|
The Cosmic Calendar is a scale in which the lifetime of the universe is mapped onto a calendrical year; that is to say, the Big Bang took place on a cosmic January 1 at precisely midnight, and today's date and time is December 31 at midnight.[1] On this calendar, the solar system did not appear until September 9, life on Earth arose on September 30, the first dinosaurs appeared on December 25th, the first flowers on December 28th and the first primates on December 30. The first humans did not arrive until around 10:30 p.m. on New Year's Eve, and all of human history has been recorded in the last 10 seconds. The Middle Ages to the present is a little more than one second. On this timescale, an average human life is about 0.15 seconds. The scale was popularized by Carl Sagan in his book The Dragons of Eden and on the television series Cosmos, which he hosted. For other uses, see Universe (disambiguation). ...
For other uses, see Big Bang (disambiguation). ...
Human beings are defined variously in biological, spiritual, and cultural terms, or in combinations thereof. ...
The Middle Ages formed the middle period in a traditional schematic division of European history into three ages: the classical civilization of Antiquity, the Middle Ages, and modern times, beginning with the Renaissance. ...
Carl Edward Sagan (November 9, 1934 – December 20, 1996) was an American astronomer and astrochemist and a highly successful popularizer of astronomy, astrophysics, and other natural sciences. ...
The Dragons of Eden: Speculations on the Evolution of Human Intelligence is a Pulitzer prize[1] winning 1977 book by Carl Sagan. ...
The Ancient and Medieval cosmos as depicted in Peter Apians Cosmographia (Antwerp, 1539). ...
The Cosmic Year
1 BIG BANG
January, 1 - Big Bang
May, 1 - Milky Way Galaxy formed
September, 9 - Solar System formed
September, 14 - Earth formed
September, 25 - Oldest rocks known on Earth For other uses, see Big Bang (disambiguation). ...
The Milky Way (a translation of the Latin Via Lactea, in turn derived from the Greek Galaxia Kuklos; or simply the Galaxy) is a barred spiral galaxy in the Local Group, and has special significance to humanity as the location of the solar system, which is located near the Orion...
This article is about the Solar System. ...
This article is about Earth as a planet. ...
2 LIFE BIRTH
October, 2 - Life on Earth
October, 9 - Oldest fossils
November,1 - Invention of sex
November, 12 - Oldest fossil of photosynthetic plants
November, 15 - Eukaryotes flourish
December, 1 - Oxygen atmosphere begins to develop
December, 17 - Invertebrates flourish
December, 18 - First oceanic plankton
December, 19 - Fish and Vertebrates appear
December, 20 - Vascular plants appear. Plants begin colonization of land
December, 21 - Insects appear, animals begin colonization of land A fossil Ammonite Fossils are the mineralized remains of animals or plants or other traces such as footprints. ...
This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...
Kingdoms Eukaryotes are organisms with complex cells, in which the genetic material is organized into membrane-bound nuclei. ...
Invertebrate is a term coined by Chevalier de Lamarck to describe any animal without a backbone or vertebra, like insects, squids and worms. ...
This article is about the real-life under-sea organisms. ...
For other uses, see Fish (disambiguation). ...
Typical classes Petromyzontidae (lampreys) Placodermi - extinct Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fish) Acanthodii - extinct Actinopterygii (ray-finned fish) Actinistia (coelacanths) Dipnoi (lungfish) Amphibia (amphibians) Reptilia (reptiles) Aves (birds) Mammalia (mammals) Vertebrata is a subphylum of chordates, specifically, those with backbones or spinal columns. ...
Orders Subclass Apterygota Symphypleona - globular springtails Subclass Archaeognatha (jumping bristletails) Subclass Dicondylia Monura - extinct Thysanura (common bristletails) Subclass Pterygota Diaphanopteroidea - extinct Palaeodictyoptera - extinct Megasecoptera - extinct Archodonata - extinct Ephemeroptera (mayflies) Odonata (dragonflies and damselflies) Infraclass Neoptera Blattodea (cockroaches) Mantodea (mantids) Isoptera (termites) Zoraptera Grylloblattodea Dermaptera (earwigs) Plecoptera (stoneflies) Orthoptera (grasshoppers, crickets...
