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A counterfeit is an imitation that is made usually with the intent to deceptively represent its content or origins. The word counterfeit most frequently describes forged currency or documents, but can also describe clothing, software, electronic stock shares or certificates, pharmaceuticals, watches, or more recently, cars and motorcycles, especially when this results in patent infringement or trademark infringement. Image File history File links Gnome-globe. ... A counterfeit is an imitation (often of currency, documents, or manufactured items) that is made with the intent to deceptively represent its content or origins, including: Counterfeit United States currency Counterfeit drug Counterfeit may also refer to: Counterfeit (poker), a term in community card poker Counterfeit e. ... For the similarly-named Surrealist journal, see Documents (journal). ... Clothing protects the vulnerable nude human body from the extremes of weather, other features of our environment, and for safety reasons. ... Computer software (or simply software) refers to one or more computer programs and data held in the storage of a computer for some purpose. ... A certificate is an official document affirming some fact. ... Pharmacology (in Greek: pharmacon is drug, and logos is science) is the study of how chemical substances interfere with living systems. ... Russian Poljot Siberia model finished movement viewed through crystal back For other uses, see Watch (disambiguation). ... The examples and perspective in this article or section may not represent a worldwide view. ... Trademark infringement is a violation of the exclusive rights attaching to a registered trademark without the authorisation of the trademark owner or any licensees (provided that such authorization was within the scope of the license). ...

This covers a wide range of consumer items, from outright fakes in the sense that they are non-functional lookalikes (e.g. prescription drugs, computer flash drives), functional but inferior items (Memory Sticks, blank videotapes) to fully functional items illegally manufactured without paying copyright fees (CDs, DVDs, computer software, toys). In the latter case, there is often little or no attempt at disguising its origin as the end user will be aware that the counterfeit product will work at least as well (and sometimes better than) the original. The alternative term bootleg is more often used for this type of conterfeiting, where the user is fully aware of its illegal status. A flash drive, related to a solid state drive, is a storage device that uses flash memory rather than conventional spinning platters to store data. ... A 2GB Sony High Speed Memory Stick PRO Duo with MagicGate support. ... Bottom view of VHS videotape cassette with magnetic tape exposed Videotape is a means of recording images and sound onto magnetic tape as opposed to movie film. ... A compact disc or CD is an optical disc used to store digital data, originally developed for storing digital audio. ... Size comparison: A 12 cm Sony DVD+RW and a 19 cm Dixon Ticonderoga pencil. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Computer program. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...

By contrast, a knockoff item may imitate a well-known one, be sold for a lower price, and be of inferior quality, but there is usually no attempt to deceive the buyer, or infringe upon brand names, patents, trademarks or copyrights. An example of a knockoff item is Dynacell batteries.

Some counterfeits may even have been produced in the same factory that produces the original, authentic product, using the same materials. The factory owner, unbeknownst to the copyright owner (and perhaps also the manufacturing staff), simply orders an intentional 'overrun'. Without the employment of anti-counterfeiting measures, identical manufacturing methods and materials make this type of counterfeit (and it is still a form of counterfeit, as its production and sale is unauthorised by the copyright owner) impossible to distinguish from the authentic article.

To try to avoid this all too common occurrence, companies may have the various parts of an item manufactured in independent factories and then limit the supply of certain distinguishing parts to the factory that performs the final assembly to the exact number required for the number of items to be assembled (or as near to that number as is practicable) and/or may require the factory to account for every part used and to return any unused, faulty, or damaged parts. To help distinguish the originals from the counterfeits, the copyright holder may also employ the use of serial numbers and/or holograms etc., which may be attached to the product in another factory still.

