? Cotton
Cotton bolls in the field
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae Division: Magnoliophyta Class: Magnoliopsida Order: Malvales Family: Malvaceae Genus: Gossypium L.
Species
See text Cotton in the field From http://www. ... Scientific classification or biological classification is how biologists group and categorize extinct and living species of organisms. ... Divisions Land plants (embryophytes) Non-vascular plants (bryophytes) Hepatophyta - liverworts Anthocerophyta - hornworts Bryophyta - mosses Vascular plants (tracheophytes) Lycopodiophyta - clubmosses Equisetophyta - horsetails Pteridophyta - true ferns Psilotophyta - whisk ferns Ophioglossophyta - adderstongues Seed plants (spermatophytes) †Pteridospermatophyta - seed ferns Pinophyta - conifers Cycadophyta - cycads Ginkgophyta - ginkgo Gnetophyta - gnetae Magnoliophyta - flowering plants Adiantum pedatum (a fern... Classes Magnoliopsida - Dicots Liliopsida - Monocots The flowering plants (also angiosperms or Magnoliophyta) are one of the major groups of modern plants, comprising those that produce seeds in specialized reproductive organs called flowers, where the ovulary or carpel is enclosed. ... Orders see text Dicotyledons or dicots are flowering plants whose seed contains two embryonic leaves or cotyledons. ... Families Malvaceae (mallows,...) Dipterocarpaceae Sarcolaenaceae Cistaceae Muntingiaceae Bixaceae Diegodendraceae Cochlospermaceae Sphaerosepalaceae Thymelaeaceae Neuradaceae The Malvales are an order of flowering plants, mostly comprised of shrubs and trees. ... Genera Abelmoschus - Okra Abutilon - Abutilon Adansonia – Baobab Alcea - Hollyhock Althaea - Marsh mallow Bombax – Silk-cotton tree Brachychiton – Bottletree Callirhoe - Poppy mallow Ceiba – Kapok Chiranthodendron – Mexican Hand Tree Cola - Kola nut Corchorus - Jute Durio – Durian Fremontodendron – Flannelbush Gaya – Gaya Gossypium - Cotton plant Hibiscus - Hibiscus Hoheria – Lacebark Kosteletzkya - Saltmarsh mallow Lavatera - Tree... A painting of Carolus Linnaeus Carl Linnaeus, also known after his ennoblement as Carl von Linné (   listen?), and who wrote under the Latinized name Carolus Linnaeus (May 23, 1707 – January 10, 1778), was a Swedish botanist who laid the foundations for the modern scheme of taxonomy. ...

The cotton plant (Gossypium) is a genus of about 40 species of shrubs in the family Malvaceae, native to the tropical and subtropical regions of both the Old World and the New World. In biology, a genus (plural genera) is a grouping in the classification of living organisms having one or more related and morphologically similar species. ... A willow shrub A shrub or bush is a horticultural rather than strictly botanical category of woody plant, distinguished from a tree by its multiple stems and lower height, usually less than 6 m tall. ... Genera Abelmoschus - Okra Abutilon - Abutilon Adansonia – Baobab Alcea - Hollyhock Althaea - Marsh mallow Bombax – Silk-cotton tree Brachychiton – Bottletree Callirhoe - Poppy mallow Ceiba – Kapok Chiranthodendron – Mexican Hand Tree Cola - Kola nut Corchorus - Jute Durio – Durian Fremontodendron – Flannelbush Gaya – Gaya Gossypium - Cotton plant Hibiscus - Hibiscus Hoheria – Lacebark Kosteletzkya - Saltmarsh mallow Lavatera - Tree... The Old World consists of those parts of Earth known to Europeans before the voyages of Christopher Columbus: Europe, Asia, and Africa (collectively known as Africa-Eurasia) and the surrounding islands. ... Carte dAmérique, Guillaume Delisle, c. ...

