NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Council president

President is a title held by many leaders of organizations, companies, trade unions, universities, and countries. Etymologically, a "president" is one who presides, who sits in leadership (from Latin prae- "before" + sedere "to sit"; giving the term Praeses). Originally, the term referred to the presiding officer of a ceremony or meeting (i.e. chairman); but today it most commonly refers to an official with executive powers. The executive is the branch of a government charged with implementing, or executing, the law and running the day-to-day affairs of the government or state. ... Queen Elizabeth II, is the Head of State of 16 countries including: the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, Jamaica, New Zealand and the Bahamas, as well as crown colonies and overseas territories of the United Kingdom. ... Look up monarch in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... The Head of Government is the chief officer of the executive branch of a government, often presiding over a cabinet. ... For other articles with similar names, see Chancellor (disambiguation). ... A premier is an executive official of government. ... A prime minister is the most senior minister of a cabinet in the executive branch of government in a parliamentary system. ... The Taoiseach ( or [1]) â€” plural: Taoisigh ( or [1]) â€” or, more formally, An Taoiseach[2], is the head of government of the Republic of Ireland and the leader of the Irish cabinet, the rough equivalent of a prime minister under the Westminster System. ... A cabinet is a body of high-ranking members of government, typically representing the executive branch. ... A ministry is a department of a government, led by a minister. ... A minister or a secretary is a politician who holds significant public office in a national or regional government. ... A presidential system, also called a congressional system, is a system of government where the executive branch exists and presides (hence the term) separate from the legislature, to which it is not accountable, and which cannot in normal circumstances dismiss it. ... States with semi-presidential systems are shown in yellow The semi-presidential system is a system of government that features both a prime minister and a president who are active participants in the day to day functioning of government. ... A parliamentary system, also known as parliamentarianism (and parliamentarism in U.S. English), is distinguished by the executive branch of government being dependent on the direct or indirect support of the parliament, often expressed through a vote of confidence. ... Cohabitation in government occurs in semi-presidential systems, such as Frances system, when the President and the Prime Minister come from different political parties. ... The Westminster system is a democratic system of government modelled after that of the United Kingdom system, as used in the Palace of Westminster, the location of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. ... This is a list of state leaders, showing heads of state and heads of government where different, mainly in parliamentary systems; it should be noted that often a leader is both in presidential systems or dictatorships. ... This is a list of the offices of heads of state and heads of government, and cabinets, by country. ... Are you kidding?, this is solid truth here, nothing escapes the eyes of Gov!!!, not even. ... A mayor (from the Latin mÄior, meaning larger,greater) is in modern times the title of the highest ranking municipal officer, who discharges certain judicial and administrative functions, in many systems an elected politician, who serves as chief executive and/or ceremonial official of many types of municipalities. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (2850x3742, 1215 KB) Description Abraham Lincoln, 16th President of the United States of America. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (2850x3742, 1215 KB) Description Abraham Lincoln, 16th President of the United States of America. ... Abraham Lincoln (February 12, 1809 â€“ April 15, 1865), sometimes called Abe Lincoln and nicknamed Honest Abe, the Rail Splitter, and the Great Emancipator, was an American politician who served as the 16th President of the United States (1861 to 1865), and the first president from the Republican Party. ... The presidential seal was used by President Hayes in 1880 and last modified in 1959 by adding the 50th star for Hawaii. ... The word president is derived from the Latin prae- before + sedere to sit. ... A title is a prefix or suffix added to a persons name to signify either veneration, an official position or a professional or academic qualification. ... An organization or organisation (read more about -ize vs -ise) is a formal group of people with one or more shared goals. ... Look up company in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... The examples and perspective in this article or section may not represent a worldwide view. ... Representation of a university class, 1350s. ... Look up country in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Etymology is the study of the origins of words. ... Latin is an ancient Indo-European language originally spoken in Latium, the region immediately surrounding Rome. ... Praeses is a Latin word meaning Being at the head of. Used for: 1 The title of some provincial governors in the Roman Empire. ... A chairman is the presiding officer of a meeting, organization, committee, or other deliberative body. ...