Counterfeiting of money

History

Roman coins were struck, not cast, so these coins molds were created for forgery

Counterfeiting is probably as old as money itself. Before the introduction of paper money, the main way of doing it was to mix base metals in what was supposed to be pure gold or silver. Also, individuals would "shave" the edges of a coin so that it weighed less than it was supposed to, a process known as clipping. This is not counterfeiting but the exponents could use the precious metal clippings to make counterfeits. A fourrée is an ancient type of counterfeit coin, in which a base metal core has been plated with a precious metal to look like its solid metal counter part. Kings often dealt very harshly with the perpetrators of such deeds. In 1162, Emperor Gaozong of Song had promulgated a decree to punish the counterfeiter of Huizi to death and to reward the informant.^[1] The English couple Thomas Rogers and Anne Rogers were convicted on 15 October 1690 for "Clipping 40 pieces of Silver" (in other words, clipping the edges off silver coins). Thomas Rogers was hanged, drawn and quartered and Anne Rogers was burnt alive. The gruesome forms of punishment were due to the two's acts being construed as "treason", rather than simple crime. In America, counterfeiting also used to be punishable by death; for example, paper currency printed by Benjamin Franklin often bore the phrase "to counterfeit is death."[1] The theory behind such harsh punishments was that one who had the skills to counterfeit currency was considered a threat to the safety of the state, and had to be eliminated. Far more fortunate was an earlier practitioner of the same art, active in the time of the Emperor Justinian, who got the nickname Alexander the Barber. Rather than being executed, when he was caught the Emperor decided to employ his financial talents in the government's own service. Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Paper Money is the second album by the band Montrose. ... GOLD refers to one of the following: GOLD (IEEE) is an IEEE program designed to garner more student members at the university level (Graduates of the Last Decade). ... General Name, Symbol, Number silver, Ag, 47 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 11, 5, d Appearance lustrous white metal Standard atomic weight 107. ... A fourrée denarius of Domitian showing 2 plating breaks Denarius Serratus - Pomponia 7 A serratus subaeratus A fourrée is a coin, most often a counterfeit, that is made from a base metal core that has been plated with a precious metal to look like its solid metal counter... Events June 3 - Thomas Becket consecrated as Archbishop of Canterbury. ... Emperor Gaozong (June 12, 1107 – November 9, 1187), born Zhao Gou, was the tenth emperor of the Song Dynasty of China, and the first emperor of the Southern Song. ... It is the official banknote of Song Dynasty issued in 1160. ... For other uses, see England (disambiguation). ... Thomas Rogers and Anne Rogers were English counterfeiters convicted on 15 October 1690, for Clipping 40 pieces of Silver (in other words, clipping the edges off silver coins). ... is the 288th day of the year (289th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events Giovanni Domenico Cassini observes differential rotation within Jupiters atmosphere. ... To be hanged, drawn and quartered was the penalty once ordained in England for treason. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Benjamin Franklin (January 17 [O.S. January 6] 1706 – April 17, 1790) was one of the most well known Founding Fathers of the United States. ... Justinian I, depicted on a contemporary coin Flavius Petrus Sabbatius Iustinianus or Justinian I (May 11, 483–November 13/14, 565), was Eastern Roman Emperor from AD August 1, 527 until his death. ...

Modern counterfeiting begins with paper money. Nations have used counterfeiting as a means of warfare. The idea is to overflow the enemy's economy with fake bank notes, so that the real value of the money plummets. Great Britain did this during the Revolutionary War to reduce the value of the Continental Dollar. Although this tactic was also employed by the United States during the American Civil War, the fake Confederate currency it produced was of superior quality to the real thing. This article is about military actions only. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Continental (currency). ... Combatants United States of America (Union) Confederate States of America (Confederacy) Commanders Abraham Lincoln, Ulysses S. Grant Jefferson Davis, Robert E. Lee Strength 2,200,000 1,064,000 Casualties 110,000 killed in action, 360,000 total dead, 275,200 wounded 93,000 killed in action, 258,000 total... The Confederate States of America currency was issued into circulation in 1861, at the outbreak of the Civil War. ...

Instances

A form of counterfeiting is the production of documents by legitimate printers in response to fraudulent instructions. An example of this is the Portuguese Bank Note Crisis of 1925, when the British banknote printers Waterlow and Sons produced Banco de Portugal notes equivalent in value to 0.88% of the Portuguese nominal Gross Domestic Product, with identical serial numbers to existing banknotes, in response to a fraud perpetrated by Alves dos Reis. Similarly, in 1929 the issue of postage stamps celebrating the Millennium of Iceland's parliament, the Althing, was compromised by the insertion of "1" on the print order, before the authorised value of stamps to be produced (see Postage stamps and postal history of Iceland.) Alves dos Reis (b. ... Artur Virgílio Alves dos Reis (b. ... The Banco de Portugal is the central bank of the Republic of Portugal. ... Artur Virgílio Alves dos Reis (b. ... The Alþing, commonly Anglicized as Althing (Modern Icelandic Alþingi; Old Norse Alþing) is the national parliament: literally, the all-thing of Iceland. ... 40-aurar stamp of 1930 This is a survey of the postage stamps and postal history of Iceland. ...

