The Legion and Tătărescu

Some time after the start of Gheorghe Tătărescu's premiership and Ion Inculeţ's leadership of the Internal Affairs Ministry, repression of the Legion ceased, a measure which reflected Carol's hope to ensure a new period of stability.^[52] In 1936, during a youth congress in Târgu Mureş, Codreanu agreed to the formation of a permanent Death Squad, which immediately showed its goals with the killing of Mihai Stelescu by a group deemed Decemviri (led by Ion Caratănase),^[53] neutralizing the Crusade's campaign of exposing the Guard's weaknesses (including accusations that Codreanu was hypocritical in his official display of ascetism, as well as corrupted, uncultured, and a plagiarist).^[54] Gheorghe I. Tătărescu (also known as Guţă Tătărescu, with a slightly antiquated pet form of his given name; 1886—March 28, 1957) was a Romanian politician who served twice as Prime Minister of Romania (1934-1937; 1939-1940), three times as Minister of Foreign Affairs (interim... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... County MureÅŸ County Status County capital Mayor Dorin Florea, Democratic Party, since 2000 Population (2002) 149,577 Geographical coordinates Web site http://www. ... A death squad is an armed squad of men that kills civilians. ... Decemviri (singular decemvir) is a Latin term meaning Ten Men which designates any such commission in the Roman Republic (cf. ... An ascetic is one who practices a renunciation of worldly pursuits to achieve spiritual attainment. ... Plagiarism (from Latin plagiare to kidnap) is the practice of claiming, or implying, original authorship or incorporating material from someone elses written or creative work, in whole or in part, into ones own without adequate acknowledgement. ...

The year was also marked by the deaths and ostentatious funerals of Moţa (by then, the movement's vice president) and Vasile Marin, who had volunteered on Francisco Franco's side in the Spanish Civil War and had been killed in the Majadahonda battle.^[55] General Francisco Paulino Hermenegildo Teódulo Franco Bahamonde (4 December 1892–20 November[1] 1975), commonly abbreviated to Francisco Franco (pron. ... It has been suggested that Martyrs of the Spanish Civil War be merged into this article or section. ... Majadahonda is a municipality in Spain, situated 16 km northwest of Madrid, in the Community of Madrid. ...

It was during that period that the Guard came to be financed by Nicolae Malaxa (otherwise known as a prominent collaborator of Carol),^[56] and became interested in reforming itself to reach an even wider audience (Codreanu created a meritocratic inner structure of ranks, established a wide range of philanthropic ventures, and again voiced themes which appealed to the industrial workers).^[57] King Carol met difficulties in preserving his rule after being faced with a decline in the appeal of the more traditional parties, and, as Tătărescu's term approached its end, he made a bold offer to Codreanu, demanding leadership of the Legion in exchange for a Legion cabinet; he was promptly refused.^[58] Nicolae Malaxa (1884-1965) was a Romanian engineer and industrialist. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... Philanthropy is the act of donating money, goods, time, or effort to support a charitable cause, usually over an extended period of time and in regard to a defined objective. ...

"Everything for the Fatherland"

After the consequent ban on paramilitary groups, the Legion turned into a political party, running in elections as Totul Pentru Ţară ("Everything for the Fatherland"). The elections of 1937, when it signed an electoral pact with the National Peasants' Party with the goal of preventing the government from making use of electoral fraud, at 15.58% of the vote,^[59] consecrated it as the third political option in the country (and by far the most popular Fascist group), but it was excluded from political coalitions by nominally Fascist King Carol, who preferred newly-formed subservient movements and the revived National-Christian Defense League.^[60] Cuza formed his anti-Semitic government together with poet Octavian Goga and his National Agrarian Party. Codreanu and the two leaders did not get along, and the Legion started competing with the authorities by adopting Corporatism. The government alliance, unified as the National Christian Party, gave itself a blue-shirted paramilitary corps that borrowed heavily from the Legion - the Lăncieri ("Lance-bearers")^[61] - and initiated an official campaign of persecution of Jews, attempting to win back the interest the public had in the Iron Guard.^[62] Electoral fraud is illegal interference with the process of an election. ... Octavian Goga Octavian Goga (April 1, 1881—May 7, 1938) was a Romanian nationalist politician, poet, playwright, journalist, and translator. ... Historically, corporatism or corporativism (Italian: corporativismo) refers to a political or economic system in which power is given to civic assemblies that represent economic, industrial, agrarian, and professional groups. ... The National Christian Party (Romanian: Partidul NaÅ£ional CreÅŸtin) was a Romanian political party. ... The term lance has become a catchall for a variety of different pole weapons based on the spear. ...

After much violence, Codreanu was approached by Goga and agreed to have his party withdraw from the elections of 1938,^[63] believing that, in any event, the regime had no viable solution and would wear itself out — while attempting to profit from the king's authoritarianism by showing his willingness to integrate any possible single-party system.^[64] Bold text:This article applies to political ideologies. ... A single-party state or one-party system or single-party system is a type of party system and form of government where only a single political party dominates the government and no opposition parties are allowed. ...