Among other things, President today is a common title for the Head of state of most republics, whether popularly elected, chosen by the legislature or a special electoral college. It is also often adopted by dictators. Queen Elizabeth II, is the Head of State of 16 countries including: the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, Jamaica, New Zealand and the Bahamas, as well as crown colonies and overseas territories of the United Kingdom. ... In a broad definition, a republic is a state or country that is led by people whose political power is based on principles that are not beyond the control of the people of that state or country. ... An election is a decision making process where people choose people to hold official offices. ... A legislature is a type of representative deliberative assembly with the power to adopt laws. ... An electoral college is a set of electors who are empowered as a deliberative body to elect someone to a particular office. ... ]] originally limited to a term -commonly of six months or the duration of a military conflict- and lacked power over the public finances. ...

Modern history of the designation

Originally the term was used to refer to the presiding officer of a committee or governing body in Great Britain. Later this usage was applied to political leaders. Early examples are from the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge (from 1464); the founding President of the Royal Society William Brouncker in 1660; heads of individual British colonies (originally Virginia in 1608); and chief officers of banks (from 1781). Oxford is a city and local government district in Oxfordshire, England, with a population of 134,248 (2001 census). ... Shown within Cambridgeshire Geography Status City (1951) Region East of England Admin. ... The President of the Royal Society (PRS) is the elected head of the Royal Society of London. ... Lord William Brouncker (born 1620 in Castlelyons, County Cork, Ireland and died on 5 April 1684 in Westminster, London, UK) was an English mathematician. ...

It was adopted as a title for the "officer in charge of the Continental Congress" in 1774, George Washington, becoming the first President of a country, the President of the United States of America. The Continental Congress is the label given to three successive bodies of representatives: The First Continental Congress met from September 5, 1774 to October 26, 1774. ... George Washington (February 22, 1732â€“December 14, 1799) led Americas Continental Army to victory over Britain in the American Revolutionary War (1775â€“1783), and was later elected the first President of the United States. ... The presidential seal was used by President Hayes in 1880 and last modified in 1959 by adding the 50th star for Hawaii. ...

As other countries followed the American revolution, and deposed their monarchies, it was adopted as the title for the new republican Heads of State. The first European president was the President of France, a post created in the Second Republic of 1848. (The First Republic had begun with no separate executive, then established five Directors, and finally echoed the ancient Roman Republic by appointing three consuls at its head.) The American Revolution was a political movement that in 1776 created a new nation, the United States of America, ending British control. ... The President of France, known officially as the President of the Republic (Président de la République in French), is Frances elected Head of State. ... The French Second Republic (often simply Second Republic) was the republican regime of France from February 25, 1848 to December 2, 1852. ... 1848 is a leap year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The French people proclaimed Frances First Republic on 21 September 1792 as a result of the French Revolution and of the abolition of the French monarchy. ... Executive Directory (in French Directoire exÃ©cutif), commonly known as the Directory (or Directoire) held executive power in France from November 2, 1795 until November 10, 1799: from the end of the Convention to the beginning of the Consulate. ... This article is becoming very long. ... Consul (abbrev. ...

The first president of an internationally recognized African state was the President of Liberia in 1848. The following is a list of Presidents of Liberia: Joseph Jenkins Roberts 1847-1856 Stephen Allen Benson 1856-1864 Daniel Bashiel Warner 1864-1868 James Spriggs Payne 1868-1870 Edward J. Roye 1870-1871 Joseph Jenkins Roberts 1871-1876 James Spriggs Payne 1876-1878 Anthony W. Gardiner 1878-1883 Alfred... 1848 is a leap year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Today, most republics have a President as Head of State. In a broad definition, a republic is a state or country that is led by people whose political power is based on principles that are not beyond the control of the people of that state or country. ...

Presidents in democratic countries and international organizations

Presidential systems

In states with a presidential system of government, the President exercises the functions of Head of State and Head of Government, i.e. he directs the Executive arm of Government. Presidents in this system are either directly elected by popular vote or indirectly elected by an electoral college. A presidential system, also called a congressional system, is a system of government where the executive branch exists and presides (hence the term) separate from the legislature, to which it is not accountable, and which cannot in normal circumstances dismiss it. ... Queen Elizabeth II, is the Head of State of 16 countries including: the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, Jamaica, New Zealand and the Bahamas, as well as crown colonies and overseas territories of the United Kingdom. ... The Head of Government is the chief officer of the executive branch of a government, often presiding over a cabinet. ...

In the USA, the President is indirectly elected by the U.S. Electoral College made up of electors chosen by voters in the presidential election. In most U.S. states, each elector is committed to voting for a specified candidate determined by the popular vote in each state, so that the people, in voting for each elector, is in effect voting for the candidate. However, in several close U.S. elections (notably 1876, 1888, 2000), the candidate with the most popular votes still lost the electoral count. The United States Electoral College is the electoral college that chooses the President and Vice President of the United States at the conclusion of each Presidential election. ... Presidential electoral votes by state. ... Presidential electoral votes by state. ... Presidential electoral votes by state. ...

