Although Hong Kong is regarded as one of the world's great cities, out of the total 1,092 km² of land, about three-quarters is countryside. Scenically, Hong Kong has a great deal to offer - a landscape rising from sandy beaches and rocky foreshores to heights of almost 1,000 metres, woodlands and mountain ranges covered by open grassland and a variety of scenic vistas rarely, if ever, matched in so small a territorial unit. A beach or strand is a geological formation consisting of loose rock particles such as sand, shingle, cobble, or even shell along the shoreline of a body of water. ... Biologically, a woodland is differentiated from a forest. ... The most general definition of mountain range is a group of mountains bordered by lowlands. ... An Inner Mongolia Grassland. ...

Country parks

Hiking trail in Tai Mo Shan Country Park

To conserve and, where appropriate, open up the countryside for the greater enjoyment of the population, the Country Parks Ordinance was enacted in 1976 to provide a legal framework for the designation, development and management of Country Parks and Special Areas. It provides for the establishment of a Country and Marine Parks Board to advise the Director of Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation who, as Country and Marine Parks Authority, is responsible for all matters on Country Parks and Special Areas. Image from the website of the Hong Kong Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department (AFCD), provided under the provision that the re-dissemination or reproduction is for non-commercial use. ... Route Twisk Tai Mo Shan (大帽山, literally meaning Big Hat Mountain) is the highest mountain in Hong Kong, with an altitude of 958 m. ...

Country Parks are designated for the purposes of nature conservation, countryside recreation and outdoor education. Special Areas are created mainly for the purpose of nature conservation. Preserve your countryside and observe country codes.

The parks

The country parks and special areas cover a total area of 415.82 km². The country parks comprise scenic hills, woodlands, reservoirs and coastline in all parts of Hong Kong. The Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department (AFCD) manages the parks and is responsible for tree planting, litter collection, fire fighting, development control and provision of recreation and education facilities. The country parks are very popular with all sectors of the community and spending a day in a country park is accepted by many as one of the best recreational choices in town. About 12 million visitors were recorded in 2004 and most visitors engaged in leisure walking, fitness exercises, hiking, barbecuing, family picnics and camping.

The parks include Tai Mo Shan, Pat Sin Leng mountain range, Ma On Shan, Lion Rock, Sai Kung Peninsula, forest plantations at Shing Mun and Tai Lam, Shek Lei Pui Reservoir group and Lantau Island. Several islands such as Ping Chau in Mirs Bay are included, and Hong Kong Island itself has five Country Parks. Route Twisk Tai Mo Shan (大帽山, literally meaning Big Hat Mountain) is the highest mountain in Hong Kong, with an altitude of 958 m. ... Ma On Shan (Chinese: 馬鞍山, pinyin Mǎānshān, lit. ... Lion Rock, or less formally, Lion Rock Hill, is a famous hill in Hong Kong. ... Sai Kung (西貢; pinyin: Xi1gong4; Cantonese: sai1 gung3) is the second-largest of the 18 districts of Hong Kong. ... Shing Mun can refer to several places in Hong Kong: Shing Mun Tunnel Shing Mun Country Park, which contains the Shing Mun reservoir Shing Mun River This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... Tai Lam Country Park is located in the Yuen Long District at the west of New Territories of Hong Kong. ... Lantau Island, Hong Kong Lantau Island (based on its old name 爛頭島 Làntóu Dǎo, Ragged Head Island; now called 大嶼山 pinyin: Dàyǔ shān, Cantonese: Tai yue shan, Big Island Mountain), also Lantao, is the largest island in Hong Kong, located at the mouth of the Pearl River. ... Ping Chau (平洲) or Tung Ping Chau (東平洲) is an island of Hong Kong, located in the northeast of the territory, in Mirs Bay. ... Mirs Bay (a. ... Hong Kong Island (香港島, colloquially the Island side) is the island where the colonial settlement of the Hong Kong territory, Victoria City, was founded. ...