Clash with the King

In fact, he was proven wrong by Carol, who introduced his own dictatorship after his attempts to form a national government. The system relied instead on a new Constitution, the financial backing received from large business, and the winning over of several more or less traditional politicians, such as Nicolae Iorga and the Internal Affairs Minister Armand Călinescu. The ban on the Guard was again tightly enforced, with Călinescu ordering all public places known to have harboured Legion meetings to be closed down (including several restaurants in Bucharest).^[65] Forms of government Part of the Politics series Politics Portal This box:      A dictatorship is an autocratic form of government in which the government is ruled by a dictator. ... National governments or national unity governments are broad coalition governments consisting of all parties (or all major parties) in the legislature and are often formed during times of war or national emergency. ... portrait of Nicolae Iorga Nicolae Iorga (a. ... Armand Călinescu Armand Călinescu (June 4, 1893 [O.S. May 22] - September 21, 1939) was a Romanian economist and politician. ... Status Capital of Romania Mayor Adriean Videanu, since 2005 Area 238 km² Population (2005) 1,924,959[1] Density 8,088 inh/km² Geographical coordinates Web site http://www. ...

When Carol felt secure, he ordered a brutal suppression of the Iron Guard and had Codreanu arrested on the charge that he had slandered Iorga, based on a letter Codreanu sent to the latter on March 26, 1938 (in which he had attacked Iorga for collaborating with Carol, calling him "morally dishonest").^[66] With the Captain tried for high treason and sentenced to ten years of hard labour,^[67] Călinescu arrested the entire functioning body of the Legion. Those members that escaped or were omitted in the first place started a violent campaign throughout Romania, meant to coincide with Carol's visit to Hitler at the Berghof, as a way to prevent the tentative approach between Romania and Nazi Germany; confident that Hitler was not determined on supporting the Legion, and irritated by the incidents, Carol ordered the decapitation of the movement.^[68] In English and American law, and systems based on them, libel and slander are two forms of defamation (or defamation of character), which is the tort or delict of making a false statement of fact that injures someones reputation. ... {{main|Treason}} High treason, broadly defined, is an action which is grossly disloyal to ones country or sovereign. ... Penal labour or penal servitude is a form of unfree labour. ... The Berghof was Adolf Hitlers home in the Obersalzberg of the Bavarian Alps near Berchtesgaden, Germany. ... Nazi Germany, or the Third Reich, commonly refers to Germany in the years 1933–1945, when it was under the firm control of the totalitarian and fascist ideology of the Nazi Party, with the Führer Adolf Hitler as dictator. ...

Death and aftermath

On November 30, it was announced that Codreanu, the Nicadori and the Decemviri had been shot after trying to flee custody the previous night. The details were revealed much later: it is most likely that the fourteen persons had been transported from their executed (strangled and shot) by the Gendarmerie around Tâncăbeşti (near Bucharest), and it was shown that their bodies had been buried in the courtyard of the Jilava prison.^[69] is the 334th day of the year (335th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Jandarmeria Română is the military branch of the Romanian police force. ... Map of Ilfov county with Jilava commune highlighted Jilava is a village near Bucharest. ...

On November 25, 1940, during the National Legionary State, an investigation was carried out on the prison premises. The discovery of the remains caused the Legionaries to engage in a reprisal against the new regime's political prisoners, who were detained on the same spot. On the next night, sixty-four inmates were shot, while on the 27th and the 28th there were new arrests and swift executions, with prominent victims such as Iorga and Virgil Madgearu.^[70] The widespread disorder brought the first clash between Ion Antonescu and the Legion; during the events, Codreanu was posthumously exonerated of all charges by a Legionary tribunal.^[71] is the 329th day of the year (330th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... The National Legionary State (Romanian: Statul Naţional Legionar) was the Romanian government of September 6, 1940—January 23, 1941. ... is the 331st day of the year (332nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 332nd day of the year (333rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Virgil Madgearu Virgil Traian N. Madgearu (December 14, 1887—November 27, 1940) was a Romanian economist, sociologist, and left-wing politician, prominent member and main theorist of the Peasants Party and of its successor, the National Peasants Party (PNŢ). He had an important activity as an essayist and journalist, being... Office Prime Minister, Conducător of Romania Term of office from September 4, 1940 until August 23, 1944 Profession Soldier, politician Political party none, formally allied with the Iron Guard Spouse Rasela Mendel Date of birth June 15, 1882 Place of birth Piteşti, Romania Date of death June 1... A posthumous recognition is a ceremonial award given after the recipient has passed away. ...