In 1926 a high-profile counterfeit scandal came to light in Hungary, when several people were arrested in the Netherlands while attempting to procure 10 million francs worth of fake French 1000-franc bills which had been produced in Hungary; after 3 years, the state-sponsored industrial scale counterfeit operation had finally collapsed. The League of Nations' investigation found Hungary's motives were to avenge its post-WWI territorial losses (blamed on Georges Clemenceau) and to use profits from the counterfeiting business to boost a militarist, border-revisionist ideology. Germany and Austria had an active role in the conspiracy, which required special machinery. The quality of fake bills was still substandard however, due to France's use of exotic raw paper material imported from its colonies. Year 1926 (MCMXXVI) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... The League of Nations was an international organization founded as a result of the Paris Peace Conference in 1919-1920. ... Georges Clemenceau, by Nadar. ...

During World War II, the Nazis attempted to do a similar thing to the Allies with Operation Bernhard. The Nazis took Jewish artists in the Sachsenhausen concentration camp and forced them to forge British pounds and American dollars. The quality of the counterfeiting was very good, and it was almost impossible to distinguish between the real and fake bills. The Germans could not put their plan into action, and were forced to dump the counterfeit bills into a lake. The bills were not recovered until the 1950s. Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tōjō Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000... The Nazi party used a right-facing swastika as their symbol and the red and black colors were said to represent Blut und Boden (blood and soil). ... Look up ally in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Operation Bernhard was the name of a secret German plan devised during the Second World War to destabilise the British economy by flooding the country with forged Bank of England £5, £10, £20, and £50 notes. ... For other uses, see Jew (disambiguation). ... Entry to the camp Sachsenhausen was a concentration camp in Germany, operating between 1936 and 1950. ... This does not cite any references or sources. ...

Today the finest counterfeit banknotes are claimed to be U.S. dollar bills produced in North Korea, which are used to finance the North Korean government, among other uses. The fake North Korean copies are called Superdollars because of their high quality. Bulgaria and Colombia are also significant sources of counterfeit currency. Recently, May 23rd,2007, the Swiss government has raised some doubt as to the ability of North Korea to produce the "Superdollars". ISO 4217 Code USD User(s) the United States, the British Indian Ocean Territory,[1] the British Virgin Islands, East Timor, Ecuador, El Salvador, the Marshall Islands, Micronesia, Palau, Panama, Caicos Islands, and the insular areas of the United States Inflation 2. ... A superdollar or super note is an almost perfect counterfeit of a United States banknote believed to be produced in North Korea. ...

A counterfeit 100 Norwegian krone note

There has been a rapid growth in the counterfeiting of Euro banknotes and coins since the launch of the currency in 2002. In 2003, 551,287 fake euro notes and 26,191 bogus euro coins were removed from EU circulation. In 2004, French police seized fake 10 euro and 20 euro notes worth a total of around €1.8 million from two laboratories and estimated that 145,000 notes had already entered circulation. ImageMetadata File history File links Conterfeit_100_spenn. ... ImageMetadata File history File links Conterfeit_100_spenn. ... ISO 4217 Code NOK User(s) Norway Inflation 2. ... “EUR” redirects here. ... Year 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

In the early years of the 21st century, the United States Secret Service has noted a substantial reduction in the quantity of forged U.S. currency, as counterfeiters turn their attention towards the Euro. It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Counter Assault Team. ... “EUR” redirects here. ...