Facilities

Park facilities provided in recreational sites include tables and benches, barbecue pits, litterbins, children’s play apparatus, shelters, campsites and toilets — all carefully designed to blend in with the environment. Footpaths and family walks provide easy access to the hills and the woodlands for visitors to enjoy the scenic beauty of these areas. Major paths are being improved and way marked through the hilly terrain.

The four long-distance hiking trails are very popular among hikers:

• The MacLehose Trail (100 km) traverses the New Territories from Sai Kung in the east to Tuen Mun in the west.
• The Lantau Trail (70 km) is a circular trail on Lantau Island.
• The Hong Kong Trail (50 km) traverses all the five Country Parks on Hong Kong Island.
• The Wilson Trail (78 km) opened in January 1996 stretches from Stanley in the south of Hong Kong Island to Nam Chung in the north of the New Territories.

The New Territories (Chinese: æ–°ç•Œ, Pinyin: XÄ«njiè) is the area of land in Hong Kong, north of the Kowloon peninsula, south of Shenzhen He / Shum Chun River (深圳河) and Hong Kongs outlying islands (including Lantau Island, Lamma Island, Cheung Chau, and Peng Chau), leased from Qing China to Britain in... Tuen Mun (屯門) is one of the 18 districts of Hong Kong. ... The Wilson Trail (衛奕信徑) is a 78km long-distance footpath in Hong Kong. ... Stanley Stanley (赤柱; lit. ... Nam Chung (hanzi : 南涌, pinyin : nán chong) is situated in the north eastern New Territories of Hong Kong, to the west of the Shataukok Hoi or Stirling Inlet, opposite the town of Shataukok. ...

Education and visitor service

More facilities are provided to help visitors to enjoy and understand the countryside. Visitor centres have been established at Aberdeen, Plover Cove, Sai Kung, Clear Water Bay, Shing Mun and Tai Mo Shan. The Lions Nature Education Centre at Tsiu Hang Special Area in Sai Kung is a special attraction to visitors as it consists of a rich collection of fruit-bearing and amenity trees, vegetables, rocks and minerals and other local vegetation. The Shing Mun Arboretum has a collection of about 300 plant species. Along nature trails and tree walks, there are on-site interpretative signs for those who wish to study the nature. AFCD has also set up a website and a number of fax-on-demand lines to provide the public with information about country parks. Furthermore, community involved conservation programmes such as the Corporate Afforestation Scheme, School Visit Programme, Guided Walks and many other voluntary services have been organized. In 2004, more than 200 000 people participated in these conservation programmes.

The parks and the special areas contain a wide variety of vegetation, including native and introduced tree species such as Camphor Tree, Machilus, Schima, Acacia, Slash Pine and Brisbane Box. There are also animals such as Barking Deer, Macaque, Wild Boar, Civet Cat, Pangolin, Chinese Porcupine and Squirrel; birds such as the Greater Coucal, Great Barbet, Chinese Bulbul, Crested Mynah, Spotted Dove and Black-eared Kite; and a large variety of insects and about 240 species of butterflies. Over 500 bird nest boxes have been introduced into country parks to enhance the breeding of birds. Species About 1,300; see List of Acacia species Acacia is a genus of shrubs and trees of Gondwanian origin belonging to the subfamily Mimosoideae of the Pea Family Fabaceae, first described from Africa by Linnaeus in 1773. ... Binomial name Pinus elliottii Engelm. ... Species 10 species, see text Muntjac are deer of the genus Muntiacus, also known as Barking Deer. ... Species see text The macaques form the genus Macaca of Old World monkeys. ... Binomial name Sus scrofa Linnaeus, 1758 The Wild Boar (Sus scrofa) is the wild ancestor of the domesticated pig. ... Subfamilies Cryptoproctinae Euplerinae Hemigalinae Paradoxurinae Viverrinae The 35 species of civet, genet and linsang make up the family Viverridae. ... Species Manis culionensis Manis gigantea Manis temmincki Manis tricuspis Manis tetradactyla Manis crassicaudata Manis pentadactyla Manis javanica Pangolins are mammals with large scales on their skins which can be found in parts of Africa and Asia. ... Genera Many, see the article Sciuridae. ... Binomial name Centropus sinensis (Stephens, 1815) The Greater Coucal, Centropus sinensis, is a member of the cuckoo order of birds, the Cuculiformes, which also includes the roadrunners, the anis, and the Hoatzin. ... Binomial name Streptopelia chinensis Scopoli, 1768 The Spotted Dove (Streptopelia chinensis) is a pigeon which is a resident breeding bird in tropical southern Asia from India and Sri Lanka east to south China and Southeast Asia. ... For other uses of the term butterfly, see butterfly (disambiguation). ...