In the wild cotton shrubs can grow up to 3 m (10 ft) high. The leaves are broad and have three to five (or even seven) lobes. The seeds are contained in a capsule called a boll, each seed surrounded by a downy fibre called lint. Commercial species of cotton plant are G. hirsutum (US and Australia), G. arboreum and G. herbaceum (Asia), and G. barbadense (Egypt). While the lint naturally occurs in colors of white, brown, and green, fears of contaminating the genetics of white cotton has led many cotton-growing locations to ban growing of colored cotton varieties. Fruit stall in Barcelona, Spain. ... Wikiquote has a collection of quotations by or about: United States Wikinews has news related to this article: United States United States government CIA World Factbook Entry for United States House. ...

Species

Commercial species

Commercial cotton fibers, used to manufacture cloth, are derived from the fruit of the cotton plant. The following species are grown commercially: Cotton is a soft fibre that grows around the seeds of the cotton plant, a shrub native to the tropical and subtropical regions of both the Old World and the New World. ... A variety of fabric. ...

• Gossypium arboreum L. – Tree cotton, native to southern Asia.
• Gossypium barbadense L. – Creole cotton or Sea island cotton, native to tropical South America.
• Gossypium herbaceum L. – Levant cotton, native to southern Africa
• Gossypium hirsutum L. – Upland cotton, native to Central America, the Caribbean and southern Florida.

Other species of Gossypium

• Gossypium sturtianum Willis – Sturt's cotton, native to Australia.
• Gossypium thurberi Tod. – Arizona wild cotton, native to Arizona, New Mexico and northern Mexico.
• Gossypium tomentosum Nutt. ex Seem – Ma‘o or Hawaiian cotton, is a species endemic to the Hawaiian Islands. The seed hairs (lint) are short and reddish brown, unsuitable for spinning or twisting into thread.

A painting of Carolus Linnaeus Carl Linnaeus, also known after his ennoblement as Carl von Linné (   listen?), and who wrote under the Latinized name Carolus Linnaeus (May 23, 1707 – January 10, 1778), was a Swedish botanist who laid the foundations for the modern scheme of taxonomy. ... World map showing location of Asia Asia is the central and eastern part of Eurasia, defined by subtracting Europe from Eurasia. ... South America South America is a continent crossed by the equator, with most of its area in the Southern Hemisphere. ... Africa is the worlds second-largest continent and second most populous. ... Central America is the region of North America located between the southern border of Mexico and the northwest border of Colombia, in South America. ... ... State nickname: Sunshine State Other U.S. States Capital Tallahassee Largest city Jacksonville Governor Jeb Bush (R) Official languages English Area 170,451 km² (22nd)  - Land 137,374 km²  - Water 30,486 km² (17. ... State nickname: The Grand Canyon State, The Copper State Other U.S. States Capital Phoenix Largest city Phoenix Governor Janet Napolitano (D) Official languages English Only State Area 295,254 km² (6th)  - Land 294,312 km²  - Water 942 km² (0. ... State nickname: Land of Enchantment Other U.S. States Capital Santa Fe Largest city Albuquerque Governor Bill Richardson Official languages English and Spanish Area 315,194 km² (5th)  - Land 314,590 km²  - Water 607 km² (0. ... Thomas Nuttall (January 5, 1786 - September 10, 1859) was an English botanist and zoologist, who lived and worked in America from 1808 until 1842. ... Map of the Hawaiian Islands, a chain of islands that stretches 2,400 km in a northwesterly direction from the southern tip of the Island of Hawai‘i. ...

Cotton pests and diseases

Pests

Cotton field in Sukhum Botanical Garden, photo ca 1912.