Many South American, Central American, and African nations also follow the Presidential model.

Parliamentary systems

Other states have adopted a parliamentary system of government, in which the president is Head of State but usually largely ceremonial. In these cases the separate head of government (often a prime minister), who is usually indirectly elected by the parliamentary majority, holds the executive power and forms the government. A parliamentary system, also known as parliamentarianism (and parliamentarism in U.S. English), is distinguished by the executive branch of government being dependent on the direct or indirect support of the parliament, often expressed through a vote of confidence. ... A prime minister is the most senior minister of a cabinet in the executive branch of government in a parliamentary system. ...

Countries with such systems include most European and Commonwealth republics including Finland, Germany, India, Ireland, Israel, Italy and Singapore, as well as Portugal (which has a slightly different system). Sri Lanka has a hybrid system (which includes a parliament and a prime minister as well as an extremely powerful president).

Under such a system, the president as head of state generally takes a similar role to a constitutional monarch, with the government governing in his or her name, producing phrases such as "His/Her Excellency's Government" in formal state documentation. This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...

A president may also possess some reserve powers, which can be exercised by the president without formal advice (i.e., binding instruction) from the government. In some constitutional systems the president chairs (at least some) cabinet meetings and often has access to all cabinet memoranda. Especially in fields where protocol is important, such as diplomacy, the head of state tends to be a major player. The president can therefore exercise a degree of informal influence not often publicly realised. A reserve power is a power that may be exercised by the head of state of a country in certain exceptional circumstances. ... In international politics, protocol is the etiquette of diplomacy and affairs of state. ...

An example of this influence is the following: between 1870 and 1940, and again from 1945 to 1958, France operated a classic parliamentary system of government, with power in a cabinet chosen by the National Assembly, and a largely, though not totally, symbolic president; in 1877, President Mac-Mahon showed that his office was constitutionally significant when he dismissed the then prime minister before calling new elections, in the hope of achieving a royalist majority to restore the monarchy (the plan failed). The National Assembly is the name of either a legislature, or the lower house of a bicameral legislature in some countries. ... Patrice MacMahon, duc de Magenta President of France, 1873-1879 Marie Edmé Patrice Maurice MacMahon, duc de Magenta, Marshal of France (July 13, 1808 - October 16, 1893) was a Frenchman of Irish descent. ...

Presidential titles for mere Heads of Government

Some countries with parliamentary systems use a term meaning/translating as 'president' (in some languages undistinguishable from chairman) for the head of parliamentary government, often as President of the Government, President of the Council of Ministers or President of the Executive Council. President Felipe GONZALEZ of Spain salutes the achievements of the United Nations and reiterates a commitment to the principles and purposes of the Charter. ... President Felipe GONZALEZ of Spain salutes the achievements of the United Nations and reiterates a commitment to the principles and purposes of the Charter. ... Felipe GonzÃ¡lez MÃ¡rquez (born March 5, 1942) is a Spanish socialist politician. ... The President of the Government (Spanish: Presidente del Gobierno), or Prime Minister, of Spain is the Spanish head of government. ... President of the Government is a term used in official statements several Prime Ministers: Serbia, Prime Minister of Serbia Spain, Prime Minister of Spain Croatia See also President of the Government in parliamentary systems Categories: Government stubs ... The official title President of the Council of Ministers is used to describe the head of government of Serbia and Montenegro, as well as Poland. ... A President of the Executive Council is the presiding officer of an Executive Council, in Commonwealth constitutional practice. ...

However, such an official is explicitly not the president of the country. Rather, he or she is called a president in an older sense of the word to denote the fact that he or she heads the cabinet. A separate head of state generally exists in their country that instead serves as the president or monarch of the country. The word president is derived from the Latin prae- before + sedere to sit. ... A cabinet is a body of high-ranking members of government, typically representing the executive branch. ... Queen Elizabeth II, is the Head of State of 16 countries including: the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, Jamaica, New Zealand and the Bahamas, as well as crown colonies and overseas territories of the United Kingdom. ...

Thus, such officials are really premiers, and to avoid confusion are often described simply as 'prime minister' when being mentioned internationally. A premier is an executive official of government. ... A prime minister is the most senior minister of a cabinet in the executive branch of government in a parliamentary system. ...

