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Coumarin is a chemical compound/poison found in many plants, notably in high concentration in the tonka bean, woodruff, and bison grass. It has a sweet scent, readily recognised as the scent of newly-mown hay. It has clinical value as the precursor for several anticoagulants, notably warfarin. It is also used as a gain medium in some dye lasers. IUPAC nomenclature is a system of naming chemical compounds and of describing the science of chemistry in general. ...
This article does not cite its references or sources. ...
The molecular mass (abbreviated MM) of a substance, formerly also called molecular weight and abbreviated as MW, is the mass of one molecule of that substance, relative to the unified atomic mass unit u (equal to 1/12 the mass of one atom of carbon-12). ...
The melting point of a crystalline solid is the temperature at which it changes state from solid to liquid. ...
The boiling point of a substance is the temperature at which it can change its state from a liquid to a gas throughout the bulk of the liquid at a given pressure. ...
In physics, density is mass m per unit volume V. For the common case of a homogeneous substance, it is expressed as: where, in SI units: Ï (rho) is the density of the substance, measured in kg·m-3 m is the mass of the substance, measured in kg V is...
CAS registry numbers are unique numerical identifiers for chemical compounds, polymers, biological sequences, mixtures and alloys. ...
The simplified molecular input line entry specification or SMILES is a specification for unambiguously describing the structure of chemical molecules using short ASCII strings. ...
A chemical compound is a chemical substance consisting of two or more different chemically bonded chemical elements, with a fixed ratio determining the composition. ...
Divisions Green algae Chlorophyta Charophyta Land plants (embryophytes) Non-vascular plants (bryophytes) Marchantiophyta—liverworts Anthocerotophyta—hornworts Bryophyta—mosses Vascular plants (tracheophytes) †Rhyniophyta—rhyniophytes †Zosterophyllophyta—zosterophylls Lycopodiophyta—clubmosses †Trimerophytophyta—trimerophytes Pteridophyta—ferns and horsetails Seed plants (spermatophytes) †Pteridospermatophyta—seed ferns Pinophyta—conifers Cycadophyta—cycads Ginkgophyta—ginkgo Gnetophyta—gnetae Magnoliophyta—flowering plants...
The tonka bean is the seed of Dipteryx odorata, a legume tree in the neotropics, of the Fabaceae family. ...
Binomial name Galium odoratum (L.) Scop. ...
Bison grass (Hierochloe odorata) is an aromatic herb which grows in northern Eurasia and North America. ...
Stacked hay in Romania A bale of grass hay weighing approximately 70 pounds, able to be managed by one person without need for mechanized equipment Close view of grass hay. ...
An anticoagulant is a substance that prevents coagulation; that is, it stops blood from clotting. ...
Warfarin (also known under the brand names of Coumadin, Jantoven, Marevan, and Waran) is an anticoagulant medication that is administered orally or, very rarely, by injection. ...
A laser system generally consists of three important parts: An energy source (usually referred to as the pump or pump source); A gain medium or laser medium; A mirror, or system of mirrors, forming an optical resonator. ...
A dye laser used at the Starfire Optical Range for LIDAR and laser guide star experiments is tuned to the sodium D line and used to excite sodium atoms in the upper atmosphere. ...
Synthesis The biosynthesis of coumarin in plants is via hydroxylation, glycolysis and cyclisation of cinnamic acid. Coumarin can be prepared in a laboratory in a Perkin reaction between salicylaldehyde and acetic anhydride. Biosynthesis is a phenomenon where chemical compounds are produced from simpler reagents. ...
Hydroxylation is any chemical process that introduces one or more hydroxyl groups (-OH) into a compound (or radical) thereby oxidising it. ...
Glycolysis is a metabolic pathway by which a 6-carbon glucose (Glc) molecule is oxidized to two molecules of pyruvic acid (Pyr). ...
Cinnamic acid Cinnamic acid has the formula C6H5CHCHCOOH and is an odorless white crystalline acid, which is slightly soluble in water. ...
The Perkin reaction is a chemical reaction developed by William Perkin that can be used to make cinnamic acids by the aldol condensation of aromatic aldehydes and acid anhydrides in the presence of an alkali salt of the acid. ...
Salicylylaldehyde is a colourless to yellow oily liquid with a bitter almond color. ...
Acetic anhydride, also known as ethanoic anhydride, is one of the simplest of acid anhydrides. ...
 Image File history File links coumarin synthesis File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ...
The Pechmann condensation provides another synthesis of coumarin and its derivatives. The Pechmann condensation is a synthesis of coumarins, starting from a phenol and a carboxylic acid or ester containing a β-carbonyl group. ...
Derivatives Some naturally occurring coumarin derivatives include umbelliferone (7-hydroxycoumarin), aesculetin (6,7-dihydroxycoumarin), herniarin (7-methoxycoumarin), psoralen and imperatorin. Coumarin and its derivatives are all considered phenylpropanoids. Umbelliferone or 7-hydroxycoumarin is a widespread natural product of the coumarin family. ...
Psoralen (also called psoralene) is the parent compound in a family of natural products known as furocoumarins. ...
