Court of Love in Provence in the 14th Century (after a manuscript in the Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris).

Courtly love was a medieval European conception of ennobling love which found its genesis in the ducal and princely courts in regions of present-day southern France at the end of the 11th century. In essence, courtly love was a contradictory experience between erotic desire and spiritual attainment, "a love at once illicit and morally elevating, passionate and self-disciplined, humiliating and exalting, human and transcendent".^[1] Download high resolution version (1419x795, 41 KB)Court of Love in Provence in the Fourteenth Century (Manuscript of the National Library of Paris). ... Download high resolution version (1419x795, 41 KB)Court of Love in Provence in the Fourteenth Century (Manuscript of the National Library of Paris). ... The new buildings of the library. ... The Middle Ages formed the middle period in a traditional schematic division of European history into three ages: the classical civilization of Antiquity, the Middle Ages, and modern times, beginning with the Renaissance. ... This region consists of the southern part of France. ... Eroticism is an aesthetic focus on sexual desire, especially the feelings of anticipation of sexual activity. ... Discipline is any training intended to produce a specific character or pattern of behaviour, especially training that produces moral or mental development in a particular direction. ... In philosophy, transcendental/transcendence, has three different but related primary meanings, all of them derived from the words literal meaning (from Latin), of climbing or going beyond: one that originated in Ancient philosophy, one in Medieval philosophy and one in modern philosophy. ...

The term "courtly love" was first popularized by Gaston Paris in 1883, and has since come under a wide variety of definitions and uses, even being dismissed as nineteenth-century romantic fiction. Its interpretation, origins and influences continue to be a matter of discourse. Bruno Paulin Gaston Paris (August 9, 1839 - March 6, 1903), was a French scholar, the son of Alexis Paulin Paris. ... Wanderer above the sea of fog by Caspar David Friedrich Romantics redirects here, for the band, see The Romantics Romanticism is an artistic, literary and intellectual movement that originated in 18th century Western Europe during the industrial revolution. ...

Origin of term

The term amour courtois ("courtly love") was given its original definition by Gaston Paris in his 1883 article "Études sur les romans de la Table Ronde: Lancelot du Lac, II: Le conte de la charrette", a treatise inspecting Chretien de Troyes's Lancelot, the Knight of the Cart (1177). Paris said amour courtois was an idolization and ennobling discipline. The lover (idolizer) accepts the independence of his mistress and tries to make himself worthy of her by acting bravely and honorably (nobly) and by doing whatever deeds she might desire. Sexual satisfaction, Paris said, may not have been a goal or even end result, but the love was not entirely Platonic either, as it was based on sexual attraction (see section on sexuality below for further views). Chr tien de Troyes wrote in Champagne, France, during the last half of the twelfth century. ... Lancelot, the Knight of the Cart (French: Lancelot, le Chevalier de la Charrette) is an Old French poem by Chrétien de Troyes. ... Look up Idol in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Platonic idealism is the theory that the substantive reality around us is only a reflection of a higher truth. ... This article or section is incomplete and may require expansion and/or cleanup. ...

The term and Paris's definition were soon widely accepted and adopted. In 1936 C.S. Lewis wrote the influential The Allegory of Love further solidifying courtly love as "love of a highly specialized sort, whose characteristics may be enumerated as Humility, Courtesy, Adultery, and the Religion of Love".^[2] Clive Staples Lewis (November 29, 1898 – November 22, 1963), commonly referred to as C. S. Lewis, was an author and scholar. ... Written in 1936 by C. S. Lewis, The Allegory of Love is an exploration of the Medieval conventions of courtly love. ...

Later, historians such as D.W. Robertson^[3] in the 1960s and John C. Moore^[4] and E. Talbot Donaldson^[5] in the 1970s, were critical of the term as being a modern invention, Donaldson calling it "The Myth of Courtly Love", because it is not supported in medieval texts. However, even though the term "courtly love" does only appear in just one extant Provençal poem (as cortez amors in a late 12th century lyric by Piere d'Alvernhe), it is closely related to the term fin'amor ("fine love") which does appear frequently in Provençal and French, as well as German translated as hohe Minne. In addition other terms and phrases associated with "courtliness" and "love" are common throughout the Middle Ages. Even though Paris used a term with little support in the contempraneous literature, it was not a neologism and does usefully describe a particular conception of love and focuses on the courtliness that was at its essence.^[6] A neologism (Greek νεολογισμός [neologismos], from νέος [neos] new + λόγος [logos] word, speech, discourse + suffix -ισμός [-ismos] -ism) is a word, term, or phrase which has been recently created (coined) — often to apply to new concepts, to synthesize pre-existing concepts, or to make older terminology sound more contemporary. ...

History

Courtly Love comes in the basket

Courtly love had its origins in the castle life of four regions: Aquitaine, Provence, Champagne and ducal Burgundy beginning about the time of the First Crusade (1099). Courtly love found its expression in the lyric poems written by troubadours, such as William IX, Duke of Aquitaine (1071-1126), one of the first troubadour poets. ImageMetadata File history File links Download high resolution version (479x696, 157 KB) File links The following pages link to this file: Courtly love ... ImageMetadata File history File links Download high resolution version (479x696, 157 KB) File links The following pages link to this file: Courtly love ... A royal or noble court, as an instrument of government broader than a court of justice, comprises an extended household centered on a patron whose rule may govern law or be governed by it. ... Location Administration Capital Bordeaux Regional President Alain Rousset (PS) (since 1998) Départements Dordogne Gironde Landes Lot-et-Garonne Pyrénées-Atlantiques Arrondissements 18 Cantons 235 Communes 2,296 Statistics Land area1 41,309 km² Population (Ranked 6th)  - January 1, 2005 est. ... Coat of arms of Provence Provence (Provençal Occitan: Provença in classical norm or Prouvènço in Mistralian norm) is a former Roman province and is now a region of southeastern France, located on the Mediterranean Sea adjacent to the Italian border. ... Location of the Champagne province in France Champagne is one of the most traditional provinces of France, a region of France that is best known for the production of the sparkling white wine that bears the regions name. ... région of Bourgogne, see Bourgogne. ... Combatants Christendom, Catholicism West European Christians, Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia Seljuks, Arabs and other Muslims The First Crusade was launched in 1095 by Pope Urban II with the dual goals of liberating the sacred city of Jerusalem and the Holy Land from Muslims and freeing the Eastern Christians from Muslim... A troubadour composing lyrics, Germany c. ... William IX of Aquitaine (October 22, 1071 – February 10, 1126, also Guillaume or Guilhem dAquitaine), nicknamed the Troubador was Duke of Aquitaine and Gascony and Count of Poitiers as William VII of Poitiers between 1086 and 1126. ...

Poets adopted the terminology of feudalism, declaring themselves the vassal of the lady and addressing her as midons (my lord), a sort of code name so that the poet did not have to reveal the lady's name, but which was flattering by addressing her as his lord. The troubadour's model of the ideal lady was the wife of his employer or lord, a lady of higher status, usually the rich and powerful female head of the castle. When her husband was away on Crusade or other business she dominated the household and cultural affairs; sometimes this was the case even when the husband was at home. The lady was rich and powerful and the poet gave voice to the aspirations of the courtier class, for only those who were noble could engage in courtly love. This new kind of love saw nobility not based on wealth and family history, but on character and actions; thus appealing to poorer knights who saw an avenue for advancement. Roland pledges his fealty to Charlemagne; from a manuscript of a chanson de geste. ... Look up vassal in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