3 GIANTS DOMINATION
December, 22 - Amphibians and Winged insects appear
December, 23 - Trees and Reptiles appear
December, 24 - Dinosaurs appears and dominated for over 160 million years
December, 26 - First mammals
December, 27 - First birds, first Flowers For other uses, see Amphibian (disambiguation). ...
It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Tree (disambiguation). ...
Orders Crocodilia - Crocodilians scary crocodiles. ...
Orders Saurischia Sauropodomorpha Theropoda Ornithischia Dinosaurs are giant reptiles that dominated the terrestrial ecosystem for most of their 165-million year existence. ...
Orders Subclass Monotremata Monotremata Subclass Marsupialia Didelphimorphia Paucituberculata Microbiotheria Dasyuromorphia Peramelemorphia Notoryctemorphia Diprotodontia Subclass Placentalia Xenarthra Dermoptera Desmostylia Scandentia Primates Rodentia Lagomorpha Insectivora Chiroptera Pholidota Carnivora Perissodactyla Artiodactyla Cetacea Afrosoricida Macroscelidea Tubulidentata Hyracoidea Proboscidea Sirenia The mammals are the class of vertebrate animals primarily characterized by the presence of mammary...
For other meanings of bird, see bird (disambiguation). ...
Wildflowers A flower is the reproductive organ of those plants classified as angiosperms ( flowering plants; Division Magnoliophyta). ...
4 GLOBAL EXTINCTION
December, 28 - K-T mass extinction, many forms of life perished, including dinosaurs
5 PRIMATE DOMINATION
December, 29 - First primates
December, 30 - Early brain evolution of primates, first hominids
December, 31 Time 13.30.00 - Ancestors of apes and men
December, 31 Time 22.30.00 - First humans
December, 31 Time 23.00.00 - Use of stone tools
December, 31 Time 23.46.00 - Domestication of fire
December, 31 Time 23.56.00 - Most recent glacial period
December, 31 Time 23.59.00 - Rupestral painting in Europe
December, 31 Time 23.59.20 - Agriculture
December, 31 Time 23.59.35 - Neolithic civilization For the ecclesiastical use of this term, see primate (religion) Families 13, See classification A primate is any member of the biological order Primates, the group that contains all lemurs, monkeys, and apes, including humans. ...
Human beings are defined variously in biological, spiritual, and cultural terms, or in combinations thereof. ...
6 HISTORY BEGINS
December, 31 Time 23.59.50: End of prehistory and beginning of history, Dynasties in Sumer, Ebla and Egypt, Astronomy
December, 31 Time 23.59.51: Alphabet Akkadian Empire Wheel is invented The Great Deluge
December, 31 Time 23.59.52: Hammurabic legal codes in Babylon, Middle Kingdom in Egypt
December, 31 Time 23.59.53: Bronze metallurgy, Mycenaean culture, Trojan War, Olmec culture
December, 31 Time 23.59.54: Iron metallurgy, Assyrian Empire, Kingdom of Israel, Founding of Carthage For other uses, see Astronomy (disambiguation). ...
ABCs redirects here. ...
For other uses, see Wheel (disambiguation). ...
The fall of Troy, by Johann Georg Trautmann (1713–1769). ...
7 EMPERORS AND GODS
December, 31 Time 23.59.55: Birth of Buddha and Confucious, Ch'in Dynasty China, Periclean Athens, Asokan Indian empire, Indian Veda holy scriptures are completed
December, 31 Time 23.59.56: Euclidean geometry, Archimedean physics, Ptolemaic astronomy, Greek Olympic games, Roman Empire, Birth of Christ
December, 31 Time 23.59.57: Birth of Muhammad, Zero and decimals invented in Indian arithmetic, Rome falls, Moslem conquests
December, 31 Time 23.59.58: Mayan civilization, Sung Dynasty China, Byzantine empire, Mongol invasion, Crusades. For other uses, see Roman Empire (disambiguation). ...
Icon of Christ in a Greek Orthodox church This page is about the title, office or what is known in Christian theology as the Divine Person. ...
Muhammad in a new genre of Islamic calligraphy started in the 17th century by Hafiz Osman. ...