In Russia, authorities estimate that 90% of products sold to people are counterfeit ^{[citation needed]}

In 2006, a Pakistani government printing press in the city of Quetta was accused of churning out large quantities of counterfeit Indian currency, The Times of India reported based on Central Bureau of Intelligence investigation. The rupee notes are then smuggled into India as 'part of Pakistan's agenda of destabilising (the) Indian economy through fake currency,' the daily said. The notes are 'supplied by the Pakistan government press (at Quetta) free of cost to Dubai-based counterfeiters who, in turn, smuggle it into India using various means,' the report said.^[2] This money is allegedly used to fund terrorist activities inside India. The recent blasts in Mumbai were funded using fake currency printed in Pakistan.^{[citation needed]}

Impact on society

Some of the ill-effects that counterfeit money has on society are:^[3][4]

1. Reduction in the value of real money
2. Increase in prices (inflation) due to more money getting circulated in the economy
3. Decrease in the acceptability (satisfactoriness) of money
4. Companies are not reimbursed for counterfeits. This forces them to increase prices of commodities

At the same time, in countries where paper money is a small fraction of the total money in circulation, the macroeconomic effects of counterfeiting of currency may not be significant. The microeconomic effects, such as confidence in currency, however, may be large.^[5]

Anti-counterfeiting measures

Anti-counterfeiting features on an old U.S. $20 bill

Two forged UK pound coins. The left coin shows poor surface clarity, irregular reeding and no side lettering. The right coin demonstrates poor metal quality.

Traditionally, anti-counterfeiting measures involved including fine detail with raised intaglio printing on bills which would allow non-experts to easily spot forgeries. On coins, milled or reeded (marked with parallel grooves) edges are used to show that none of the valuable metal has been scraped off. This detects the shaving or clipping (paring off) of the rim of the coin. However, it does not detect sweating, or shaking coins in a bag and collecting the resulting dust. Since this technique removes a smaller amount, it is primarily used on the most valuable coins, such as gold. In early paper money in Colonial North America, one creative means of deterring counterfeiters was to print the impression of a leaf in the bill. Since the patterns found in a leaf were unique and complex, they were nearly impossible to reproduce.[2] Download high resolution version (450x610, 134 KB)Know Your Money - a summary of anti-counterfeiting features on the American twenty dollar bill From http://www. ... Download high resolution version (450x610, 134 KB)Know Your Money - a summary of anti-counterfeiting features on the American twenty dollar bill From http://www. ... The U.S. twenty dollar bill ($20) is a denomination of United States currency. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1024x768, 128 KB)By Richard Wheeler (Zephyris) 2007. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1024x768, 128 KB)By Richard Wheeler (Zephyris) 2007. ... “GBP” redirects here. ... Intaglio printing. ... Coins showing milled (left) and engraved (right) edges, anti-clipping measures Coin clipping is the act of shaving off a small portion of the precious metal for profit. ... This article is about the colonial history of the United States. ... Look up foliage in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

In the late twentieth century advances in computer and photocopy technology made it possible for people without sophisticated training to easily copy currency. In response, national engraving bureaus began to include new more sophisticated anti-counterfeiting systems such as holograms, multi-colored bills, embedded devices such as strips, microprinting and inks whose colors changed depending on the angle of the light, and the use of design features such as the "EURion constellation" which disables modern photocopiers. Software programs such as Adobe Photoshop have been modified by their manufacturers to obstruct manipulation of scanned images of banknotes.^[6] There also exist patches to counteract these measures. This article is about the machine. ... A small, much-used Xerox copier in a high school library. ... This article is about the photographic technique. ... The small circles or dots constituting the EURion constellation are clearly visible on the centre-left of 10 euro banknotes. ... Adobe Photoshop, or simply Photoshop, is a graphics editor developed and published by Adobe Systems. ...

For U.S. currency, anti-counterfeiting milestones are as follows: ISO 4217 Code USD User(s) the United States, the British Indian Ocean Territory,[1] the British Virgin Islands, East Timor, Ecuador, El Salvador, the Marshall Islands, Micronesia, Palau, Panama, Caicos Islands, and the insular areas of the United States Inflation 2. ...

• 1996 $100 bill gets a new design with a larger portrait
• 1997 $50 bill copies the design used above
• 1998 $20 bill copies the design used above
• 2000 $10 bill and $5 bill copies the design used above
• 2003 $20 bill gets a new design with no oval around Andrew Jackson's portrait and more colors
• 2004 $50 bill copies the design used above
• 2006 $10 bill copies the design used above