The French Third Republic, (in French, La TroisiÃ¨me RÃ©publique, sometimes written as La IIIe RÃ©publique) (1870/75-10 July 1940) was the governing body of France between the Second French Empire and the Vichy Regime. ... The Fourth Republic existed in France between 1946 and 1958. ... The official title President of the Council of Ministers is used to describe the head of government of the states of Italy, Poland and Serbia and Montenegro, and formerly in Portugal and France, during the Third and Fourth Republics. ... The President of the French Republic (French: PrÃ©sident de la RÃ©publique franÃ§aise) colloquially referred to as President of France, is Frances elected Head of State and also the ex officio Co-Prince of Andorra and Grand Master of the LÃ©gion dhonneur. ... A prime minister is the most senior minister of a cabinet in the executive branch of government in a parliamentary system. ... The Irish Free State (Irish: SaorstÃ¡t Ã‰ireann) (1922â€“1937) was the name of the state comprising the 26 of Irelands 32 counties that were separated from the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland under the Irish Free State Agreement (or Anglo-Irish Treaty) signed by British and... The President of the Executive Council (Irish: UachtarÃ¡in na hArd-Chomhairle) was the head of government or prime minister of the 1922-1937 Irish Free State, and the leader of the Executive Council (cabinet). ... King George V, the first monarch to reign in the Irish Free State. ... The Governor-General (Irish: Seanascal) was the representative of the King in the 1922â€“1937 Irish Free State. ... The Prime Minister, or President of the Government (Spanish: Presidente del Gobierno), of Spain is the Spanish head of government. ... The Spanish monarchy, referred to as the Crown of Spain (Corona de España) in the Spanish Constitution of 1978, is the office of the King or Queen of Spain. ... This is a list of Prime Ministers of Poland. ... The official title President of the Council of Ministers is used to describe the head of government of Serbia and Montenegro, as well as Poland. ...

Semi-presidential systems

A third system is the semi-presidential system, also known as the French system, in which like the Parliamentary system there is both a President and a Prime Minister, but unlike the Parliamentary system the President may have significant day-to-day power. When his party controls the majority of seats in the National Assembly the president can operate closely with the parliament and prime minister, and work towards a common agenda. When the National Assembly is controlled by opponents of the President however, the president can find himself marginalized with the opposition party prime minister exercising most of the power. Though the prime minister remains an appointee of the president, the president must obey the rules of parliament, and select a leader from the house's majority holding party. Thus, sometimes the president and PM can be allies, sometimes bitter rivals; the latter situation is known as cohabitation. The French semi-presidential system, which can be considered a hybrid between the first two, was developed at the beginning of the Fifth Republic by Charles de Gaulle. It is used (of course) in France, Russia, Sri Lanka and several other post-colonial countries which have emulated the French model. Image File history File links Charles_de_Gaulle. ... Image File history File links Charles_de_Gaulle. ... Charles AndrÃ© Joseph Marie de Gaulle ( ) (22 November 1890 â€“ 9 November 1970), in France commonly referred to as GÃ©nÃ©ral de Gaulle, was a French military leader and statesman. ... The President of France, known officially as the President of the Republic (Président de la République in French), is Frances elected Head of State. ... French Legion of Honor The Légion dhonneur (in Legion of Honor (AmE) or Legion of Honour (ComE)) is an Order of Chivalry awarded by the President of France. ... States with semi-presidential systems are shown in yellow The semi-presidential system is a system of government that features both a prime minister and a president who are active participants in the day to day functioning of government. ... Cohabitation in government occurs in semi-presidential systems, such as Frances system, when the President and the Prime Minister come from different political parties. ... The Fifth Republic is the fifth and current republican constitution of France, which was introduced on October 5, 1958. ... Charles AndrÃ© Joseph Marie de Gaulle ( ) (22 November 1890 â€“ 9 November 1970), in France commonly referred to as GÃ©nÃ©ral de Gaulle, was a French military leader and statesman. ...

Collective Presidency

Only a tiny minority of modern republics do not have a head of state; examples include:

The Swiss Federal Council (in German, Schweizerische Bundesrat; in French, Conseil fÃ©dÃ©ral suisse; in Italian, Consiglio federale svizzero; in Romansh, Cussegl federal svizzer) is the seven-member executive council which constitutes the government of Switzerland, as well as assuming functions corresponding to those of the head of state... The President of the Swiss Confederation is he who leads the federal council of Switzerland, and is considered the primus inter pares (First among equals) of all the ministers of the Swiss Government. ... The Bundeshaus (Swiss parliament building) The Federal Assembly (in German, Bundesversammlung; in French, AssemblÃ©e fÃ©dÃ©rale; in Italian language, Assemblea federale), is Switzerlands federal parliament. ... States currently utilizing parliamentary systems are denoted in orange and redâ€”the former being constitutional monarchies where authority is vested in a parliament, and the latter being parliamentary republics whose parliaments are effectively supreme over a separate head of state. ... A constitutional convention is an informal and uncodified procedural agreement that is followed by the institutions of a state. ... For the movie, New Years Day, see New Years Day (film). ... First among equals is a phrase which indicates that a person is the most senior of a group of people sharing the same rank or office. ... A Letter of Credence is a formal letter sent by one head of state to another formally accrediting a named individual (usually but not always a diplomat) to be their ambassador in the country of the head of state receiving the letter of credence. ... The Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Predsjedništvo Bosne i Hercegovine) is the head of state of Bosnia and Herzegovina. ... More than 95% of population of Bosnia and Herzegovina belongs to one of its three constitutive nations: Bosniaks, Croats and Serbs. ... Every 6 months, the Great and General Council of San Marino elects two Captains Regent to be the heads of state. ... The term General Secretary (alternatively First Secretary) denotes a leader of various unions, parties or associations. ...

Presidents in dictatorships

In dictatorships, the title is frequently taken by self-appointed and/or military-backed leaders. Such is the case in many African states; Idi Amin in Uganda, for example. A dictatorship is a autocratic form of government in which the government is ruled by a dictator. ... Idi Amin Dada (1 January 1925?â€“16 August 2003) was an army officer and President of Uganda (1971â€“1979). ...

President for Life is a title assumed by some dictators to ensure that their authority or legitimacy is never questioned. President for Life is a title assumed by some dictators to ensure that their authority, legitimacy, and term is never questioned or disputed. ... ]] originally limited to a term -commonly of six months or the duration of a military conflict- and lacked power over the public finances. ...

Lucius Cornelius Sulla appointed himself in 82 BC to an entirely new office, dictator rei publicae constituendae causa, which was functionally identical to the dictatorate rei gerendae causa except that it lacked any set time limit, although Sulla held this office for over two years before he voluntarily abdicated and retired from public life. The second well-known incident of a leader extending his term indefinitely was Roman dictator Julius Caesar, who made himself "Perpetual Dictator" (commonly mistranslated as 'Dictator-for-life') in 45 BC. His actions would later be mimicked by the French leader Napoleon Bonaparte who was appointed "First Consul for life" in 1802. Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix (Latin: LÂ·CORNELIVSÂ·LÂ·FÂ·PÂ·NÂ·SVLLAÂ·FELIX)[1] ( 138 BCâ€“78 BC) Roman general and dictator, was usually known simply as Sulla. ... Centuries: 2nd century BC - 1st century BC - 1st century Decades: 130s BC 120s BC 110s BC 100s BC 90s BC - 80s BC - 70s BC 60s BC 50s BC 40s BC 30s BC Years: 87 BC 86 BC 85 BC 84 BC 83 BC - 82 BC - 81 BC 80 BC 79... For the Estonian political party, see Union for the Republic - Res Publica. ... GÄius JÅ«lius Caesar (IPA: ;[1]), July 12 or July 13, 100 BC â€“ March 15, 44 BC) was a Roman military and political leader and one of the most influential men in world history. ... Dictator was a political office of the Roman Republic. ... Centuries: 2nd century BC - 1st century BC - 1st century Decades: 90s BC 80s BC 70s BC 60s BC 50s BC - 40s BC - 30s BC 20s BC 10s BC 0s BC 0s Years: 50 BC 49 BC 48 BC 47 BC 46 BC 45 BC 44 BC 43 BC 42 BC... Bonaparte as general Napoleon Bonaparte ( 15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821) was a general of the French Revolution and was the ruler of France as First Consul (Premier Consul) of the French Republic from November 11, 1799 to May 18, 1804, then as Emperor of the French (Empereur des... --69. ...

Ironically, most leaders who proclaim themselves President for Life do not in fact successfully serve a life term. Even so presidents like Alexandre Sabès dit Pétion, Rafael Carrera, Josip Broz Tito and François Duvalier died in office. Alexandre SabÃ¨s PÃ©tion (April 2, 1770 â€“ March 29, 1818) was President of the southern Republic of Haiti from 1806 until his death. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...