The Tai Po Kau Special Area is a 'Nature Reserve' and caters for those who wish to study tree, plant, bird and insect life, as well as providing pleasant and interesting walks. There is a total ban on the lighting of fires in this important woodland area.

Increasing emphasis is being given to facilities to help visitors to enjoy and understand the countryside. In this connection, six visitor centres have been established at Aberdeen, Plover Cove, Sai Kung, Clear Water Bay, Shing Mun and Tai Mo Shan. The Lions Nature Education Centre at Tsiu Hang Special Area in Sai Kung, consists of a rich collection of fruit-bearing and amenity trees, vegetables, rocks and minerals, and other local vegetation, has been established for the purpose of nature education. The Shing Mun Arboretum has a collection of about 300 plant species. Along nature trails and tree walks, there are on-site interpretative signs for those who wish to study the nature. Aberdeen gate in Hong Kong Aberdeen Harbour (香港仔) is a harbour at the south side of Hong Kong Island, located in the Southern District of Hong Kong. ... Clear Water Bay is an area of Sai Kung District, in Hong Kong. ...

Management

Fire is the major hazard and it bedevils park management for about six months every year. This is the time of the cool, dry winter when many people like to spend a day out in the hills-especially at weekends and public holidays. In a normal fire season there can be as many as 300 hill fires in the parks with five to seven fires a day when conditions are particularly bad. In 1986, a 34 hour blaze destroyed 282,500 trees at Shing Mun and Tai Mo Shan and ravaged 7.4 km² of countryside. Fire is the greatest threat to the beauty of the country parks.

Litter is another problem. One of the major tasks of park management is to collect litter left by the visitors which in 2001 totalled some 3 850 tonnes.

With such problems in mind, the Country and Marine Parks Authority has provided barbecue pits and litter bins located strategically throughout the park areas for the visitors. The Authority also prosecutes anyone found littering, damaging facilities or lighting fires outside the approved barbecue sites in the Country Parks.

A number of management centres have been established in strategic locations within the Country Parks from which construction, maintenance and protection services are provided.

Marine parks

The Marine Parks Ordinance protects and conserves the marine environment and a rich collection of aquatic animals and plants, such as corals, sea grasses and dolphins. The ordinance also provides the legal framework for the designation, control and management of marine parks and marine reserves. The Marine Parks and Marine Reserve Regulation provides for the prohibition and control of certain activities in marine parks and marine reserve.

The parks/reserve

There are four marine parks and one marine reserve covering a total area of 24.3 km². They comprise scenic coastal areas, seascapes and important marine habitats. Marine parks and reserve are managed for conservation, education, recreation and scientific studies. In marine parks, visitors are encouraged to appreciate the beauty and diversity of marine life. Diving, snorkeling, swimming, canoeing, sailing, underwater photography and school visits are popular activities in marine parks.

Conservation and education

In marine parks, a multiple use approach is adopted. Activities compatible with the objectives of marine parks and non-destructive to the marine environment are allowed. Activities destructive to marine environment and coastal features such as trawling, unauthorised fishing, hunting or collecting of marine life are prohibited. On-site information boards, mooring buoys and markers are installed. Educational activities such as guided tours, beach clean-ups, seabed clean-ups and public lectures are regularly organised. In marine reserve, recreational activities are prohibited and the area is protected for nature conservation and scientific studies. AFCD is exploring the possibility for further extension of marine parks to place more important marine habitats under protection.

Conservation

A wide variety of animal and plant life can be found in large areas of Hong Kong, especially in the New Territories. The Government’s increasing concern with the protection of thenatural environment has been demonstrated both by legislation and by the activities of its conservation staff. Game hunting is prohibited.

Habitat protection

About 38 per cent of land in Hong Kong has been designated as country parks and special areas which provide statutory protection for the habitats of our diverse flora and fauna. In addition, 64 Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSIs) have been listed to recognize the scientific importance of these sites and to ensure that due consideration to conservation is given when developments in or near these sites are proposed For example, San Chau and Ngong Ping at Lantau have been listed as SSSIs in recognition of the presence of the largest population of Rhododendron championae and Romer’s Tree Frog (Philautus romeri) in Hong Kong respectively.

Flora

The flora of Hong Kong is diverse in character and surprisingly numerous in species. Many typical species of the Southeast Asian tropical flora are seen here at the limit of their northern distribution range. More than 3 100 species and varieties of vascular plants have been recorded in Hong Kong, approximately 2 100 of which are native and the rest are of exotic origin. Many species of plants in Hong Kong are noteworthy for the beauty or fragrance of their blossoms. Bauhinia blakeana (Hong Kong Orchid Tree) was discovered in 1908 at Pok Fu Lam. It is among the finest of the Bauhinia genus anywhere in the world. It is widelyplanted — being propagated by cuttings since its seeds are usually sterile.

Hong Kong Herbarium

AFCD's Hong Kong Herbarium is responsible for the systematic collection, identification and curation of plant specimens of the Hong Kong flora. It plays a significant role in supporting the studies on taxonomy, ecology and conservation of Hong Kong flora. Established in 1878, it houses approximately 37 000 plant specimens and is equipped with a specialised library to support its function.

Conservation of flora

Efforts have been made to conserve rare and endangered plant species. In addition to habitat protection, they are also conserved through the following approaches.

• Species protection: Under the Forests and Countryside Ordinance, damaging plant in any forest or plantation on government land is prohibited. Some rare and attractive species are specifically listed in the Forestry Regulations to control the sale and possession of such listed species as Camellia species, Enkianthus quinqueflorus, Iris speculatrix and Impatiens hongkongensis.

• Active propagation: Various methods such as seed collection, cutting, air layering, etc, have been attempted to propagate rare and endangered plants. Transplantation may also be carried out if their habitats are found to be under threat. Successful examples of active propagation include Keteleeria fortunei, Camellia crapnelliana and Camellia granthamiana.

• Ex-situ conservation: A base for flora conservation has been set up at the Shing Mun Arboretum. About 300 species including some rare species have been propagated and established there for conservation purpose.

Terrestrial mammals

Larger wild mammals are declining in numbers in Hong Kong, mainly because of the increased urbanisation. Civet Cats, Leopard Cats and Chinese Porcupines are seen occasionally at night in the New Territories. Indian Muntjac are uncommon but are heard and seen in wooded areas. There are Wild Boars in some remote areas, occasionally causing damage to crops. Unlike others, Rhesus Macaques are easily seen in Kam Shan Country Park. Visitors are reminded not to feed these wild animals as uncontrolled feeding has led to unnatural growth of the monkey population and caused nuisances. A feeding ban has been implemented and enforced in the area since July 1999 to help the monkeys revert back to forage natural food in the natural environment. Smaller mammals such as squirrels, the Woodland Shrew, House Shrew and bats are common in rural areas.

Birds

Hong Kong is a major stopover point of Asia’s migration routes for birds. The wide varieties of local habitats including wetlands, grasslands, woodlands, seashores and farmlands contribute to the diversity of the birds. There are over 450 species of wild birds including residents, winter visitors, passage migrants, and summer visitors recorded in Hong Kong. Some of these are globally endangered species such as Black-faced Spoonbill. About 120 species have been recorded breeding in the territory. The Mai Po Marshes are listed as a restricted area and access is restricted to permit holders. This area of mudflat, mangrove and shrimp ponds is the richest habitat for migratory birds. More than 320 species of birds have been recorded in the area and about 120 of these are rarely seen elsewhere in the territory. The Marshes form part of the 15 km² Mai Po Inner Deep Bay Ramsar Site which was listed in 1995 as a Wetland of International Importance under the Ramsar Convention. This area is also one of the participants of East Asian — Australasian Shorebird Reserve Network.