The Treasury had made no plans to redesign the $5 bill using colors, but recently reversed its decision, after learning some counterfeiters were bleaching the ink off the bills and printing them as $100 bills. It is not known when the $100 bill will be redesigned in this format, but the new $10 bill (the design of which was revealed in late 2005) entered circulation on March 2, 2006. The $1 bill and $2 bill are seen by most counterfeiters as having too low of a value to counterfeit, and so they have not been redesigned as frequently as higher denominations. Year 1996 (MCMXCVI) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display full 1996 Gregorian calendar). ... The U.S. hundred dollar bill ($100) is a denomination of United States currency. ... For the band, see 1997 (band). ... 2004 Federal Reserve note _ Obverse 2004 Federal Reserve note _ Reverse The U.S. fifty dollar bill ($50) is a denomination of United States currency. ... Year 1998 (MCMXCVIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar). ... The U.S. twenty dollar bill ($20) is a denomination of United States currency. ... Year 2000 (MM) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full 2000 Gregorian calendar). ... The old and new ten dollar bill The U.S. ten dollar bill ($10) is a denomination of United States currency. ... The U.S. five dollar bill ($5) is a denomination of United States currency. ... Year 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The U.S. twenty dollar bill ($20) is a denomination of United States currency. ... For other uses, see Andrew Jackson (disambiguation). ... Year 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... 2004 Federal Reserve note _ Obverse 2004 Federal Reserve note _ Reverse The U.S. fifty dollar bill ($50) is a denomination of United States currency. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The old and new ten dollar bill The U.S. ten dollar bill ($10) is a denomination of United States currency. ... The U.S. five dollar bill ($5) is a denomination of United States currency. ... The U.S. hundred dollar bill ($100) is a denomination of United States currency. ... The old and new ten dollar bill The U.S. ten dollar bill ($10) is a denomination of United States currency. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 61st day of the year (62nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Various Federal Reserve Notes - note that they are missing serial number imprints A Federal Reserve Note (FRNs or ferns) is a type of banknote issued by the Federal Reserve System and is the main type of paper currency in the United States. ... The U.S. two dollar bill ($2) is a denomination of U.S. currency. ...

In the 1980s counterfeiting in the Republic of Ireland twice resulted in sudden changes in official documents: in November 1984 the £1 postage stamp, also used on savings cards for paying television licences and telephone bills, was invalidated and replaced by another design at a few days' notice, because of widespread counterfeiting. Later, the £20 Central Bank of Ireland Series B banknote was rapidly replaced because of what the Finance Minister described as "the involuntary privatisation of banknote printing". This article does not cite any references or sources. ... The Irish pound (Irish: punt) was the currency unit of the Republic of Ireland until 1999. ... Banc Ceannais na hÉireann or the Central Bank of Ireland is the Republic of Ireland which had control of the issue of Irish banknotes and coins. ...

In the 1990s, the portrait of Chairman Mao Zedong was placed on the banknotes of the People's Republic of China to combat counterfeiting, as he was recognised better than the generic designs on the renminbi notes. For the band, see 1990s (band). ... “Mao” redirects here. ... ISO 4217 Code CNY User(s) Mainland of the Peoples Republic of China Inflation 1. ...

In New Zealand, all notes since 2000 have been printed with multi-colored inks on transparent plastic, with see-through sections that are almost impossible to reproduce on photocopy machines.

In Australia, the original paper decimal currency banknotes introduced in 1966 were eventually replaced with new designs printed on clear polyester film which also have see-through sections.

Money art

A subject related to that of counterfeiting is that of money art, which is art that incorporates currency designs or themes. Some of these works of art are similar enough to actual bills that their legality is in question. While a counterfeit is made with deceptive intent, money art is not - however, the law may or may not differentiate between the two. See JSG Boggs, the American artist best known for his hand-drawn, one-sided copies of US banknotes which he spends for the face value of the note. J.S.G. Boggs is an American artist best known for his hand-drawn, one-sided copies of US banknotes. ...

Famous counterfeiters

"Look 'ere—this arf-crown wont do its got no milling on its hedge." "Blimy! Nor it 'as! I knew I'd forgotten somefink."

---

Cartoon in Punch magazine 25 August 1920. A half crown was a coin worth one-eighth of a pound.