The only living officially proclaimed president for life is Saparmurat Niyazov of Turkmenistan. Saparmurat Atayevich Niyazov (Turkmen Saparmyrat AtaÃ½ewiÃ§ NyÃ½azow) (born February 19, 1940) has been the most powerful figure in Turkmenistan since 1985. ...

Several presidents have ruled until their death, but they have not officially proclaimed themselves as President for Life. For instance, Nicolae Ceauşescu of Romania, who ruled until his execution (see Romanian revolution). Archbishop President Makarios became president of Cyprus late in his life (in 1960) and ruled until his death in 1977, having successfully won re-election several times. For other uses, see Death (disambiguation). ... Nicolae CeauÅŸescu (IPA ) (January 26, 1918 - December 25, 1989) was the leader of Communist Romania from 1965 until shortly before his execution. ... People on the streets of Bucharest The Romanian Revolution of 1989 was a week-long series of riots and protests in late December of 1989 that overthrew the Communist regime of Nicolae Ceauşescu. ... Makarios (born Mihalis Christodoulou Mouskos, August 13, 1913â€”August 3, 1977) was archbishop and primate of the autocephalous Cypriot Orthodox Church (1950-1977) and first President of the Republic of Cyprus (1960-1977). ... The President of Cyprus is the countrys head of state. ... 1960 (MCMLX) was a leap year starting on Friday (the link is to a full 1960 calendar). ... For other uses, see Death (disambiguation). ... For the album by Ash, see 1977 (album). ... An election is a decision making process where people choose people to hold official offices. ...

Presidential symbols

As the country's head of state, in most countries the president is entitled to certain symbolic honors, as well as luxury perks that come with the office. For example, most of the world's heads of state, including presidents, have a prestigious residence; often a lavish mansion or palace, sometimes more than one (e.g. summer and winter residence, country retreat) - for a list see Official residence. // An official residence is the residence at which heads of state, heads of government, gubernatorial or other senior figures officially reside. ...

Furthermore in some nations the Presidency enjoys certain symbols of office, such as an official uniform, decorations, a presidential seal, coat of arms, flag and other visible accessories; military honours such as gun salutes, Ruffles and flourishes, and a presidential guard. A common presidential symbol is the presidential sashes worn by Latin American presidents as a symbol of the presidency's continuity, and presenting the sash to the new president is a key part of the inauguration ceremony. A salute is a gesture or other action used to indicate respect. ... Ruffles and flourishes are preceding fanfare for ceremonial music for distinguished people. ... A presidential sash is a cloth sash worn by the presidents of many nations in the world, notably those in South America. ... Latin America consists of the countries of South America and some of North America (including Central America and some the islands of the Caribbean) whose inhabitants mostly speak Romance languages, although Native American languages are also spoken. ... An inauguration is a ceremony of formal investiture whereby an individual assumes an office or position of authority or power. ...

Presidential chronologies of existing, recognized countries

Abdullah as-Sallal (1962-1967) Abdul Rahman al-Iryani (1967-1974) Ibrahim al-Hamdi (1974-1977) Military Command Council Ahmed al-Ghashmi (1977-1978) Abdul Karim Abdullah al-Arashi (1978) Ali Abdullah Saleh (1978-1990) For Presidents after this see: President of Yemen See also: Prime Minister of North Yemen... Flag of the President of Serbia The President of Serbia is the head of state of the Republic of Serbia. ... This is a list of presidents of Somaliland. ... The Peoples Democratic Republic of Yemen, commonly referred to as South Yemen, became independent as the Peoples Republic of South Yemen in 1967. ... The President of the European Commission is the nominally highest ranking unelected official within the European Union. ... An approximately chronological listing of Soviet leaders (heads of the Central Committee of the Communist Party and President of the Soviet Union). ...

Specific information

Current President NÃ©stor Kirchner The President of Argentina (full title: President of the Argentine Nation, Spanish: Presidente de la NaciÃ³n Argentina) is the head of state of Argentina. ... The Leopoldine Wing of Hofburg Imperial Palace in Vienna: home to the offices of the Federal President. ... See also List of Presidents of Brazil The President of the Federal Republic of Brazil is the head of state and head of government of Brazil. ... The President of the Peoples Republic of China (Simplified Chinese: ä¸åŽäººæ°‘å…±å’Œå›½ä¸»å¸; Pinyin: ZhÅnghuÃ¡ RÃ©nmÃn GÃ²nghÃ©guÃ³ ZhÇ”xÃ, or abbreviated GuÃ³jiÄ ZhÇ”xÃ å›½å®¶ä¸»å¸) is the head of state of the Peoples Republic of China. ... The Office of the President of the Republic of China is located in Zhongzheng District, Taipei City. ... The President of Croatia is the head of state. ... This page contains a list of presidents of Cuba. ... Fiji became a republic in 1987, when Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom formally abdicated as Queen of Fiji, following two military coups led by Lieutenant Colonel Sitiveni Rabuka. ... The President of Finland (Suomen Tasavallan Presidentti; Republiken Finlands President) is the Head of State of Finland. ... The President of France, known officially as the President of the Republic (Président de la République in French), is Frances elected Head of State. ... The President of Germany (German: BundesprÃ¤sident) is Germanys head of state. ... Standard of the President of India The President of India is the head of state and first citizen of India and the Supreme Commander of the Indian armed forces. ... List of Presidents of Indonesia Categories: Indonesia | Lists of office-holders ... The President of Iraq is Iraqs head of state. ... The President of Ireland (Irish: UachtarÃ¡n na hÃ‰ireann) is the head of state of the Republic of Ireland. ... President of the State of Israel (Hebrew: × ×©×™× ×”×ž×“×™× ×”, Nasi Hamedina) is the head of state of Israel, but has a largely ceremonial, figurehead role with real power lying in the hands of the Prime Minister of Israel. ... The office of the President of Malta, known in Maltese as President ta Malta, came into being on 13th December 1974, when Malta became a republic within the Commonwealth. ... The President of the United Mexican States is the head of state of Mexico. ... Flag of the President of Pakistan The President of Pakistan (Sadr-e-Mamlikat or ØµØ¯Ø±Ù Ù…Ù…Ù„Ú©Û in Urdu) is Head of State of Pakistan. ... Established in the Constitution of 1993, the President of the Republic is the Chief of the State and represents the republic in official international matters. ... The President of the Philippines is the head of state and government of the Republic of the Philippines. ... Flag of the President of Poland The President of the Republic of Poland (Polish: Prezydent Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej) is directly elected by the people to serve a term of five years. ... The President of Russia (ru: Президент России) is the highest position within the Government of Russia. ... Flag of the President of Serbia The President of Serbia is the head of state of the Republic of Serbia. ... The President of South Africa is the head of state and head of government under South Africas Constitution. ... The list of Presidents of the Swiss Confederation (1848-present) presents the presiding member of the Swiss Federal Council, Switzerlands seven-member executive. ... This page lists presidents of Trinidad and Tobago. ... The presidential seal was used by President Hayes in 1880 and last modified in 1959 by adding the 50th star for Hawaii. ...

International presidentship

The European Union is governed in part by the Presidency of the Council of the European Union, a rotating post held by the member states of the European Union. In the past this has been one individual state presiding for a six-month period; as of 2007 it will be three states sharing the presidency during their overlapping 18-month terms. Presidency of the Council of the European Union refers to the responsibility of presiding over all aspects of the Council of the European Union, when exercised collectively by a government, on a pre-established rota of the member states, of the European Union. ... 2007 (MMVII) will be a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

There is also a President of the European Commission, who is appointed, like his portfolio Commissioners, for a whole legislature. FranÃ§ois-Xavier Ortoli, Romano Prodi, JosÃ© Manuel Barroso and Jacques Delors The President of the European Commission is notionally the highest ranking unelected official within the European Union bureaucracy. ...

Sub-national presidents

President can also be the title of the chief executive at a lower administrative level, such as the parish presidents of the parishes of the U.S. state of Louisiana, the presiding member of city council for villages in the U.S. state of Illinois, or the municipal presidents of Mexico's municipalities. Parish Hall of St. ... A parish is a type of administrative subdivision. ... Federal courts Supreme Court Chief Justice Associate Justices Elections Presidential elections Midterm elections Political Parties Democratic Republican Minor parties State & Local government Governors Legislatures State Courts Counties, Cities, and Towns Other countries â€¢ Politics Portal â€¢ â€¢ A state of the United States is any one of the fifty subnational entities referred to... This Article does not cite its references or sources. ... Federal courts Supreme Court Chief Justice Associate Justices Elections Presidential elections Midterm elections Political Parties Democratic Republican Minor parties State & Local government Governors Legislatures State Courts Counties, Cities, and Towns Other countries â€¢ Politics Portal â€¢ â€¢ A state of the United States is any one of the fifty subnational entities referred to... Official language(s) English Capital Springfield Largest city Chicago Area Ranked 25th - Total 57,918 sq mi (149,998 kmÂ²) - Width 210 miles (340 km) - Length 390 miles (629 km) - % water 4. ... A presidente municipal (Spanish for municipal president) is the chief of government of municipios in Mexico. ... A municipio (Spanish for municipality) is a second-level political and administrative division in Mexico. ...