A Muslim is a believer in or follower of Islam. ...
8 VOYAGES OF DISCOVERY
December, 31 Time 23.59.59: Voyages of discovery from Europe and from Ming Dynasty China, Columbus lands in America, Renaissance in Europe This article is about the European Renaissance of the 14th-17th centuries. ...
9 THE LAST SECOND
December, 31 Time 24.00.00: Beginning of modern culture, science and technology development, French revolution, World War I, World War II, Apollo lands on the moon, Spacecraft planetary exploration, Search for extraterrestrial intelligence The French Revolution (1789–1815) was a period of political and social upheaval in the political history of France and Europe as a whole, during which the French governmental structure, previously an absolute monarchy with feudal privileges for the aristocracy and Catholic clergy, underwent radical change to forms based on...
“The Great War †redirects here. ...
Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki TÅjÅ Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000...
References | Chronology | | | Major subjects | |
Chronology Portal | | | Eras and Epochs | | | | Calendars | Pre-Julian Roman · Original Julian · Proleptic Julian · Revised Julian Gregorian · Proleptic Gregorian · Old Style and New Style For the novel by Michael Crichton, see Timeline (novel). ...
This article is about the concept of time. ...
For other uses, see Astronomy (disambiguation). ...
This article includes a list of works cited but its sources remain unclear because it lacks in-text citations. ...
Paleontology, palaeontology or palæontology (from Greek: paleo, ancient; ontos, being; and logos, knowledge) is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. ...
The 2000-year-old remains of Ancient Rome, Italy, are being excavated and mapped by these archaeologists Roman theater, Alexandria, Egypt Archaeology, archeology, or archæology (from Greek: αÏχαίος, archaios, combining form in Latin archae-, ancient; and λόγος, logos, knowledge) is the science that studies human cultures through the recovery, documentation, analysis...
This article is about the social science. ...
An era is a long period of time with different technical and colloquial meanings, and usages in language. ...
In chronology, an epoch (or epochal date, or epochal event) means an instant in time chosen as the origin of a particular era. ...
A calendar era is the year numbering system used by a calendar. ...
Ab urbe condita (related with Anno urbis conditae: AUC or a. ...
AD redirects here. ...
BCE redirects here. ...
Anno Mundi (AM, in the year of the world) refers to a Calendar era counting from the creation of the world. ...
The Byzantine calendar was the calendar officially used by the Byzantine Empire (Eastern Roman Empire)[1] from 988 by Basil II until it was conquered in 1453. ...
The Spanish era or Era of the Caesars refers to the dating system used in Hispania until the fourteenth century and the adoption of Anno Domini. ...
Before Present (BP) years are the units of time (counted backwards to the past) used to report raw radiocarbon ages and dates referenced to the BP scale origin in the year AD 1950 (identical to 1950 CE). ...
The Islamic calendar or Muslim calendar (Arabic: التقويم الهجري; at-taqwīm al-hijrī; Persian: تقویم هجري قمری ‎ taqwīm-e hejri-ye qamari; also called the Hijri calendar) is the calendar used to date events in many predominantly Muslim countries, and used by Muslims everywhere to determine the proper day on which to celebrate...
The Sothic cycle or Canicular period is a period of 1461 ancient Egyptian years (of 365 days) or 1460 Julian years (averaging 365. ...
// The astronomical time cycles mentioned in ancient Hindu astronomical and Puranic texts are remarkably similar to each other. ...
Yuga (DevnÄgari: यà¥à¤—) in Hindu philosophy refers to an epoch or era within a cycle of four ages: the Satya Yuga (or Krita Yuga), the Treta Yuga, the Dvapara Yuga and finally the Kali Yuga. ...
Regnal year: the year of the reign of a sovereign. ...
The Canon of Kings was a dated list of kings used by ancient astronomers as a convenient means to date astronomical phenomena, such as eclipses. ...
Limmu was an Assyrian eponym. ...
Coin of Philip V of Macedon (ruled 221–179 BC). ...
An era name was assigned as the name of each year by the leader (emperor or king) of the East Asian countries of China, Korea, Japan, and Vietnam during some portion of their history. ...