• Fake denominations of United States currency
• Mary Butterworth - a counterfeiter in colonial America
• Samuel C. Upham - the first known counterfeiter of Confederate money during the American Civil War. His activities began or became known in early July 1862.
• E.M. Washington, produces artwork attributed to his fictitious grandfather and other 20th Century artists.
• Wesley Weber - was sent to prison for counterfeiting the Canadian 100 dollar bill.
• Anatasios Arnaouti - a British counterfeiter of more than £2.5 million in fake money, sentenced in 2005
• Rick Masters (fictional character, played by Willem Dafoe) - a master counterfeiter in William Friedkin's movie To Live and Die in L.A..
• Catherine Murphy was convicted of coining in 1789 and was the last woman to suffer execution by burning in England.
• Frank William Abagnale Jr., - Worked under 8 identities, including his first as Pan American Airlines Pilot Frank Williams, in over 5 years, passing over $2.5 million in bogus checks in over 26 countries and all 50 states. He was arrested in France at an Air France ticket counter when an agent recognized his face from a wanted poster, and then was extradited to Sweden and then back to the United States. The movie Catch Me if You Can was loosely based on his life.
• Stephen Jory - Great Britain's most renowned counterfeiter, he started his career by selling cheap perfume in designer bottles. He later established his own illegal printing operation to produce and distribute an estimated five billion pounds in counterfeit currency throughout the United Kingdom.

Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (899x1039, 108 KB) Look ere—this arf-crown wont do. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (899x1039, 108 KB) Look ere—this arf-crown wont do. ... Punch was a British weekly magazine of humour and satire published from 1841 to 1992 and from 1996 to 2002. ... Half-Crown coin of Oliver Cromwell, 1658 The half-crown was a denomination of British money worth two shillings and sixpence, being one-eighth of a pound. ... “GBP” redirects here. ... Fake $200 bill featuring George W. Bush Fake denominations of United States currency have been created by individuals as practical jokes, by money artists like J. S. G. Boggs, or as genuine attempts at counterfeiting. ... Mary Peck Butterworth (July 27, 1686 - February 7, 1775) was a counterfeiter in colonial America. ... This article is about the colonial history of the United States. ... Samuel Curtis Upham (February 2, 1819 – June 29, 1885) was an American journalist, lyricist, merchant, and counterfeiter during the later part of the 19th century, sometimes known as Honest Sam Upham. // Early life Samuel Curtis Upham was born in Montpelier, Vermont to Samuel Upham and Sally Hatch, a zealous Methodist... Motto Deo Vindice (Latin: Under God, Our Vindicator) Anthem (none official) God Save the South (unofficial) The Bonnie Blue Flag (unofficial) Dixie (unofficial) Capital Montgomery, Alabama (until May 29, 1861) Richmond, Virginia (May 29, 1861–April 2, 1865) Danville, Virginia (from April 3, 1865) Language(s) English (de facto) Religion... Combatants United States of America (Union) Confederate States of America (Confederacy) Commanders Abraham Lincoln, Ulysses S. Grant Jefferson Davis, Robert E. Lee Strength 2,200,000 1,064,000 Casualties 110,000 killed in action, 360,000 total dead, 275,200 wounded 93,000 killed in action, 258,000 total... 1862 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... There are very few or no other articles that link to this one. ... Canadian $100, front Canadian $100, back The Canadian $100 bill is one of five different banknotes of Canadian currency. ... Anatasios Arnaouti (born July 21, 1967) is a criminal from Manchester, England who led one of the most ambitious ever forgery operations before being gaoled in 2005. ... Alice, a fictional character based on a real character from the work of Lewis Carroll. ... William Dafoe, Jr. ... William Friedkin (born August 29, 1935 in Chicago, Illinois) is an American movie and television director, producer and screenwriter best known for directing The Exorcist and The French Connection in the early 1970s. ... To Live and Die in L.A. is a neo-noir American film released in 1985 and directed by William Friedkin. ... Catherine Murphy (died March 18, 1789) was the last woman to suffer execution by burning in England. ... For production of money, see money or monetarism. ... Year 1789 (MDCCLXXXIX) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Monday of the 11-day slower Julian calendar). ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... For other uses, see England (disambiguation). ... Frank William Abagnale, Jr. ... Pan American World Airways (Pan Am) was the United States principal international airline from the 1930s until its collapse in 1991, and was credited with many innovations that shaped the international airline industry. ... Catch Me If You Can is a 2002 motion picture set in the 1960s. ...