• Boll Weevil, Anthonomus grandis
• Cotton Aphid, Aphis gossypii
• Cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera, and native budworm Helicoverpa punctigera are caterpillars that attack cotton
• Green mirid (Creontiades dilutus), a sucking insect
• Spider mites, Tetranychus urticae, T. ludeni and T. lambi
• Thrips, Thrips tabaci and Frankliniella schultzei

Image File history File links Download high resolution version (704x625, 153 KB) Early color photograph from Russia, created by Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorskii as part of his work to document the Russian Empire from 1909 to 1915. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (704x625, 153 KB) Early color photograph from Russia, created by Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorskii as part of his work to document the Russian Empire from 1909 to 1915. ... Sukhumi (სოხუმი in Georgian, Аҟəа in Abkhaz language) is the capital of Abkhazia, a de facto independent state that is internationally recognised, however, as being part of Georgia. ... 1912 is a leap year starting on Monday. ... Alternate meaning: Boll weevil (politics) Binomial name Anthonomus grandis Boheman, 1843 The boll weevil (Anthonomus grandis) is a beetle measuring an average length of six millimeters (¼ inch). ... Binomial name Helicoverpa zea Boddie, 1850 The larva of the moth Helicoverpa zea is a major agricultural pest for cotton, where it is known as the cotton bollworm, corn, where it is known as the corn earworm, tomatoes, where it is the tomato fruitworm, and many other crops. ... Binomial name Tetranychus urticae C.L. Koch, 1836 The Red Spider Mite is a predatory mite found in dry environments, generally considered a pest. ... Families Suborder Terebrantia    Merothripidae    Uzelothripidae    Aeolothripidae    Adeheterothripidae    Heterothripidae    Thripidae    Fauriellidae Suborder Tubulifera    Phlaeothripidae Thrips (Thysanoptera) are tiny, slender insects with fringed wings (thus the scientific name, from the Greek thysanos (fringe) + pteron (wing)). Other common names include Thunderflies or Thunder bugs. ...

Diseases

• Alternaria leaf spot, caused by Alternaria macrospora and Alternaria alternata
• Anthracnose boll rot, caused by Colletotrichum gossypii
• Black root rot, caused by the fungus Thielaviopsis basicola
• Blight cuased by Xanthomonas campestris pv. malvacearum
• Fusarium boll rot caused by Fusarium spp.
• Phytophthora boll rot, caused by Phytophthora nicotianae var parasitica
• Sclerotinia boll rot, caused by fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum

Genetically modified cotton

GM cotton was developed to reduce the heavy reliance on pesticides. GM cotton is widely used throughout the world with claims of requiring up to 80% less pesticide than ordinary cotton. The International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-Biotech Applications (ISAAA) said that worldwide GM cotton was planted on an area of 67,000 km² in 2002. This is 20% of the worldwide total area planted in cotton. The US cotton crop was 73% GM in 2003. An airplane spreading pesticide. ...

The initial introduction of GM cotton proved to be a commercial disaster in Australia - the yields were far lower than predicted, and the cotton plants cross-pollinated with other varieties of cotton. However the introduction of a second variety of GM cotton led to 15% of Australian cotton being GM in 2003 with 80% of the crop being GM in 2004 when the original variety was banned.

Organic cotton

Organic cotton is cotton grown without pesticides or chemical additives to fertilizer, relying instead on methods with less ecological impact. Organic cotton is used to manufacture everything from handkerchiefs to kimono robes. Different levels of certification exist, but at a minimum, a crop must be grown in soil that has been chemical-free for at least three years.

External links

• HortiPlex info for Gossypium

Gossypium hirsutum flower with bumblebee pollinator, Hemingway, South Carolina Bumblebee on Cotton Blossom. ... Hemingway is a town located in Williamsburg County, South Carolina. ...

Gossypium tomentosum boll Download high resolution version (700x632, 99 KB)Close up of cotton boll of Gossypium tomentosum, ma‘o or Hawaiian native cotton; photographed by Eric Guinther at Na Pohaku o Hauwahine, O‘ahu. ...

Integrated Pest Management bollworm trap at a cotton field in Manning, South Carolina IPM trap in cotton field Image taken by me, released under GFDL Pollinator 06:07, 15 Feb 2004 (UTC) File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ...

Natural biocontrol: Predatory Polistes wasp looking for bollworms or other caterpillars on cotton plant in Hemingway, South Carolina Natural biocontrol in cotton: polistes wasp Image taken by me, released under GFDL Pollinator 06:14, 15 Feb 2004 (UTC) File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ...