The Court of Colonial Affairs (Manchu: Tulergi golo be darasa jurgan; Mongol: γadaγdu mongγul un törü-ji jasaqu jabudal-un jamun; Chinese: Lǐfànyuàn, 理藩院) was an agency in the Qing government which supervised the Qing Empire's Mongolian dependencies and its relations to Tibet. Prior to the establishment of the Zongli Yamen, the Court also supervised the empire's relation with with Russia under the treaties of Nerchinsk and Kiakhta. The Court of Colonial Affairs was exlusively staffed with members from the Eight Banners. The Manchu language is a member of the Tungusic languages of Altaic family; it used to be the language of the Manchu, though now most Manchus speak Mandarin Chinese and there are fewer than 100 native speakers of Manchu out of a total of nearly 10 million ethnic Manchus. ... The Mongolic languages are a group of languages spoken in Central Asia. ... The Qing Dynasty (Manchu: daicing gurun; Chinese: 清朝; pinyin: qīng cháo; Wade-Giles: ching chao), sometimes known as the Manchu Dynasty, was founded by the Manchu clan Aisin Gioro, in what is today northeast China expanded into China proper and the surrounding territories of... This article is becoming very long. ... Nerchinsk Treaty was the first treaty between Russia and China. ... The Treaty of Kiakhta (sometimes spelled Kyakhta) (Chinese: 恰克图条约 / 恰克圖條約 [Qiàkètú TiáoyuÄ“]) was one of several treaties between Imperial Russia and the Qing Empire in the early modern period, establishing trade agreements and defining the border between Russian Siberia and the Qing territories of Mongolia and Manchuria. ... The Eight Banners (In Manchu: jakÅ«n gÅ«sa, In Chinese: æ—— baqí) were administrative divisions into which all Manchu families were placed. ...

Further reading

• Mayers, William Frederick. The Chinese Government: A Manual of Chinese Titles, Categorically Arranged and Explained, with an Appendix. 3rd edition revised by G.M.H. Playfair ed. Shanghai: Kelly & Walsh, 1897; reprint, Taibei: Ch'eng-Wen Pub. Co., 1966.
• Brunnert, S., V. V. Hagelstrom, and N. F. Kolesov. Present Day Political Organization of China. Translated by Andrei Terent'evich Biel'chenko and Edward Eugene Moran. Shanghai: Kelly and Walsh Limited, 1912.