Amphibians and reptiles

Hong Kong has over 100 species of amphibians and reptiles. Among them, over 40 species are snakes. Most snakes in Hong Kong are harmless and there have been very few cases of known bites by highly venomous snakes. There are nine species of chelonians found in Hong Kong, of which the Green Turtle is of particular interest in that it is the only known species of sea turtles breeding locally. The nesting site of Green Turtles at Sham Wan of Lamma Island was designated a restricted area in 1999 to protect the species during the breeding season. Hong Kong has a total of 23 species of amphibians. Three of them, Hong Kong Cascade Frog, Hong Kong Newt and the endemic Romer's Tree Frog have been listed under the Wild Animals Protection Ordinance due to their rarity. A site that supports the largest population of the Romer's Tree Frog — part of Ngong Ping on Lantau Island, has also been designated as SSSI in May 1999.

Insects

Hong Kong has a rich insect fauna. There are about 230 species of butterflies, including such beautiful species as Swallow-tails. Of the many moths, the Atlas is outstanding for its large size with wing span up to 30 centimetres while Moon Moth is eye-catching for its long hindwing tails. There is a great diversity of dragonfly fauna with over 110 species recorded, some of which are endemic to Hong Kong.

Aquatic animal

The marine fauna of Hong Kong is exceedingly diverse. Though primarily tropical, it is an admixture of tropical South China Sea and temperate Chinese forms because of the seasonal fluctuations of warm and cold water and monsoon weather conditions. Of an estimated 1 800 species of fish on the South China continental shelf, clupeoids, croakers and sea breams are the dominant groups in Hong Kong waters. Farther offshore, golden thread, big-eyes and others are also of high value to fishermen. Marine invertebrates are also abundant — ranging from corals, molluscs to crustaceans. There are 84 species of stony corals in Hong Kong. The richest coral communities prevail to the east of Hong Kong where the waters are both sheltered and free from the influence of Pearl River. Marine mammals, Chinese White Dolphin and Finless Porpoise, are resident species and can be found year-round. All cetaceans are protected in Hong Kong under the Wild Animals Protection Ordinance. There are more than 120 species of native freshwater fish recorded of which about 30 primary freshwater species spend their entire lives in freshwaters. Of the primary freshwater fish, cyprinids are dominant.

List of Country Parks & Special Areas in Hong Kong

Hong Kong Island: Hong Kong Island (香港島, colloquially the Island side) is the island where the colonial settlement of the Hong Kong territory, Victoria City, was founded. ...

• Aberdeen Country Park
• Lung Fu Shan Country Park
• Pok Fu Lam Country Park
• Shek O Country Park
• Tai Tam Country Park
• Tai Tam Country Park (Quarry Bay extension)

Kowloon: Lung Fu Shan Country Park in Hong Kong, covers the densely vegetated slopes of Lung Fu Shan, including the disused Pinewood Battery as well as the Pinewood Garden picnic area, providing a scenic backdrop to the residential and commercial districts of Hong Kong Island. ... New Kowloon is an area in Kowloon, Hong Kong, bounded in the south by Boundary Street, and in the north by the ranges of the Lion Rock, Beacon Hill, Tates Cairn and Kowloon Peak. ...

• Kam Shan Country Park

New Territories: The New Territories (Chinese: 新界, Pinyin: Xīnjiè) is the area of land in Hong Kong, north of the Kowloon peninsula, south of Shenzhen He / Shum Chun River (深圳河) and Hong Kongs outlying islands (including Lantau Island, Lamma Island, Cheung Chau, and Peng Chau), leased from Qing China to Britain in...

