Cornwall Portal

Flag of Cornwall

The Cornish language (in Cornish: Kernowek, Kernewek, Curnoack) is one of the Brythonic group of Celtic languages (Brythonic also includes Welsh, Breton, the extinct Cumbric and perhaps the hypothetical Ivernic). The Celtic languages of Scottish Gaelic, Irish and Manx are part of the separate Goidelic group. Cornish shares about 80% basic vocabulary with Breton, 75% with Welsh, 35% with Irish, and 35% with Scottish Gaelic. By comparison, Welsh shares about 70% with Breton. Cornish continued to function as a community language until the late 18th century, and was revived early in the 20th century. The West Country dialects and West Country accents are generic terms applied to any of several English dialects and accents used by much of the indigenous population of the southwestern part of England, the area popularly known as the West Country. ... For other uses, see Cornwall (disambiguation). ... A language family is a group of languages related by descent from a common proto-language. ... The Indo-European languages comprise a family of several hundred related languages and dialects [1], including most of the major languages of Europe, as well as many spoken in the Indian subcontinent (South Asia), the Iranian plateau (Southwest Asia), and Central Asia. ... The Celtic languages are the languages descended from Proto-Celtic, or Common Celtic, a branch of the greater Indo-European language family. ... The Insular Celtic hypothesis concerns the origin of the Celtic languages. ... The Brythonic languages (or Brittonic languages) form one of the two branches of the Insular Celtic language family. ... Kesva an Taves Kernewek (Cornish Language Board in Cornish) is a representative body promoting the Cornish language. ... Agan Tavas (literally Our Language) is a society which exists to promote the Cornish language. ... The Cornish Language Council (CLC; Cornish: Cussel an Tavas Kernuak) is an organisation promoting the revival of the Cornish language. ... ISO 639-1 is the first part of the ISO 639 international-standard language-code family. ... ISO 639-2 is the second part of the ISO 639 standard, which lists codes for the representation of the names of languages. ... ISO 639-3 is an international standard for language codes. ... Articles with similar titles include the NATO phonetic alphabet, which has also informally been called the “International Phonetic Alphabet”. For information on how to read IPA transcriptions of English words, see IPA chart for English. ... The Unicode Standard, Version 5. ... Image File history File links Portal. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Cornwall. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Cornwall. ... Brythonic is one of two major divisions of Insular Celtic languages (the other being Goidelic). ... The Celtic languages are the languages descended from Proto-Celtic, or Common Celtic, a branch of the greater Indo-European language family. ... Welsh redirects here, and this article describes the Welsh language. ... Breton (Brezhoneg) is a Celtic language spoken by some of the inhabitants of Brittany (Breizh) in France. ... Cumbric was the Brythonic Celtic language spoken in Cumbria, and the southern Lowland Scotland . ... Ivernic is an extinct Brythonic language that was spoken in Ireland, particularly in Munster. ... The Celtic languages are the languages descended from Proto-Celtic, or Common Celtic, a branch of the greater Indo-European language family. ... Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) is a member of the Goidelic branch of Celtic languages. ... The Goidelic languages (also sometimes called, particularly in colloquial situations, the Gaelic languages or collectively Gaelic) have historically been part of a dialect continuum stretching from the south of Ireland, the Isle of Man, to the north of Scotland. ... Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) is a member of the Goidelic branch of Celtic languages. ...

History

The proto-Cornish language developed after the Southwest Britons of Somerset, Dorset, Devon and Cornwall became geographically separated from the West Britons of later Wales after the Battle of Deorham in about 577. The area controlled by the Southwest Britons was progressively reduced by the expansion of Wessex over the next few centuries. Around 930, Cornwall was finally defeated by the Saxon king Athelstan. However, the Cornish language continued to flourish well through the Middle Ages, reaching a peak of about 39,000 speakers (estimated^{[citation needed]} by Ken George) in the 13th century. The linguist Edward Lhuyd, writing in 1702, theorises^{[citation needed]} that the language of this time was heavily inflected, possessing not just the genitive, ablative and locative cases so common in Early Modern Cornish, but also dative and accusative cases, and even a vocative case, although historical references to this are rare. The earliest written record of the Cornish language is a gloss in a Latin manuscript of De Consolatione Philosophiae by Boethius, which used the words ud rocashaas. The phrase means "it (the mind) hated the gloomy places".^{[citation needed]} This article is about the county of Somerset in England. ... Dorset (pronounced DOR-sit or [dɔ.sət], and sometimes in the past called Dorsetshire) is a county in the south-west of England, on the English Channel coast. ... Part of the seafront of Torquay, south Devon, at high tide Devon is a large county in South West England, bordered by Cornwall to the west, and Dorset and Somerset to the east. ... For other uses, see Cornwall (disambiguation). ... This article is about the country. ... The Battle of Deorham occurred in 577 between the West Saxons and the Britons. ... For the helicopter, see Westland Wessex. ... Athelstan redirects here. ... Dr Ken George is the Principal Lecturer in Ocean Science in the Institute of Marine Studies at the University of Plymouth. ... Edward Llwyd (also spelt Lhuyd) ( 1660 - June 30, 1709) was a Welsh naturalist, botanist, linguist, geographer and antiquary. ... Events March 8 - William III died; Princess Anne Stuart becomes Queen Anne of England, Scotland and Ireland. ... The genitive case is a grammatical case that indicates a relationship, primarily one of possession, between the noun in the genitive case and another noun. ... In linguistics, the ablative case is a noun case found in several languages, including Latin, Sanskrit and in the Finno_Ugric languages. ... Locative is a case which indicates a location. ... Dative has several meanings. ... The term accusative may be used in the following contexts: A form of morphosyntactic alignment, as found in nominative-accusative languages. ... The vocative case is the case used for a noun identifying the person being addressed, found in Latin among other languages. ... A gloss is a note made in the margins or between the lines of a book, in which the meaning of the text in its original language is explained in another language. ... For other uses, see Latin (disambiguation). ... This early printed book has many hand-painted illustrations depicting Lady Philosophy and scenes of daily life in fifteenth-century Ghent (1485) Consolation of Philosophy (Latin: Consolatio Philosophiae) is a philosophical work by Boethius written in about the year 524 AD. It has been described as the single most important... There are several persons called Bo thius: Philosophers: Anicius Manlius Severinus thius - to many scholars this is the Bo thius, a late-Roman writer best known for his works in philosophy and theology. ...

