The Cosmos 482 probe, launched March 31, 1972 at 04:02:33 UTC, was an attempted Venus probe which failed to escape low Earth orbit. It was launched by an SL-6/A-2-e launcher 4 days after the Venera 8 atmospheric probe and may have been similar in design and mission plan. After achieving an Earth parking orbit, the spacecraft made an apparent attempt to launch into a Venus transfer trajectory. It separated into four pieces, two of which remained in low Earth orbit and decayed within 48 hours into south New Zealand (known as the Ashburton balls incident), and two pieces (presumably the payload and detached engine unit) went into a higher 210 x 9800 km orbit. It is thought that a malfunction resulted in an engine burn which did not achieve sufficient velocity for the Venus transfer and left the payload in this elliptical Earth orbit. March 31 is the 90th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (91st in Leap years), with 275 days remaining, as the final day of March. ... 1972 (MCMLXXII) was a leap year that started on a Saturday. ... Adjective Venusian or (rarely) Cytherean (*min temperature refers to cloud tops only) Atmospheric characteristics Atmospheric pressure 9. ... Venera 8 Venera 8 landing capsule Venera 8 (Russian: Венера-8) was a probe in the Soviet Venera program for the exploration of Venus. ... Adjective Venusian or (rarely) Cytherean (*min temperature refers to cloud tops only) Atmospheric characteristics Atmospheric pressure 9. ...
Beginning in 1962, the name Cosmos was given to Soviet spacecraft which remained in Earth orbit, regardless of whether that was their intended final destination. The designation of this mission as an intended planetary probe is based on evidence from Soviet and non-Soviet sources and historical documents. Typically Soviet planetary missions were initially put into an Earth parking orbit as a launch platform with a rocket engine and attached probe. The probes were then launched toward their targets with an engine burn with a duration of roughly 4 minutes. If the engine misfired or the burn was not completed, the probes would be left in Earth orbit and given a Cosmos designation.
The cosmos is that part of created reality that is subjected to cosmic time and to the law.
The cosmos is that part of creation that finds its root in this supratemporal selfhood, fallen, but redeemed in Christ the new root of creation.
The cosmos, as the temporal world, is sometimes referred to as the 'earthly,' in distinction from the supratemporal 'heavenly.' It is fallen, and Dooyeweerd says "the fallen earthly cosmos is only a sad shadow of God's original creation (NC II, 34).
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