For other uses, see Calendar (disambiguation) A page from the Hindu calendar 1871–1872. ...
The Roman calendar changed its form several times in the time between the foundation of Rome and the fall of the Roman Empire. ...
The Julian calendar was a reform of the Roman calendar which was introduced by Julius Caesar in 46 BC and came into force in 45 BC (709 ab urbe condita). ...
The proleptic Julian calendar is produced by extending the Julian calendar to dates preceding its official introduction in 45 BC. Historians since Bede have traditionally represented the years preceding AD 1 as 1 BC, 2 BC, etc. ...
The Revised Julian calendar is a calendar that was considered for adoption by the Eastern Orthodox churches at a synod in Istanbul in May 1923. ...
For the calendar of religious holidays and periods, see liturgical year. ...
The proleptic Gregorian calendar is produced by extending the Gregorian Calendar to dates preceding its official introduction in 1582. ...
Old Style redirects here. ...
Lunisolar · Solar · Lunar · Islamic · Chinese sexagenary cycle
A lunisolar calendar is a calendar whose date indicates both the moon phase and the time of the solar year. ...
A solar calendar is a calendar whose dates indicate the position of the earth on its revolution around the sun (or equivalently the apparent position of the sun moving on the celestial sphere). ...
A lunar calendar is a calendar that is based on cycles of the moon phase. ...
The Islamic calendar or Muslim calendar (Arabic: التقويم الهجري; at-taqwīm al-hijrī; Persian: تقویم هجري قمری ‎ taqwīm-e hejri-ye qamari; also called the Hijri calendar) is the calendar used to date events in many predominantly Muslim countries, and used by Muslims everywhere to determine the proper day on which to celebrate...
The Chinese sexagenary cycle (Chinese: ; pinyin: ) is a cyclic numeral system of 60 combinations of the two basic cycles, the ten Heavenly Stems (天干; tiÄngÄn) and the twelve Earthly Branches (地支; dìzhÄ«). These have been traditionally used as a means of numbering days and years, not only in China...
Astronomical year numbering · ISO week date | | Astronomic time
and techniques | | | Geologic time scale
and techniques | | | Archaeological
techniques | Dating methodology
Absolute dating · Incremental dating · Archaeomagnetic dating · Dendrochronology · Glottochronology · Ice core · Lichenometry · Paleomagnetism · Radiocarbon dating · Radiometric dating · Tephrochronology · Thermoluminescence dating · Uranium-lead dating
Relative dating · Seriation · Stratification Astronomical year numbering is based on BCE/CE (or BC/AD) year numbering, but follows normal decimal integer numbering more strictly. ...
The ISO week date system is a leap week calendar system that is part of the ISO 8601 date and time standard. ...
Astronomical chronology, or astronomical dating, is a technical method of dating events or artifacts that are associated with astronomical phenomena. ...
An ephemeris (plural: ephemerides) (from the Greek word ephemeros = daily) is a device giving the positions of astronomical objects in the sky. ...
// Galactic time NGC 4414, a typical spiral galaxy alike our Milky Way Galactic time, not to confuse with siderial time, is the time that is described by our spin relative to the center of the galaxy. ...
The Metonic cycle or Enneadecaeteris in astronomy and calendar studies is a particular approximate common multiple of the year (specifically, the seasonal tropical year) and the synodic month. ...
Milankovitch cycles are the collective effect of changes in the Earths movements upon its climate, named after Serbian civil engineer and mathematician Milutin Milanković. The eccentricity, axial tilt, and precession of the Earths orbit vary in several patterns, resulting in 100,000 year ice age cycles of the...
Diagram of geological time scale. ...
Deep time is the theory that Earth is billions of years old and thus had a long history of development and change. ...
Geological time scale. ...
In general usage, an eon (sometimes spelled æon) is an arbitrarily designated period of time. ...
A geologic era is a subdivision of geologic time that is a separate classification that divides the Phanerozoic Eon into three parts timeframes. ...
A geologic period is a subdivision of geologic time that divides an era into smaller timeframes. ...
A division of geologic time less than a period and greater than an age. ...