The shifting of the linguistic boundary in Cornwall 1300-1750

At the time of the Prayer Book rebellion of 1549, which was a reaction to Parliament passing the first Act of Uniformity, people in many areas of Cornwall did not speak or understand English. (The intention of the Act was to replace worship in Latin with worship in English, which was assumed, by the lawmakers, to be universally spoken throughout England. Instead of simply banning Latin, however, the Act was framed so as to enforce English). In 1549, this imposition of a new language was sometimes a matter of life and death: over 4,000 people who protested against the imposition of an English Prayer book were massacred by the King's army. Their leaders were executed and the people suffered numerous reprisals. Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... The Prayer Book Rebellion or Western Rebellion occurred in the southwest of England in 1549. ... Events July - Ketts Rebellion Francis Xavier arrives in Japan. ... The Act of Uniformity 1549 (citation 2 & 3 Edward VI, c. ... The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ... Edward VI (12 October 1537 – 6 July 1553) became King of England, King of France (in practice only the town and surrounding district of Calais) and Ireland on 28 January 1547, and crowned on 20 February, at just nine years of age. ...

The rebels' document claimed they wanted a return to the old religious services and ended 'We the Cornishmen (whereof certain of us understand no English) utterly refuse this new English'. (Altered spelling.) Edward Seymour, Duke of Somerset, replied to the Cornishmen, inquiring as to why they should be offended by services in English when they had them in Latin, which they also did not understand. Through many factors, including loss of life and the spread of English, the Prayer Book Rebellion proved a turning-point for the Cornish language. Indeed, some recent research^{[citation needed]} has suggested that estimates of the Cornish speaking population prior to the rebellion may have been low, making the decline even more drastic. Edward Seymour Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset (c. ... This article is about the county of Somerset in England. ... The Prayer Book Rebellion or Western Rebellion occurred in the southwest of England in 1549. ...

Early Modern Cornish was the subject of a study published by the Welsh linguist Edward Lhuyd in 1702, and differs from the mediæval language in having a considerably simpler structure and grammar. Such differences included the wide use of certain modal affixes that, although out of use by Lhuyd's time, had a considerable effect on the word-order of mediæval Cornish^{[citation needed]}. The Mediæval language also possessed two additional tenses for expressing past events and an extended set of possessive suffixes. By this time the language was already arguably in decline from its earlier heyday, and the situation worsened over the course of the next century. It is often claimed that the last native speaker of Cornish was the Mousehole resident Dolly Pentreath, who died in 1777. Notwithstanding her supposed last words, "Me ne vidn cewsel Sawznek!" ("I don't want to speak English!"), she spoke at least some English as well as Cornish. The last known monoglot Cornish speaker is believed to have been Chesten Marchant, who died in 1676 at Gwithian. It does, however, appear to be true that Dolly Pentreath spoke Cornish fluently and may have been one of the last to do so before the revival of the language in the 20th century. There is also, however, evidence that Cornish continued, albeit in limited usage by a handful of speakers, throughout the 19th century and into the early 20th century. In 1875 six speakers all in their sixties were discovered ^{[citation needed]}; some claim that John Davey who died in 1890 should be considered the last traditional speaker ^{[citation needed]}. Others, however, dispute this, saying that Alison Treganning, who died in 1906 was the last traditional speaker ^{[citation needed]} and by this time the revival was well underway. Fishermen were counting fish using a rhymes derived from Cornish into the 1940s ^{[citation needed]}. It has been suggested by Cornish linguist Richard Gendall that some dialects of English spoken in Cornwall (especially the dialect of West Penwith, where traditional Cornish was last spoken) display strong lexical and prosodic influences from the Cornish language that almost certainly go back several centuries. Edward Llwyd (also spelt Lhuyd) ( 1660 - June 30, 1709) was a Welsh naturalist, botanist, linguist, geographer and antiquary. ... Events March 8 - William III died; Princess Anne Stuart becomes Queen Anne of England, Scotland and Ireland. ... “Native Language” redirects here. ... Mousehole Harbour See Mousehole (drilling) for the drilling term Mousehole (pronounced /Mauzl; in Cornish Porthynys) is a fishing village near Newlyn in Cornwall, United Kingdom, reputed to have one of the most beautiful harbours in the country. ... Dolly Pentreath (died December 1777) is considered by many to be the last native speaker of the Cornish language (that is, the last person who spoke only or predominantly Cornish). ... Year 1777 (MDCCLXXVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Sunday of the 11-day slower Julian calendar). ... Monoglottism (Greek monos, alone, solitary, + glotta, tongue, language) or, more commonly, monolingualism or unilingualism is the condition of being able to speak only a single language. ... Chesten Marchant who died in 1676 at Gwithian, Cornwall is believed to have been the last monoglot Cornish speaker. ... Gwithian Beach, Penwith Gwithian is a beach in Penwith, Cornwall, UK. It is located to the East side of St Ives Bay. ... (19th century - 20th century - 21st century - more centuries) Decades: 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s As a means of recording the passage of time, the 20th century was that century which lasted from 1901–2000 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar (1900–1999... Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar. ... (19th century - 20th century - 21st century - more centuries) Decades: 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s As a means of recording the passage of time, the 20th century was that century which lasted from 1901–2000 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar (1900–1999... John Philip Davey (born 29 December 1964, Manchester, England), is a former British Olympic swimmer. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ...

Revival

The first successful attempt to revive Cornish was largely the work of Henry Jenner and Robert Morton Nance in the early part of the twentieth century. This system was called Unified Cornish (Kernewek Unyes) and was based mainly on Middle Cornish (the language of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries — a high point for Cornish literature), with a standardised spelling and an extended vocabulary based largely on Breton and Welsh. For many years, this was the modern Cornish language, and many people still use it today. // Language revival is the revival, by governments, political authorities, or enthusiasts, to recover the spoken use of a language that is no longer spoken or is endangered. ... Henry Jenner ( 1848- 1934) was a Celtic scholar, Cornish cultural activist, and the chief originator of the Cornish language revival. ... Robert Morton Nance (1873-1959) Born in Cardiff of Cornish parents. ... Unified Cornish (Kernowek Unyes) is a variety of revived Cornish. ... Breton (Brezhoneg) is a Celtic language spoken by some of the inhabitants of Brittany (Breizh) in France. ... Welsh redirects here, and this article describes the Welsh language. ...