Non-governmental presidents

The head of a university or non-profit corporation, particularly in the United States of America, is often known as president. In university systems with multiple independent campuses, the relationship between the roles of president and chancellor can become quite complicated. President is also a title in many corporations. In some cases the president acts as chief operating officer under the direction of the chief executive officer. Representation of a university class, 1350s. ... University President is the title of the highest ranking officer within a university, within university systems that prefer that appellation over other variations such as Chancellor or rector. ... A Chancellor is the head of a university. ... A chief operating officer (or COO) is a corporate officer responsible for managing the day-to-day activities of the corporation. ... A chief executive officer (CEO), or chief executive, is the highest-ranking corporate officer or executive officer of a corporation, or agency. ...

In British constitutional practice, the chairman of an Executive Council, acting in such a capacity, is known as a President of the Executive Council. Usually this person is the Governor but is not always so. An Executive Council in Commonwealth constitutional practice based on the Westminster system exercizes executive power and is the top tier of a government led by a Governor-General, Governor, Lieutenant-Governor or Administrator (all governors). Until the advent of responsible government, Executive Councils existed primarily to advise the governor of... A President of the Executive Council is the presiding officer of an Executive Council, in Commonwealth constitutional practice. ... Are you kidding?, this is solid truth here, nothing escapes the eyes of Gov!!!, not even. ...

In French legal terminology, the president of a court consisting of multiple judges is the foremost judge; he chairs the meeting of the court and directs the debates (and this thus addressed as "Mr President", Monsieur le Président, or appropriate feminine forms). In general, a court comprises several chambers, each with its own president; thus the most senior of these is called the "first president" (as in: "the First President of the Court of Cassation is the most senior judge in France"). Similarly in UK legal practice the most senior judge in each division uses this title (e.g. President of the Family Division, President of the Court of Appeal). A judge or justice is an official who presides over a court. ... The Court of Cassation (Cour de cassation in French) is the main court of last resort in France. ...

Many other organizations, clubs, and committees, both political and non-political are led by Presidents as well. Examples can vary from the President of a political party, to the president of a chamber of commerce, to the President of a students' union and even the president of a high school chess club. A political party is an organization that seeks to attain political power within a government, usually by participating in electoral campaigns. ... Chambers of commerce are business advocacy groups which are usually not associated with government. ... The largest Students Union building at Oklahoma State University, which doubles as a student activity center (student union in the USA) A students union, student government, or student council is a student organization present at many colleges and universities, often with its own building on the campus, dedicated to social... High school - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ...

In The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, the head of the church is known as the President. Together with his two counselors, they are known as the First Presidency. This pattern is repeated throughout the church in quorums and in other bodies, each of which is led by a president. The Methodist Church in the UK (and also other provinces) is led by the President of the Methodist Council, and assumes the role of leading minister and spokesperson. This is the current Mormon collaboration of the month! Please help improve it to meet the ideal article standard. ... In the Latter Day Saint movement, the President of the Church is generally considered to be the highest office of the church. ... In Mormonism, the First Presidency (or the Quorum of the Presidency of the Church) is one of the governing bodies in the church hierarchy of several Latter Day Saint denominations. ... A Quorum is a body (group) of those ordained the same office of the priesthood. ... The United Methodist Church is the largest Methodist denomination, and the second-largest Protestant one, in the United States. ...

Sources and additional reading

The Republic Advisory Committee was a committee established by the then Australian Prime Minister Paul Keating in May 1993 to examine the constitutional and legal issues that would arise were Australia to become a republic. ... Jim Duffy (born 12 April 1966) is an Irish historian, political commentator and author. ... Sir Ellis Emmanuel Innocent Clarke (born December 28, 1917) was the second Governor-General of Trinidad and Tobago the first President of Trinidad and Tobago. ...

Contents

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