In chronostratigraphy, a stage is a succession of rock strata laid down in an single age on the geologic timescale, which usually represents millions of years of deposition. ...
GSSP stands for Global Stratigraphic Section and Point. ...
Chronostratigraphy is the branch of stratigraphy that studies the age of rock strata in relation to time. ...
Geochronology is the science of determining the age of rocks, fossils, and sediments. ...
Isotope geochemistry is an aspect of Geology based upon study of the relative and absolute concentrations of the elements and their isotopes in the Earth. ...
See here for the superposition principle of physics. ...
Optical dating is a method of determining how long ago minerals were last exposed to daylight. ...
Dating material drawn from the archaeological record can made by a direct study of a artifact or may be deduced by association with materials found in the context the item is drawn from or inferred by its point of discovery in the sequence relative to datable contexts. ...
Absolute dating is the process of determining a specific archaeological date. ...
Incremental dating techniques allow the construction of year-by-year annual chronologies, which can be fixed ( linked to the present day and thus calendar or sidereal time) or floating. ...
Archaeomagnetism (adjective archaeomagnetic) is the science of how to interpret signatures of the Earths magnetic field at past times that are recorded in archaeological materials. ...
The growth rings of an unknown tree species, at Bristol Zoo, England Pinus taeda Cross section showing annual rings, Cheraw, South Carolina Pine stump showing growth rings Dendrochronology or tree-ring dating is the method of scientific dating based on the analysis of tree-ring growth patterns. ...
Glottochronology refers to methods in historical linguistics used to estimate the time at which languages diverged, based on the assumption that the basic (core) vocabulary of a language changes at a constant average rate. ...
Ice Core sample taken from drill. ...
Lichens are a symbiotic relationship between algal and fungal communities and they increase in size radially as they grow. ...
Paleomagnetism refers to the study of the record of the Earths magnetic field preserved in various magnetic minerals through time. ...
Radiocarbon dating is a radiometric dating method that uses the naturally occurring isotope carbon-14 (14C) to determine the age of carbonaceous materials up to about 60,000 years. ...
Radiometric dating (often called radioactive dating) is a technique used to date materials, based on a comparison between the observed abundance of particular naturally occurring radioactive isotopes and their known decay rates. ...
Tephrochronology is a geochronolgical technique that utilises discreet layers of tephra—volcanic ash from a single eruption— to create a chronological framework in which palaeoenvironmental or archaeological records can be placed. ...
Thermoluminescence (TL) dating is the determination by means of measuring the accumulated radiation dose of the time elapsed since material containing crystalline minerals was either heated (lava, ceramics) or exposed to sunlight (sediments). ...
Radiometric dating is a technique used to date materials based on a knowledge of the decay rates of naturally occurring isotopes, and the current abundances. ...
Before the advent of absolute dating in the 20th century, archaeologists and geologists were largely limited to the use of Relative Dating techniques. ...
In archaeology, seriation is a method in relative dating in which artifacts of numerous sites, in the same culture, are placed in chronological order. ...
In archaeology, especially in the course of excavation, stratification is of major interest and significance. ...
| | | Genetic techniques | | | | Related topics | | | form of humankind Amino acid dating is a technique used to estimate age in a wide variety of situations. ...
The molecular clock (based on the molecular clock hypothesis (MCH)) is a technique in genetics, which researchers use to date when two species diverged. ...
Generally a chronicle (Latin chronica, from Greek ΧÏόνος) is historical account of facts and events in chronological order. ...
Cover of History: Fiction or Science? Chronology volumes 1,2,3 The New Chronology of Anatoly Timofeevich Fomenko is an attempt to rewrite world chronology, based on his conclusion that world chronology as we know it today is fundamentally flawed. ...
Periodization is the attempt to categorize or divide time into discrete named blocks. ...
A Synchronoptic view is a graphic display of a number of entities as they proceed through time. ...
For other uses, see Timeline (disambiguation). ...
For the political notion, see Year Zero (political notion). ...
Look up Circa on Wiktionary, the free dictionary The Latin word circa, literally meaning about, is often used to describe various dates (often birth and death dates) that are uncertain. ...
Floruit (or fl. ...
|
Feeds |
Contact