Counterfeiting of documents

Main article: Forgery

Forgery is the process of making or adapting documents with the intention to deceive. It is a form of fraud, and is often a key technique in the execution of identity theft. Uttering and publishing is a term in United States law for the forgery of non-official documents, such as a trucking company's time and weight logs. Forgery is the process of making or adapting objects or documents (see false document), with the intention to deceive. ... Identity taker is a term first appearing in U.S. literature in the 1990s, leading to the drafting of the Identity Theft and Assumption Deterrence Act. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ...

Questioned document examination is a scientific process for investigating many aspects of various documents, and is often used to examine the provenance and verity of a suspected forgery. Security printing is a printing industry specialty, focused on creating documents which are difficult or impossible to forge. Questioned document examination (QDE) is known by many names including forensic document examination, document examination, diplomatics, handwriting examination, and sometimes handwriting analysis, although the latter name is not often used as it may be confused with graphology. ... Security printing is the field of the printing industry that deals with the printing of items such as banknotes, passports, stock certificates, postage stamps and identity cards. ... For other uses, see Print. ...

Photo tampering

Many photos that archivists believe to be faithful illustrations of historical events turn out to be nothing more than staged or altered pictures. While picture tampering is not new, contemporary counterfeit photographs are easy to create using software programs such as Adobe Photoshop. Adobe Photoshop, or simply Photoshop, is a graphics editor developed and published by Adobe Systems. ...

In an example of early twentieth-century photo tampering, military photographer Lt. Ivor Castle produced a series of counterfeit photographs of First World War battles through the technique of photo montage. Photos can also be altered by painting the negative.^[7] An imaginary world composed of photorealistic inanimate, human, and plant objects spurs a psychological impact upon the viewer. ...

Counterfeiting of consumer goods

The spread of counterfeit goods has become global in recent years and the range of goods subject to infringement has increased significantly. It is often mentioned that Counterfeit Goods make up 5 to 7% of World Trade, however, these figures cannot be substantiated^[8]. A recent report by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development indicates that up to 200 Billion U.S. Dollars could have been in counterfeit and pirated goods in 2005.^[9] The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), (in French: Organisation de coopération et de développement économiques; OCDE) is an international organisation of those developed countries that accept the principles of representative democracy and a free market economy. ...

Certain consumer goods, especially very expensive or desirable brands, or those which are easy to reproduce cheaply, have become frequent targets of counterfeiting. The counterfeiters attempt to deceive the consumer into thinking they are purchasing a legitimate item, or convince the consumer that they could deceive others with the imitation. An item which doesn't attempt to deceive, such as a copy of a DVD with missing or different cover art, is often called a "bootleg" or a "pirated copy" instead. In economics Final goods are goods that are ultimately consumed rather than used in the production of another good. ...

Apparel and accessories

Counterfeit clothes, shoes and handbags from designer brands such as Louis Vuitton, Chanel and Gucci are made in varying quality; sometimes the intent is only to fool the gullible buyer who only looks at the label and doesn't know what the real thing looks like, while others put some serious effort into mimicking fashion details. The popularity of designer jeans, starting with Jordache in 1978, spurred a flood of knockoffs. Factories that manufacture counterfeit designer brand garments and watches usually originate from developing countries such as China. Many international tourists visiting Beijing will find a wide selection of counterfeit designer brand garments at the infamous Silk Street. Louis vuitton was a great man he was born on fh 12 3845. ... This article needs additional references or sources for verification. ... The House of Gucci, better known as simply Gucci, is an Italian iconic fashion and leather goods label. ... Designer jeans are high-fashion jeans that are marketed as status symbols. ... Jordache is a brand of designer jeans that started in 1978 by the Nakash brothers in New York. ... Beijing (Chinese: 北京; pinyin: BÄ›ijÄ«ng; Wade-Giles: Peiching or Pei-ching; IPA: ; literally Northern capital;  ), a metropolis in northern China, is the capital of the Peoples Republic of China (PRC). ... Silk Street (Chinese: 秀水街, Pinyin: Xiushuijie) is a shopping center in Beijing that accommodates over 1,700 retail vendors, notorious among international tourists for their wide selection of counterfeit designer brand apparels. ...