Legacy

National Legionary State

1940 stamp showing Codreanu. The caption reads: Captain, may you give the country the likeness of the Holy Sun [that shines] up in the sky

The Iron Guard underwent a very difficult period, including a great deal of infighting and purges, before joining Antonescu's government in 1940 under the leadership of Horia Sima. Both Armand Călinescu and Nicolae Iorga were to be killed by Legionary squads, together with thousands of others at different intervals. The movement was toppled from power by its partner Antonescu only a year later (see Legionnaires' Rebellion and Bucharest Pogrom). This image of a postage stamp may be copyrighted and/or have other restrictions on its reproduction imposed by the issuing authority. ... This image of a postage stamp may be copyrighted and/or have other restrictions on its reproduction imposed by the issuing authority. ... Horia Sima (July 3, 1907-1993) was the second and last leader of Romanias Iron Guard in the Second World War. ... Armand Călinescu Armand Călinescu (June 4, 1893 [O.S. May 22] - September 21, 1939) was a Romanian economist and politician. ... portrait of Nicolae Iorga Nicolae Iorga (a. ... The Legionnaires Rebellion and the Bucharest Pogrom occurred in Bucharest, Romania, between the 21st and the 23rd of January, 1941. ...

The events of this term in office resulted in the conflicted tendencies within the Legion and its contemporary successors: the obvious, gratuitous and unlimited violence of the Legion under Sima managed to surpass most atrocities demanded by Codreanu, which led to many today claiming to obey Codreanu, but not Sima. At the same time, the Sima faction claims to have followed Codreanu's guidance and inspiration.

In cultural reference

Despite his earlier confrontation with the Iron Guard, the poet Tudor Arghezi is thought to have deplored Codreanu's killing, and to have alluded to it in his well-known Făt-Frumos.^[72] Tudor Arghezi (May 21, 1880-1967) was a notable Romanian poet and childrens author. ... The letter F is the sixth (6th) letter in the Latin alphabet. ...

Mircea Eliade, notorious for his early Legionary sympathies, was indicated by his collaborator Ioan Petru Culianu to have based Eugen Cucoanes, the main character in his novella Un om mare ("A Big Man"), on Codreanu.^[73] This hypothesis was challenged by Matei Călinescu, who argued that there was too little evidence to support it.^[74] This article is becoming very long. ... Ioan Petru Culianu (5 January 1950–21 May 1991) was a Romanian-born professor of divinity at the University of Chicago and an expert in gnosticism and Mediaeval magic. ... Matei Călinescu (born 1934) is a Romanian literary critic and professor of comparative literature at the Indiana University in Bloomington, Indiana, United States of America. ...

Gigi Becali, the owner of the Steaua Bucureşti football club and president of the right-wing New Generation Party, said that he admires Codreanu and has otherwise made numerous attempts to capitalize on Legionary symbols and rhetoric. Gigi Becali (born George Becali, nicknamed Gigi, born 25 June 1958) is a controversial Romanian politician and businessman, famous for being the owner of Steaua football club. ... FC Steaua BucureÅŸti is a Romanian football club based at Ghencea Stadium, Bucharest, Romania. ... The New Generation Party (Partidul Noua GeneraÅ£ie) is a political party in Romania. ...

Notes

Emil Cioran Emil Cioran (April 8, 1911 – June 20, 1995) was a Romanian philosopher and essayist. ... Distribution of Slavic people by language The Slavic peoples are a linguistic and ethnic branch of Indo-European peoples, living mainly in Europe, where they constitute roughly a third of the population. ... Bulava-mace traditional symbol of the supreme power of Ukrainian Hetmans. ...

References

• Corneliu Zelea Codreanu, For My Legionaries: The Iron Guard, 1936
• Mircea Iorgulescu, "L'Affaire, după Matei (II)", in 22, Nr.636, May-June 2002
• Nicholas M. Nagy-Talavera, The Green Shirts and the Others: A History of Fascism in Hungary and Rumania, 1970, ISBN 0-8179-1851-5, ISBN 973-9432-11-5
• Z. Ornea, Anii treizeci. Extrema dreaptă românească, Ed. Fundaţiei Culturale Române, Bucharest, 1995
• Grigore Traian Pop, "Cînd disidenţa se pedepseşte cu moartea. Un asasinat ritual: Mihail Stelescu", in Dosarele Istoriei, 6/IV (1999)
• Ioan Scurtu, "De la bomba din Senat la atentatul din Gara Sinaia", in Dosarele Istoriei, 6/IV (1999)
• Francisco Veiga, Istoria Gărzii de Fier, 1919-1941: Mistica ultranaţionalismului, Humanitas, Bucharest, 1993

Revista 22 (22 Magazine) is a Romanian weekly magazine, issued by the Group for Social Dialogue and focused mainly on politics and culture. ...

External links

• Codreanu's criticism of democracy
• Julius Evola, The Tragedy of the Romanian Iron Guard: Codreanu
• Radbod, The Captain
• Alexander E. Ronnett, The Legion of the Archangel Michael in Romania
• (Italian) Biography of Codreanu
• (Romanian) Codreanu's letter to Iorga
• (Romanian) Codreanu site authored and maintained by the ultra-nationalist organization Noua Dreaptă - includes the full text in Romanian of some of Codreanu's books and articles