• Clear Water Bay Country Park
• Kiu Tsui Country Park
• Lam Tsuen Country Park
• Lion Rock Country Park
• Ma On Shan Country Park
• Pat Sin Leng Country Park
• Plover Cove Country Park
• Plover Cove (Extension) Country Park
• Sai Kung East Country Park
• Sai Kung West Country Park
• Sai Kung West (Extension) Country Park
• Shing Mun Country Park
• Tai Lam Country Park
• Tai Mo Shan Country Park

• Tai Po Kau Special Area

Lantau Island: Lion Rock Country Park is a country park, located in the New Territories, Hong Kong. ... Some of Hong Kongs most dramatic scenery is to be found within the boundaries of the Ma On Shan Country Park. ... The Shing Mun Country Park is a country park of Hong Kong. ... Tai Lam Country Park is located in the Yuen Long District at the west of New Territories of Hong Kong. ... Route Twisk Tai Mo Shan (大帽山, literally meaning Big Hat Mountain) is the highest mountain in Hong Kong, with an altitude of 958 m. ... Lantau Island, Hong Kong Lantau Island (based on its old name 爛頭島 Làntóu Dǎo, Ragged Head Island; now called 大嶼山 pinyin: Dàyǔ shān, Cantonese: Tai yue shan, Big Island Mountain), also Lantao, is the largest island in Hong Kong, located at the mouth of the Pearl River. ...

• Lantau North Country Park
• Lantau South Country Park

See also

• Geography of Hong Kong
• List of bays in Hong Kong
• List of harbours in Hong Kong
• List of rivers in Hong Kong
• List of mountains, peaks and hills in Hong Kong
• Ecology of Hong Kong
• Beaches of Hong Kong
• List of urban public parks and gardens of Hong Kong
• List of buildings, sites and areas in Hong Kong
• List of national parks around the world
• List of long-distance footpaths

See main Hong Kong article for a general description and history. ... The following is a list of bays in Hong Kong: Hong Kong Island Quarry Bay Aldrich Bay / Shau Kei Wan, also Buffalo Bay Repulse Bay Causeway Bay Kowloon and New Kowloon Kowloon Bay Hung Hom Bay Ngau Tsz Wan To Kwa Wan Cheung Sha Wan Lai Chi Kok Bay New... The following is a list of harbours in Hong Kong: Victoria Harbour (維多利亞港), (維港) Aberdeen Harbour (香港仔海港) Double Haven (印洲塘) Port Shelter (牛尾海) Inner Port Shelter (西貢海) Tolo Harbour (吐露港) Tai Tam Harbour (大潭港) Rocky Harbour (糧船灣海) Three Fathoms Cove (企嶺下海) See also List of buildings, sites, and areas in... The following is a List of rivers in Hong Kong: Categories: Hong Kong geography stubs | Rivers of Hong Kong | Lists of rivers ... The following is a list of mountains, peaks and hills in Hong Kong: Tallest peaks of Hong Kong Tai Mo Shan - 958 m Lantau Peak (Fung Wong Shan) - 934 m, on Lantau Island Sunset Peak (Tai Tung Shan) - 869 m, on Lantau Island Ma On Shan - 702 m Wong Leng... The ecology of Hong Kong is mostly affected by the changes brought about by climatic changes. ... Hong Kong has a long coastline which is full of twists and turns with many bays and beaches. ... Urban public parks and gardens in Hong Kong include: This is a partial list. ... The following is a list of buildings, sites and areas in Hong Kong: List of the 18 districts of Hong Kong, with a partial list of their sub-areas and streets Hong Kong Island Central and Western Central Admiralty Kennedy Town Mid-levels Sai Ying Pun Shek Tong Tsui Sheung... This is a list of national parks ordered by nation. ... This is a list of some long-distance footpaths used for walking and hiking. ...

External links and references

• Initial text based on information provided by the Hong Kong Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department (AFCD), under the provision that the re-dissemination or reproduction is for non-commercial use. [1]
• Hong Kong Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department website
• Hong Kong Outdoors