Expensive watches such as Rolex are frequently subject to counterfeiting; it is a common cliché that any visitor to New York City will be approached on a street corner by a vendor with a dozen such counterfeit watches inside his coat, offered at amazing bargain prices. It has been known that some of the watches have no real hands at all, but merely painted faces. While the unsuspecting buyer walks off, the vendor makes a hasty getaway. Russian Poljot Siberia model finished movement viewed through crystal back For other uses, see Watch (disambiguation). ... Rolex SA is a Swiss manufacturer of mostly mechanical wristwatches and accessories renowned for their dependability, prestige, and cost (from a few thousand to more than one hundred thousand U.S. dollars). ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... New York, New York and NYC redirect here. ... A low quality counterfeit watch bought on the streets in New York City. ... Look up getaway in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

In Malaysia, Thailand and Vietnam, high-quality watch fakes with self-winding mechanisms and full working functions sell for as little as US $20.

Media products

Compact Discs, videotapes and DVDs, computer software and other media which are easily copied can be counterfeited or "pirated", and sold through vendors at street markets, night markets, mail order, and numerous Internet sources, including open auction sites like eBay. A compact disc or CD is an optical disc used to store digital data, originally developed for storing digital audio. ... Bottom view of VHS videotape cassette with magnetic tape exposed Videotape is a means of recording images and sound onto magnetic tape as opposed to movie film. ... Size comparison: A 12 cm Sony DVD+RW and a 19 cm Dixon Ticonderoga pencil. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Computer program. ... A street market is an outdoor market such as traditionally held in a market square in a market town, and are often held only on particular days of the week. ... Chichicastenango, Guatemala traditional market Market stall in internally displaced persons camp in Kitgum, northern Uganda Mercado dos Lavradores, Funchal (Madeira Islands) A market is a mechanism which allows people to trade, normally governed by the theory of supply and demand. ... Mail order is a term which describes the buying of goods or services by mail delivery. ... eBay headquarters in San Jose eBay North First Street satellite office campus (home to PayPal) eBay Inc. ...

Music enthusiasts may use the term "bootleg recording" to differentiate otherwise unavailable recordings from pirated copies of commercially released material. For other uses, see Bootleg. ...

In India, copies of bestselling books with photocopied jackets sell for a fraction of the genuine retail price. They are openly sold on streetcorners, with hundreds of copies spread out on blankets.

Drugs

Main article: Counterfeit drug

A counterfeit drug or medicine is one which is produced and sold with the intent to deceptively represent its origin, authenticity or effectiveness. It may be one which does not contain active ingredients, contains an insufficient quantity of active ingredients, or contains entirely incorrect active ingredients (which may or may not be harmful), and which is typically sold with inaccurate, incorrect, or fake packaging. A counterfeit drug or a counterfeit medicine is a medication which is produced and sold with the intent to deceptively represent its origin, authenticity or effectiveness. ... For other meanings, see Drug (disambiguation). ... Medicine is the science and art of maintaining andor restoring human health through the study, diagnosis, and treatment of patients. ... An active ingredient, also active pharmaceutical ingredient (or API), is the substance in drug that is pharmaceutically active. ...

Illegal street drugs may also be counterfeited, either for profit or for the deception of rival drug distributors or narcotics officers. A street drug is a drug taken for non-medical reasons, usually for an exhilirating feeling or mind-altering effects. ...

See also

• Fake
• Counterfeit watch
• Forgery

Look up fake in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... A low quality counterfeit watch bought on the streets in New York City. ... Forgery is the process of making or adapting objects or documents (see false document), with the intention to deceive. ...

References

• Detecting the Truth: Fakes, Forgeries and Trickery, a virtual museum exhibition at Library and Archives Canada

Footnotes

This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 163rd day of the year (164th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 163rd day of the year (164th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 163rd day of the year (164th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ...

External links

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• Business Action to Stop Counterfeiting and Piracy (BASCAP)
• U.S. Secret Service article about how to detect counterfeit money
• Bogos: The Dangerous, Controversial, and Fascinating World of Counterfeit Coins
• Coinauthentication.co.uk, home of the Counterfeit Coin Newsletter.
• Guide to Counterfeit Detection of Baseball Cards by David Rudd Cycleback
• The Replica Watch Report - Guide to Detecting Counterfeit and Replica Watches
• Counterfeit Goods and Piracy Information
• Counterfeit silver coins and how to detect them.
• Replica Watch informational page.
• How Counterfeiting works
• How to make Counterfeit Money