Shortcomings in Unified Cornish had to do in part with the stiff and archaizing literary style Nance had employed, and in part with a realisation that Nance's phonology lacked some distinctions which must have existed in traditional Cornish. In the 1970s, Tim Saunders raised a number of issues of communicative efficiency, but his initiative had no influence and later developments are entirely independent.

In the early 1980s, Richard Gendall, who had worked with Nance, published a new system based on the rather limited works of writers such as Nicholas Boson and John Boson, William Rowe, Thomas Tonkin and others, few of whom spoke Cornish as their first language. This system, called Modern Cornish (Curnoack Nowedga, Kernowek Noweja in UCR) by its proponents, differs from Unified Cornish in using the English-based orthographies of the 17th and 18th centuries, though there are also differences of vocabulary and grammar. It is sometimes called "Revised Late Cornish" as well. Writers of Late Cornish often wrote Cornish using the English orthographic equivalent of the nearest equivalent English sound. For instance, the word for 'good' typically spelt dâ 'good' could also be written daa, and the word for 'month' could be spelt mîz or meez. The need for standard spelling when learning a language has led the Cornish Language Council to adopt the Revived Late Cornish spelling standardised by Gendall and Neil Kennedy. This makes sparing use of accents (as did writers of Modern Cornish at the time). Richard Gendall is an expert on the Cornish language. ... John Boson was a cabinet maker and carver whose work is associated with that of William Kent. ... Disambiguation: you may be looking for general contemporary forms of the Cornish language Modern Cornish (Kernuack Nowedga/Curnoack Nowedga) is one of the varieties of revived Cornish. ...

In 1986 Ken George developed a revised orthography (and phonology) for Revived Cornish, which became known as Kernewek Kemmyn (lit. Common Cornish). It was subsequently adopted by the Cornish Language Board as their preferred system. It retained a Middle Cornish base but made the spelling more systematic by applying phonemic orthographic theory, and for the first time set out clear rules relating spelling to pronunciation. The revised system is claimed to have been taken up enthusiastically by the majority of Cornish speakers and learners, and advocates of this orthography claim that it was especially welcomed by teachers. Nevertheless, many Cornish speakers chose to continue using Unified Cornish. Despite later criticism by Nicholas Williams (see below), Kernewek Kemmyn has retained the support of many active Cornish speakers. Dr Ken George is the Principal Lecturer in Ocean Science in the Institute of Marine Studies at the University of Plymouth. ... Kernewek Kemmyn (Common Cornish) is the largest variety of the revived Cornish language. ... Kesva an Taves Kernewek (Cornish Language Board in Cornish) is a representative body promoting the Cornish language. ... A phonemic orthography is a writing system where the written graphemes correspond to phonemes, the spoken sounds of the language. ... Nicholas Jonathan Anselm Williams (born October, 1942 in London, UK), writing as Nicholas Williams or sometimes N.J.A. Williams, is a leading expert on the Cornish language. ...

In 1995 an alternative revision of Unified Cornish known as Unified Cornish Revised or UCR (Kernowek Unys Amendys) was proposed by Nicholas Williams. UCR built on traditional Unified Cornish, making the spellings regular while keeping as close as possible to the orthographic practices of the mediæval scribes. The rationale behind UCR was that only attested Cornish can serve as a guide to its phonology, and that other attempts at regularisation had on the one hand introduced alien elements and on the other hand not known how to interpret the variations in extant material, which it turned to explain in accordance with the assumptions of nineteenth-century Middle European philology. In common with Kernewek Kemmyn, UCR made use of Tudor and Late Cornish prose materials unavailable to Nance. Williams published his English-Cornish Dictionary in this orthography in 2000; the second edition was published in 2006. Like the other orthographies, UCR also has its adherents and its detractors. Unified Cornish (Kernowek Unyes) is a variety of revived Cornish. ...

In practice these different written forms do not prevent Cornish-speakers from communicating with each other effectively. Cornish has been successfully revived as a viable language for communication. Nevertheless there is still much scope for improving the standard and accuracy of the spoken language. The language is spoken mainly with the older generations, but is currently being taught at some Cornish primary and secondary schools.

In response to the orthographic mayhem, the Cornish Language Partnership has initiated a period of review. An independent Cornish Language Commission consisting of sociolinguists and linguists from outside of Cornwall is currently (2007-08-12) reviewing the four existing forms (UC, KK, RLC, and UCR) and considering whether any of those could be suitable to be a Single Written Form for Cornish, or whether a new fifth form should be adopted. Two groups have made proposals of compromise orthographies. The group UdnFormScrefys ('Single Written Form') has proposed an orthography called Kernowak Standard which is based on traditional orthographic forms and also has a clear relation between spelling and pronunciation, taking both Middle Cornish and Late Cornish dialects of Revived Cornish into account.^[1] Two members of the CLP's Linguistic Working Group, Albert Bock and Benjamin Bruch, proposed another orthography called Kernowek Dasunys which endeavours to reconcile UC, KK, RLC, and UCR orthographies.^[2]

Current status

"Welcome to Cornwall" sign in English and Cornish.

In the 20th century a conscious effort was made to revive Cornish as a language for everyday use in speech and writing (see below for further details about the dialects of modern Cornish). Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (3072 × 2304 pixel, file size: 4. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (3072 × 2304 pixel, file size: 4. ... (19th century - 20th century - 21st century - more centuries) Decades: 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s As a means of recording the passage of time, the 20th century was that century which lasted from 1901–2000 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar (1900–1999...

The study by Kenneth MacKinnon ^[3] in 2000 suggested that there were then about 300 people who spoke Cornish fluently, i.e. were able to talk at ordinary speed on everyday matters. The Cornish Language Strategy project is in 2007 commissioning research to provide quantitative and qualitative evidence for the number of Cornish speakers. A few people under the age of 30 have been brought up to be bilingual in Cornish and English.

Cornish exists in place names, and a knowledge of the language helps the understanding of old place names. Many Cornish names are adopted for children, pets, houses and boats. There is now an increasing amount of Cornish literature, in which poetry is the most important genre, particularly in oral form or as song or as traditional Cornish chants historically performed in marketplaces during religious holidays, public festivals and gatherings, and executions.

Cornwall County Council has, as policy, a commitment to support the language, and recently passed a motion supporting its being specified within the European charter for regional or minority languages. Motto: Onan hag oll (Cornish: One and all) Cornwall, England Geography Status Ceremonial and (smaller) Non-metropolitan county Region South West England Area - Total - Admin. ...