Imperatorin is a furocoumarin and a phytochemical and can be isolated from Urena lobata L. (Malvaceae). ...
Phenylpropanoids are a class of plant-derived organic compounds that are biosynthesized from the amino acid phenylalanine. ...
Coumarin toxicity Coumarin is often found in tobacco products and artificial vanilla substitutes, though it has been banned as a food additive in numerous countries since the mid-20th century because it is moderately toxic to the liver and kidneys, with an LD50 of 275 mg/kg - low compared to related compounds. Although only somewhat dangerous to humans, coumarin is a potent rodenticide: rats and other rodents largely metabolize it to 3,4-coumarin epoxide, a toxic compound that can cause internal hemorrhage and death. Humans largely metabolize it to 7-hydroxycoumarin, a compound of lower toxicity. This article is about the product manufactured from Tobacco plants (Nicotiana spp. ...
Vanilla is a flavoring derived from orchids in the genus Vanilla. ...
(19th century - 20th century - 21st century - more centuries) Decades: 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s As a means of recording the passage of time, the 20th century was that century which lasted from 1901–2000 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar (1900–1999...
An LD50 test being administered In toxicology, the LD50 or colloquially semilethal dose of a particular substance is a measure of how much constitutes a lethal dose. ...
Rat poisons are a category of pest control chemicals intended to kill rats. ...
Hemorrhage (alternate spelling is Haemorrhage) is the medical term meaning bleeding. ...
Coumarin was banned as a food additive in the United States in 1978. OSHA considers this compound to be only a lung-specific carcinogen, and "not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans" [1]. Coumarin was banned as an adulterant in cigarettes by tobacco companies in 1997, but due to the lack of reporting requirements to the US Department of Health and Human Services it was still being used as a flavoring additive in pipe tobacco.[citation needed] Coumarin is currently listed by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) among "Substances Generally Prohibited From Direct Addition or Use as Human Food", according to 21 CFR 189.130 [2][3], but some natural additives containing coumarin (such as sweet woodruff) are allowed "in alcoholic beverages only" (21 CFR 172.510 [4]). In Europe, such beverages are very popular, for example Maiwein (white wine with woodruff) and Żubrówka (vodka flavored with bison grass). If you are searching for the organization, click OSHA. Osha (Ligusticum porteri) is a perennial herb used for its medicinal properties. ...
The United States Department of Health and Human Services, often abbreviated HHS, is a Cabinet department of the United States government with the goal of protecting the health of all Americans and providing essential human services. ...
FDA logo The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is an agency of the United States Department of Health and Human Services and is responsible for regulating food, dietary supplements, drugs, biological medical products, blood products, medical devices, radiation-emitting devices, veterinary products, and cosmetics in the United States. ...
The Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) is the codification of the general and permanent rules and regulations (sometimes called administrative law) published in the Federal Register by the executive departments and agencies of the Federal Government of the United States. ...
The Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) is the codification of the general and permanent rules and regulations (sometimes called administrative law) published in the Federal Register by the executive departments and agencies of the Federal Government of the United States. ...
Maiwein (also known as May Wine) is the name of a German wine traditionally drunk on the May Day holiday. ...
Å»ubrówka (ZubroÅka / Зуброўка, also known in English as Bison Grass Vodka) is a brand of dry herb-flavoured vodka distilled from potatoes, 80 proof. ...
European health agencies have warned against consuming high amounts of cassia bark, one of the four species of cinnamon, because of its coumarin content. [1] Binomial name Cinnamomum aromaticum Nees Cassia (Cinnamomum aromaticum, synonym ), also called Chinese cinnamon, is an evergreen tree native to southern China and mainland Southeast Asia west to Myanmar. ...
Binomial name Cinnamomum verum J.Presl Cassia (Indonesian cinnamon) is also commonly called (and sometimes sold as) cinnamon. ...
Coumarin should be avoided by people with perfume allergy[2].
Compounds Compounds within the coumarin family include: With the exception of warfarin, the remaining compounds are used as rodenticides. Warfarin (also known under the brand names of Coumadin, Jantoven, Marevan, and Waran) is an anticoagulant medication that is administered orally or, very rarely, by injection. ...
Brodifacoum is a highly lethal anticoagulant poison. ...
Rat poisons are a category of pest control chemicals intended to kill rats. ...
External links
References - ^ http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=6672644
- ^ Survey and health assessment of chemical substances in massage oils
- ^ International Programme on Chemical Safety. ) Brodifacoum (pesticide data sheet). Retrieved on 2006-12-14.
- ^ Laposata M, Van Cott EM, Lev MH. (2007). "Case 1-2007—A 40-Year-Old Woman with Epistaxis, Hematemesis, and Altered Mental Status" 356 (2): 174–82.
- ^ International Programme on Chemical Safety. Bromadiolone (pesticide data sheet). Retrieved on 2006-12-14.
- ^ Alan Wood Compendium. Coumafuryl data sheet. Retrieved on 2006-12-14.
- ^ International Programme on Chemical Safety. Difenacoum (health and safety guide). Retrieved on 2006-12-14.
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