There are regular periodicals solely in the language such as the monthly An Gannas, An Gowsva, and An Garrick. BBC Radio Cornwall and Pirate FM have regular news broadcasts in Cornish, and sometimes have other programmes and features for learners and enthusiasts. Local newspapers such as the The Western Morning News regularly have articles in Cornish, and newspapers such as The Packet, The West Briton and The Cornishman also support the movement. BBC Radio Cornwall is the BBC Local Radio service for the English county of Cornwall. ... Pirate FM is one of the Independent Local Radio stations for Cornwall. ... The Western Morning News is a daily regional newspaper covering Devon and Cornwall and parts of Somerset and Dorset. ...

The language has financial sponsorship from many sources, including the Millennium Commission. Increasingly, churches have notices in Cornish and English. A number of language organisations exist in Cornwall including (in alphabetical order) Agan Tavas (Our Language), the Cornish sub-group of the European Bureau for Lesser-Used Languages, Gorseth Kernow, Kesva an Taves Kernewek (the Cornish Language Board), Kowethas an Yeth Kernewek (the Cornish Language Fellowship), and Teere ha Tavas (Land and Language). One organisation, Dalleth, promoted the language to pre-school children. There are many popular ceremonies, some ancient, some modern, which use the language or are entirely in the language. The language has been officially recognised as one of the languages of the British Isles (see European recognition below) This recognition should lead to greater access to funds from a variety of sources. Some of the supermarkets, municipal buildings (including public lavatories and council chambers) and even nightclubs in Cornwall now have a limited use of Cornish signage, an initiative made possible by a generous EU language and cultural heritage grant. The Millennium Commission logo The Millennium Commission in the United Kingdom was set up to aid communities at the end of the 2nd millennium and the start of the 3rd millennium. ... Agan Tavas (literally Our Language) is a society which exists to promote the Cornish language. ... European flag The European Bureau for Lesser-Used Languages (EBLUL) is a non-governmental organisation promoting linguistic diversity and languages founded in 1982. ... Gorseth Kernow is a Cornish organization, which exists to maintain the national Celtic spirit of Cornwall. ... Kesva an Taves Kernewek (Cornish Language Board in Cornish) is a representative body promoting the Cornish language. ... Kowethas an Yeth Kernewek is a Cornish language association. ... Dalleth (beginning) was a support organisation for parents and families bringing up children to speak Cornish. ...

Culture

See: Cornish literature

Commemorative plaque in Cornish and English for Michael Joseph the Smith (An Gof) mounted on the north side of Blackheath common, south east London, near the south entrance to Greenwich Park.

Cornwall has many other cultural events associated with the language, including the international Celtic film festival, hosted in St Ives in 1997, with the programme in Cornish, English and French. There have been many films, some televised, made entirely, or significantly, in the language. Some shops, such as Gwynn ha Du, in the town of Liskeard, sell books written in Cornish. Many companies use Cornish names. The overnight physician's service in Cornwall is now called Kernow Urgent Care. Cornish is taught in some schools; it was previously taught at degree level in the University of Wales, though the only existing courses in the language at University level are as part of a course in Cornish Studies at the University of Exeter, or as part of the distance-learning Welsh degree from the University of Wales, Lampeter. Cornish literature refers to written works in the Cornish language. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (1600 × 1200 pixel, file size: 717 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Commemorative plaque for Michael Joseph the Smith (An Gof) mounted on the north side of Blackheath common, south east London, near the south entrance to Greenwich... Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (1600 × 1200 pixel, file size: 717 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Commemorative plaque for Michael Joseph the Smith (An Gof) mounted on the north side of Blackheath common, south east London, near the south entrance to Greenwich... St Ives harbour and the local rescue lifeboat. ... For the band, see 1997 (band). ... Liskeard, an ancient Stannary and market town at the head of the River Looe valley in southeast Cornwall, UK, is the administrative centre of the Caradon District. ... The University of Wales (Prifysgol Cymru in Welsh) is a federal university founded in 1893. ... The University of Exeter (usually abbreviated as Exon. ... Welsh redirects here, and this article describes the Welsh language. ... University of Wales, Lampeter Prifysgol Cymru, Llanbedr Pont Steffan   University of Wales, Lampeter (Welsh: Prifysgol Cymru, Llanbedr Pont Steffan) is a university in Lampeter, Wales, the oldest degree awarding institution in Wales, and the third oldest in England and Wales after Oxford and Cambridge. ...

The Cornish language has been recognised as a minority language by the UK government under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. This follows years of pressure by interest groups such as Mebyon Kernow and Kesva an Taves Kernewek. // The European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages (ECRML) is a European treaty (CETS 148) adopted in 1992 under the auspices of the Council of Europe to protect and promote historical regional and minority languages in Europe. ... Mebyon Kernow (Cornish for Sons of Cornwall, often abbrieviated MK) is a political party in the United Kingdom. ... Kesva an Taves Kernewek (Cornish Language Board in Cornish) is a representative body promoting the Cornish language. ...

A first complete edition of the New Testament in Cornish, Nicholas Williams' translation of the Testament Noweth agan Arluth ha Savyour Jesu Cryst, was published at Easter 2002 by Spyrys a Gernow (ISBN 0-9535975-4-7); it uses Unified Cornish Revised orthography. The translation was made from the Greek text, and incorporated John Tregear's existing translations with slight revisions. Nicholas Jonathan Anselm Williams (born October, 1942 in London, UK), writing as Nicholas Williams or sometimes N.J.A. Williams, is a leading expert on the Cornish language. ... This article is about the Christian festival. ...

In August 2004, Kesva an Taves Kernewek published another Cornish translation of the New Testament (ISBN 1-902917-33-2), translated by six Bards^{[citation needed]} of Gorseth Kernow under the leadership of Keith Syed; it uses Kernewek Kemmyn orthography. It was launched in a ceremony in Truro Cathedral attended by the Archbishop of Canterbury. Year 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Truro Cathedral is a cathedral in the city of Truro in Cornwall in south-west England. ... The Archbishop of Canterbury is the spiritual leader and senior clergyman of the Church of England, recognized by convention as the head of the worldwide Anglican Communion. ...

The Celtic Congress and Celtic League are groups that advocate cooperation amongst the Celtic Nations in order to protect and promote Celtic languages and cultures, thus working in the interests of the Cornish language. The International Celtic Congress is a cultural organisation that seeks to promote the Celtic languagues of the nations of Ireland, Scotland, Wales, Brittany, Cornwall and the Isle of Man. ... The Celtic League is a political and cultural organisation in the modern Celtic nations of Ireland, Scotland, Wales, Brittany, Cornwall and the Isle of Man. ...

The English composer Peter Warlock, an enthusiast for the Celtic languages, wrote a Christmas carol in Cornish. Cornish electronic musician Richard D James has often used Cornish names for track titles, most notably on his DrukQs album. Peter Warlock was a pseudonym of Philip Arnold Heseltine (October 30, 1894 - December 17, 1930), an Anglo-Welsh composer and music critic. ... Richard D. James, aka Aphex Twin Aphex Twin (born Richard David James, August 18, 1971, Ireland) is a UK-based electronic music artist, credited with pushing forward the genres of techno, ambient, IDM, acid, drum and bass (specifically drill n bass). ... Drukqs (sometimes spelled drukqs or drukQs) is a 2001 experimental double album by Richard D. James, released under his most frequently used artistic name, Aphex Twin. ...

European recognition

Welcome sign at Truro Cathedral in several languages, including Cornish.

On November 5, 2002 in answer to a Parliamentary Question, Local Government and Regions Minister Nick Raynsford said: Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 450 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (2304 × 3072 pixel, file size: 3. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 450 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (2304 × 3072 pixel, file size: 3. ... Truro Cathedral is a cathedral in the city of Truro in Cornwall in south-west England. ... is the 309th day of the year (310th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Also see: 2002 (number). ... The Right Honourable Wyvill Richard Nicolls Nick Raynsford (born January 28, 1945) was born in Northampton and educated at Repton School and Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge, from which he graduated with a Degree in History in 1966. ...

"After careful consideration and with the help of the results of an independent academic study on the language commissioned by the government, we have decided to recognise Cornish as falling under Part II of the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. The government will be registering this decision with the Council of Europe. // The European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages (ECRML) is a European treaty (CETS 148) adopted in 1992 under the auspices of the Council of Europe to protect and promote historical regional and minority languages in Europe. ... Anthem Ode to Joy (orchestral)  ten founding members joined subsequently observer at the Parliamentary Assembly observer at the Committee of Ministers  official candidate Seat Strasbourg, France Membership 47 European states 6 observers (Council) 3 observers (Assembly) Leaders  -  Secretary General Terry Davis  -  Commissioner for Human Rights Thomas Hammarberg Establishment  -  Treaty of...

"The purpose of the Charter is to protect and promote the historical regional or minority languages of Europe. It recognises that some of these languages are in danger of extinction and that protection and encouragement of them contributes to Europe's cultural diversity and historical traditions.

"This is a positive step in acknowledging the symbolic importance the language has for Cornish identity and heritage.

"Cornish will join Welsh, Scottish Gaelic, Irish, Scots and Ulster Scots as protected and promoted languages under the Charter, which commits the government to recognise and respect those languages."

Officials will be starting discussions with Cornwall County Council and Cornish language organisations to ensure the views of Cornish speakers and people wanting to learn Cornish are taken into account in implementing the Charter. Motto: Onan hag oll (Cornish: One and all) Cornwall, England Geography Status Ceremonial and (smaller) Non-metropolitan county Region South West England Area - Total - Admin. ...

Sounds

The pronunciation of traditional Cornish is a matter of conjecture, but varieties of Revived Cornish are more or less agreed about the phonology they use.

The consonants of Revived Cornish

This is a table of the phonology of Revived Cornish as recommended for the pronunciation of Unified Cornish Revised (UCR) orthography, using symbols from the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). Articles with similar titles include the NATO phonetic alphabet, which has also informally been called the “International Phonetic Alphabet”. For information on how to read IPA transcriptions of English words, see IPA chart for English. ...

In phonetics, a bilabial consonant is a consonant articulated with both lips. ... In phonetics, labiodentals are consonants articulated with the lower lips and the upper teeth, or viceversa. ... Interdental consonants are produced by placing the blade of the tongue against the upper incisors. ... Alveolar consonants are articulated with the tongue against or close to the superior alveolar ridge, which is called that because it contains the alveoli (the sockets) of the superior teeth. ... Postalveolar (or palato-alveolar) consonants are consonants articulated with the tip of the tongue between the alveolar ridge (the place of articulation for alveolar consonants) and the palate (the place of articulation for palatal consonants). ... Palatal consonants are consonants articulated with the body of the tongue raised against the hard palate (the middle part of the roof of the mouth). ... The term labiovelar is ambiguous. ... Velars are consonants articulated with the back part of the tongue (the dorsum) against the soft palate (the back part of the roof of the mouth, known also as the velum). ... Glottal consonants are consonants articulated with the glottis. ... A stop or plosive or occlusive is a consonant sound produced by stopping the airflow in the vocal tract. ... A nasal consonant is produced when the velum—that fleshy part of the palate near the back—is lowered, allowing air to escape freely through the nose. ... Fricatives (or spirants) are consonants produced by forcing air through a narrow channel made by placing two articulators close together. ... Approximants are speech sounds that could be regarded as intermediate between vowels and typical consonants. ... Laterals are L-like consonants pronounced with an occlusion made somewhere along the axis of the tongue, while air from the lungs escapes at one side or both sides of the tongue. ...

The vowels of Revived Cornish

These are tables of the phonology of Revived Cornish as recommended for the pronunciation of Unified Cornish Revised (UCR) orthography, using symbols from the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). Articles with similar titles include the NATO phonetic alphabet, which has also informally been called the “International Phonetic Alphabet”. For information on how to read IPA transcriptions of English words, see IPA chart for English. ...

Vowels Near-close Close-mid Mid Open-mid Near-open Open Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a rounded vowel. ... A central vowel is a type of vowel sound used in some spoken languages. ... A back vowel is a type of vowel sound used in some spoken languages. ... A close vowel is a type of vowel sound used in many spoken languages. ... Vowels See also: IPA, Consonants Near‑close Close‑mid Mid Open‑mid Near‑open Open Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a rounded vowel. ... A mid vowel is a vowel sound used in some spoken languages. ... The open-mid vowels make a class of vowel sounds used in some spoken languages. ... Vowels See also: IPA, Consonants Near‑close Close‑mid Mid Open‑mid Near‑open Open Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a rounded vowel. ... An open vowel is a vowel sound of a type used in most spoken languages. ... Vowels Near-close Close-mid Mid Open-mid Near-open Open Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a rounded vowel. ... A back vowel is a type of vowel sound used in some spoken languages. ... A close vowel is a type of vowel sound used in many spoken languages. ... A close-mid vowel is a type of vowel sound used in some spoken languages. ... The open-mid vowels make a class of vowel sounds used in some spoken languages. ... Vowels See also: IPA, Consonants Near‑close Close‑mid Mid Open‑mid Near‑open Open Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a rounded vowel. ... An open vowel is a vowel sound of a type used in most spoken languages. ...

Grammar

Cornish is a member of the Celtic branch of the Indo-European family of languages, and shares many of the characteristics of the other Insular Celtic languages. These include: The Celtic languages are the languages descended from Proto-Celtic, or Common Celtic, a branch of the greater Indo-European language family. ... The Indo-European languages comprise a family of several hundred related languages and dialects [1], including most of the major languages of Europe, as well as many spoken in the Indian subcontinent (South Asia), the Iranian plateau (Southwest Asia), and Central Asia. ...

• Initial consonant mutation. The first sound of a Cornish word may change according to grammatical context. There are four types of mutation in Cornish (compared to three in Welsh and two in Irish). These are known as soft (b -> v, etc.), hard (b -> p), aspirate (b unchanged, t -> th) and mixed (b -> f).

• inflected (or conjugated) prepositions. A preposition combines with a personal pronoun to give a separate word form. For example, gans (with, by) + my (me) -> genef; gans + ef (him) -> ganso.
• A zero indefinite article. Cath means "a cat" (there is, however a definite article: an gath means "the cat").
• For other grammatical characteristics of Cornish, see the section on grammar in the Welsh language article, until this section is finished.

This article is about inflection in linguistics. ... In linguistics, conjugation is the creation of derived forms of a verb from its principal parts by inflection (regular alteration according to rules of grammar). ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with adposition. ... An article is a word that combines with a noun to indicate the type of reference being made by the noun. ... Welsh redirects here, and this article describes the Welsh language. ...

Dialects

There are, essentially, four orthographic 'dialects' of Revived Cornish, but in linguistic terms, Unified Cornish and Common Cornish reflect Middle Cornish grammar and pronunciation while Revived Late Cornish favours Late Cornish grammar and punctuation. UCR stands somewhere between but closer to the Middle Cornish end of the spectrum. The two new proposed compromise orthographies, Kernowak Standard and Kernowek Dasunys attempt to represent both dialects of Revived Cornish.

See: Revival For the Cornish-English dialect, see West Country dialects. ...

It is also possible that a variety of Cornish was spoken in Devon as late as the 14th century: Then President of the Devonshire Association, Sir Henry Duke, said in 1922 that "various writers have made (assertions) of the continuance of British occupancy and of the British tongue in South and West Devon to a time well within the reigns of the Plantagenets. Risdon, for example, says that the Celtic tongue was spoken throughout the South Hams in Edward the First's time". Part of the seafront of Torquay, south Devon, at high tide Devon is a large county in South West England, bordered by Cornwall to the west, and Dorset and Somerset to the east. ... This 14th-century statue from south India depicts the gods Shiva (on the left) and Uma (on the right). ...

Some people from Devon have begun to learn a language based on Joseph Biddulph's booklet 'A handbook of Westcountry Brythonic' which attempts to recreate the hypothetical southwestern Brythonic tongue which would have been spoken in the southwestern peninsula in around 700AD. However these self-published booklets have been heavily criticised by other scholars.

Examples

This table compares some Cornish words (written using UCR and Kernewek Kemmyn orthographies) with equivalents from its sister Brythonic languages of Welsh and Breton and its cousin languages Irish, Scottish Gaelic and Manx.

Common phrases

The spelling and pronunciation below follow the recommendations of Kernewek Kemmyn:

Articles with similar titles include the NATO phonetic alphabet, which has also informally been called the “International Phonetic Alphabet”. For information on how to read IPA transcriptions of English words, see IPA chart for English. ...

See also

Cornwall Portal

• Languages in the United Kingdom
• List of topics related to Cornwall
• UK topics
• language revival
• The Cornish Language Council (Cussel an Tavas Kernuak)
• European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages

Image File history File links Portal. ... The United Kingdom does not have a constitutionally defined official language. ... This is a list of topics related to Cornwall, UK. The Cornwall category contains a more comprehensive selection of Cornish articles. ... This is a list of topics related to the United Kingdom. ... // Language revival is the revival, by governments, political authorities, or enthusiasts, to recover the spoken use of a language that is no longer spoken or is endangered. ... The Cornish Language Council (CLC; Cornish: Cussel an Tavas Kernuak) is an organisation promoting the revival of the Cornish language. ... // The European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages (ECRML) is a European treaty (CETS 148) adopted in 1992 under the auspices of the Council of Europe to protect and promote historical regional and minority languages in Europe. ...

References

• Berresford Ellis, P. The Story of the Cornish Language, Truro: Tor Mark Press

External links

Cornish language edition of Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

• Cornish Language Partnership website
• UdnFormScrefys' site for the proposed compromise orthography, Kernowak Standard
• Bock and Bruch's site for the proposed compromise orthography, Kernowek Dasunys
• Kernewek dre Lyther - Cornish by Post - online Cornish correspondence course
• Kensa Kernewek - An Introduction to the Cornish Language
• Blas Kernewek - A Taste of Cornish - basic Cornish lessons hosted by BBC Cornwall
• An Burow Cornish Language News Website
• Cornish Language Fellowship
• The Cornish Language in education in the United Kingdom
• Cornish today by Kenneth MacKinnon - from the BBC^
• Biblical material
  • Bibel Kernewek Cornish Bible Translation Project
  • Testament Noweth—New Testament in Cornish
  • Downloadable Machine Translation of the Entire Bible into Cornish with English Parallel Text
• Dictionaries
  • English-Cornish Dictionary, in UCR orthography, 2nd edition
  • Cornish-English Dictionary: from Webster's Online Dictionary Rosetta Edition.
• International Celtic Congress
• Cornish language of Wikisource, a collection of free texts
• The Ordinalia - A Synoptic Website
• A short Cornish - English - Japanese phrasebook with pronunciation

Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1058x1058, 477 KB) aa Wikipedia logo, version 1058px square, no text Wikipedia logo by Nohat (concept by Paullusmagnus); compare Wikipedia File links The following pages link to this file: Arabic language Talk:Anarcho-capitalism Talk:Algorithm Talk:Anno Domini Talk:The... Wikipedia (IPA: , or ( ) is a multilingual, web-based, free content encyclopedia project, operated by the Wikimedia Foundation, a non-profit organization. ... The British Broadcasting Corporation, which is usually known as the BBC, is the largest broadcasting corporation in the world in terms of audience numbers, employing 26,000 staff in the United Kingdom alone and with a budget of more than GB£4 billion. ... The original Wikisource logo. ... The Celtic languages are the languages descended from Proto-Celtic, or Common Celtic, a branch of the greater Indo-European language family. ... The Continental Celtic languages are those Celtic languages that are neither Goidelic nor Brythonic. ... Gaulish is the name given to the Celtic language that was spoken in Gaul before the Vulgar Latin of the late Roman Empire became dominant in Roman Gaul. ... Lepontic is an extinct Celtic language that was once spoken in Northern Italy between 700 BCE and 400 BCE. The language is only known from a few inscriptions discovered that were written in a variety of the Northern Italic alphabet, which was related to the Old Italic alphabet. ... Galatian is an extinct Celtic language once spoken in Galatia in Asia Minor (modern Turkey) from the 3rd century BC up to the 4th century AD. Of the language only a few glosses and brief comments in classical writers and scattered names on inscriptions survive. ... Celtiberian (also Hispano-Celtic) is an extinct Celtic language spoken by the Celtiberians in northern Spain before and during the Roman Empire. ... Noric language was the ancient Celtic language spoken in the Roman province of Noricum. ... The Goidelic languages (also sometimes called, particularly in colloquial situations, the Gaelic languages or collectively Gaelic) have historically been part of a dialect continuum stretching from the south of Ireland, the Isle of Man, to the north of Scotland. ... Galwegian Gaelic is an extinct Goidelic dialect formerly spoken in South West Scotland. ... // Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) is a member of the Goidelic branch of Celtic languages. ... The Brythonic languages (or Brittonic languages) form one of the two branches of the Insular Celtic language family. ... Breton (Brezhoneg) is a Celtic language spoken by some of the inhabitants of Brittany (Breizh) in France. ... Cumbric was the Brythonic Celtic language spoken in Cumbria, and the southern Lowland Scotland . ... Primitive Irish is the oldest known form of the Irish language, known only from fragments, mostly personal names, inscribed on stone in the Ogham alphabet in Ireland and western Britain up to about the 6th century. ... The Pictish language is the extinct language of the Picts, in what is now Scotland. ... Welsh redirects here, and this article describes the Welsh language. ... A mixed language is a language that arises when speakers of different languages are in contact and show a high degree of bilingualism. ... Shelta (also known as Gammen, Sheldru, Pavee, or simply the Cant) is a language spoken by parts of the Irish Traveller people that is often used to conceal the meaning from those outside the group. ... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... It has been suggested that Moribund language be merged into this article or section. ...

v • d • e

  Cornwall  

Districts: Penwith | Kerrier | Carrick | Caradon | North Cornwall Boroughs: Restormel Unitary authorities: Isles of Scilly Image File history File links Flag_of_Cornwall. ... For other uses, see Cornwall (disambiguation). ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Cornwall. ... Penwith (Cornish: Penwyth) is a local government district in Cornwall, UK. It is the westernmost district in the UK, other than the Isles of Scilly. ... Kerrier (Cornish: Keryer) is a local government district in Cornwall, England, UK. It is the most southerly district in the United Kingdom, other than the Isles of Scilly. ... Carrick is a local government district in Cornwall, United Kingdom. ... Caradon is a local government district in Cornwall, United Kingdom. ... North Cornwall is the largest of the six local government districts of Cornwall, England, United Kingdom. ... Restormel is a local government district and borough in Cornwall, United Kingdom. ... St Martins taken from the helicopter to Penzance View from Tresco, the second largest member of the Isles of Scilly For the area of Surrey, see Scilly Isles, Surrey. ...

Main Settlements: Bodmin | Bude | Camborne | Falmouth | Hayle | Helston | Launceston | Liskeard | Newquay | Penryn | Penzance | Redruth | Saltash | St Austell | St Ives | Truro | Wadebridge Bodmin (Cornish: Bosvenegh) is a town in Cornwall, England, UK, with a population of 12,778 (2001 census). ... For the French humanist jurist, see Guillaume Budé. Bude (Cornish: ) is a small resort town in north Cornwall, England, UK, on the coast at the mouth of the River Neet. ... , Not to be confused with Cambourne in Cambridgeshire. ... Falmouth (Cornish: Aberfal) is a seaport on the River Fal on the south coast of Cornwall, England, UK. It is both a town and a civil parish. ... Hayle (Cornish: Heyl) is a town and civil parish in the Penwith district of Cornwall, England, UK. The parish was created in 1888 from part of the now defunct Phillack parish, with which it was later combined in 1935, and incorporated part of St Erth in 1937. ... Helston (Cornish: Hellys or Henlys) is a small town and civil parish in the Kerrier district of Cornwall, England, United Kingdom, at the northern end of the Lizard Peninsula. ... Disambiguation: for the Australian town, please see Launceston, Tasmania Launceston (Cornish: Lannstefan; the English name is pronounced , or , usually without the t by the Cornish, but with by everyone else) is a town and civil parish in the north of Cornwall, England, with a population of approximately 7,000. ... Liskeard, an ancient Stannary and market town at the head of the River Looe valley in southeast Cornwall, UK, is the administrative centre of the Caradon District. ... , The town should not be confused with New Quay in Wales. ... Penryn (Cornish: Pennrynn, from Pen-ryn meaning promontory) is a town in Cornwall, England, UK on the Penryn river. ... Penzance Harbour and surrounding area as seen from the air Penzance (Cornish: Pensans) is a civil parish and port town in the Penwith district of Cornwall, England, UK. Granted various Royal Charters from 1512 onwards and incorporated in 1614,[2] it has a population of 21,168[1] people and... Map sources for Redruth at grid reference SW700420 Redruth (Cornish: Rysrudh) is a town in the south-west of Cornwall, Britain. ... Location within the British Isles Saltash (Cornish: Essa) is a town in Cornwall, UK. It has a population of about 16,000. ... The tone or style of this article or section may not be appropriate for Wikipedia. ... St Ives harbour and the local rescue lifeboat. ... Truro (pronounced ; Cornish: Truru) is a city in Cornwall, England, United Kingdom. ... , Wadebridge Tourist Information Centre on Eddystone Road The Platt in Wadebridge looking at the Clock Tower The Bridal Boutique Looking over towards the Methodist church from the bridge The Old Bridge The Challenge Bridge. ...

Topics: History | Status debate | Flag | Culture | Language | Places | Famous people | The Duchy | Nationalism | People | Diocese | Politics | Hundreds/shires | full list... The history of Cornwall begins with the pre-Roman inhabitants, including speakers of a Celtic language that would develop into Brythonic and Cornish. ... The flag of Cornwall (Kernow) The constitutional status of Cornwall, in the south west of Great Britain, is the subject of ongoing debate. ... Saint Pirans Flag Saint Pirans Flag is the flag of Cornwall. ... Cornwall, in the United Kingdom, though administratively part of England, has many cultural differences from the culture of England. ... This is a list of all the towns and villages in the county of Cornwall, United Kingdom. ... Note: This list includes persons born in the County of Cornwall in the United Kingdom and also persons of long-term residence or strong connections with the county. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... The Cornish Flag The Cornish self-government movement (sometimes referred to as Cornish nationalism) is a social movement which seeks greater autonomy for the area of Cornwall. ... The Diocese of Truro forms part of the Province of Canterbury in England. ... Cornwall is a county in South West England whose politics is influenced by a number of issues that make it distinct from the general political scene in the wider UK, and the political trends of neighbouring counties. ... Hundreds of Cornwall in the early 19th century, (formerly known as Cornish Shires). ... This is a list of topics related to Cornwall, UK. The Cornwall category contains a more comprehensive selection of Cornish articles. ...

Cornwall Portal Image File history File links Portal. ...

v • d • e Celtic nations and their culture
Nations	Brittany (Breizh) · Cornwall (Kernow) · Wales (Cymru) · Ireland (Éire) · Isle of Man (Mannin) · Scotland (Alba) The Six Nations considered the heartland of the modern Celts Celtic nations are areas of Europe inhabited by members of Celtic cultures, specifically speakers of Celtic languages. ... Muiredacha Cross. ... The Six Nations considered the heartland of the modern Celts Celtic nations are areas of Europe inhabited by members of Celtic cultures, specifically speakers of Celtic languages. ... Historical province of Brittany, showing the main areas with their name in Breton language The traditional flag of Brittany (the Gwenn-ha-du), formerly a Breton nationalist symbol but today used as a general civic flag in the region. ... For other uses, see Cornwall (disambiguation). ... This article is about the country. ... This article is about the island of Ireland. ... Motto (Latin) Whithersoever you throw it, it will stand Anthem Isle of Man National Anthem Royal anthem God Save the Queen Capital (and largest city) Douglas Official languages Manx, English Government    -  Lord of Mann Elizabeth II  -  Lieutenant Governor Sir Paul Haddacks  -  First Deemster Michael Kerruish  -  President of Tynwald Noel Cringle... This article is about the country. ...
Languages	Brythonic: Breton · Cornish · Welsh Goidelic: Irish · Manx · Scottish Gaelic Image File history File links Celtic_Nations1. ... The Brythonic languages (or Brittonic languages) form one of the two branches of the Insular Celtic language family. ... Breton (Brezhoneg) is a Celtic language spoken by some of the inhabitants of Brittany (Breizh) in France. ... Welsh redirects here, and this article describes the Welsh language. ... The Goidelic languages (also sometimes called, particularly in colloquial situations, the Gaelic languages or collectively Gaelic) have historically been part of a dialect continuum stretching from the south of Ireland, the Isle of Man, to the north of Scotland. ... // Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) is a member of the Goidelic branch of Celtic languages. ...
Culture	Brittany · Cornwall · Ireland · Man · Scotland · Wales Muiredacha Cross. ... Brittany is the name used to represent the ancient state of Brittany. ... Cornwall, in the United Kingdom, though administratively part of England, has many cultural differences from the culture of England. ... See also the Isle of Man (Nicobar Islands) and the Isle of Mam. ... Addressing the haggis during Burns supper: Fair fa your honest, sonsie face, Great chieftain o the puddin-race! The culture of Scotland is the national culture of Scotland. ... This does not cite any references or sources. ...
Music	Brittany · Cornwall · Ireland · Man · Scotland · Wales   Celtic music is a term utilized by record companies, music stores and music magazines to describe a broad grouping of musical genres that evolved out of the folk musical traditions of the Celtic peoples of Western Europe. ... Brittany is a Celtic country rich in its cultural heritage. ... Cornwall has been historically Celtic, though Celtic-derived traditions had been moribund for some time before being revived during a late 20th century roots revival. ... The Isle of Man is a small island nation in the Irish Sea, between Great Britain and Ireland. ... The Tannahill Weavers Scotland is internationally known for its traditional music, which has remained vibrant throughout the 20th century, when many traditional forms worldwide lost popularity to pop music. ... Wales is a part of the United Kingdom, but is a culturally and politically separate Celtic country. ...
Sport	Cammag · Cornish hurling · Cornish wrestling · Curling · Gaelic football · Gaelic handball · Golf · Gouren · Rounders · Highland games · Hurling · Road bowls · Shinty The game of cammag is a Manx team sport. ... Pub Sign at St. ... Cornish wrestling (or wrasslin as it is sometimes called in Cornish English) is a form of wrestling similar to judo, which has been established in Cornwall (South West Britain) for several centuries. ... Curling is a team sport with similarities to bowls and bocce, played on a rectangular sheet of carefully prepared ice by two teams of four players each. ... Gaelic football (Irish: Peil or Caid ), commonly referred to as football, Gaelic or GAA (gah), is a form of football played mainly in Ireland. ... Gaelic handball (Irish: Liathróid Láimhe) (also known as handball, Irish handball, court handball or wall handball) is a sport similar to racquetball and squash it is one of the four Gaelic Games organised by the Gaelic Athletic Association. ... This article is about the sport. ... Gouren is a style of wrestling which has been established in Brittany for several centuries. ... Rounders (Irish: cluiche corr) is a sport which originated in Great Britain and Ireland. ... Opening ceremonies of 2004 Canmore Highland games Highland games are events held throughout the year in Scotland and other countries as a way of celebrating Scottish and Celtic culture and heritage, especially that of the Scottish Highlands. ... For the Cornish sport, see Cornish Hurling. ... Irish road bowling is an ancient sport. ... // A shinty game in progress Shinty (Scottish Gaelic camanachd or iomain) is a team sport played with sticks and a ball. ...