Eleanor of Aquitaine brought ideals of courtly love from Aquitaine first to the court of France, then to England, where she was queen to two kings. Her daughter Marie, Countess of Champagne brought courtly behavior to the Count of Champagne's court. The rules of courtly love were codified by the late 12th century in Andreas Capellanus' highly influential work De Amore ("Concerning Love"). Eleanor of Aquitaine Eleanor of Aquitaine, Duchess of Aquitaine and Gascony and Countess of Poitou (1122[1] –April 1, 1204) was one of the wealthiest and most powerful women in Europe during the High Middle Ages. ... Marie of France, or Marie Capet, Countess of Champagne (1145 – March 11, 1198), was the elder daughter of Louis VII of France and his first wife, Eleanor of Aquitaine. ... The Counts of Champagne ruled the region of Champagne, France from 1022 to 1314. ... Andreas Capellanus (Capellanus meaning chaplain) was the 12th century author of a treatise commonly entitled De amore (On Love), and often known in English as The Art of Courtly Love. ... Andreas Capellanus was the twelfth century author of a treatise commonly entitled De amore (On Love), also known as De arte honeste amandi, for which a possible English translation is The Art of Courtly Love (though the books realistic, somewhat cynical tone suggests that it is in some measure...

Analysis

"God Speed!" by Edmund Blair Leighton: a lady giving a favor to a knight about to do battle

Courtly love saw a woman as an ennobling spiritual and moral force, a view that was in opposition to ecclesiastical sexual attitudes. Rather than being critical of romantic and sexual love as sinful, the poets praised it as the highest good. Marriage had been declared a sacrament of the Church, at the Fourth Lateran Council, 1215, and within Christian marriage, the only purpose was procreation with any sex beyond that purpose seen as non-pious. The ideal state of a Christian was celibacy, even in marriage. By the beginning of the 13th century the ideas of courtly tradition were condemned by the church as being heretical. Some Protestant theologists assume that the Catholic Church channeled this into devotion to the Blessed Virgin; assuming that it was not a coincidence that devotion to the Virgin Mary began in the 12th century as a counter to the secular, courtly and lustful views of women. Francis of Assisi called poverty "his Lady". Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 428 × 599 pixelsFull resolution (1702 × 2382 pixel, file size: 1. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 428 × 599 pixelsFull resolution (1702 × 2382 pixel, file size: 1. ... The Accolade Edmund Blair Leighton (September 21, 1853—September 1, 1922) was a British painter of medieval scenes of chivalry. ... This article or section needs copy editing for grammar, style, cohesion, tone and/or spelling. ... In Christian belief and practice, a sacrament is a rite that mediates divine grace, constituting a sacred mystery. ... The Fourth Council of the Lateran was summoned by Pope Innocent III with his Bull of April 19, 1213. ... A certified copy of the Magna Carta March 4 - King John of England makes an oath to the Pope as a crusader to gain the support of Innocent III. June 15 - King John of England was forced to put his seal on the Magna Carta, outlining the rights of landowning... Reproduction is the creation of one thing as a copy of, product of, or replacement for a similar thing, e. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... (12th century - 13th century - 14th century - other centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 13th century was that century which lasted from 1201 to 1300. ... Look up Heresy in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Our Lady redirects here. ... Saint Mary and Saint Mary the Virgin both redirect here. ... Saint Francis of Assisi (1182—October 3, 1226) was a Roman Catholic friar and the founder of the Order of Friars Minor, more commonly known as the Franciscans. ...

Courtly love had a civilizing effect on knightly behavior, beginning in the late 11th century; it has been suggested that the prevalence of arranged marriages required other outlets for the expression of more personal occurrences of romantic love. New expressions of highly personal private piety in the 11th century were at the origins of what a modern observer would recognize as a personality, and the vocabulary of piety was also transferred to the conventions of courtly love. As a means of recording the passage of time, the 11th century was that century which lasted from 1001 to 1100. ...

At times, the lady could be a princesse lointaine, a far-away princess, and some tales told of men who had fallen in love with women whom they had never seen, merely on hearing their perfection described, but normally she was not so distant. As the etiquette of courtly love became more complicated, the knight might wear the colors of his lady: blue or black were the colors of faithfulness; green was a sign of unfaithfulness. Salvation, previously found in the hands of the priesthood, now came from the hands of one's lady. In some cases, there were also women troubadours who expressed the same sentiment for men. A princess lointaine or princesse lointaine, (in French, distant princess) is a stock character from medieval romances. ... It has been suggested that Office etiquette be merged into this article or section. ...

Literary convention

The literary convention of courtly love can be found in most of the major authors of the Middle Ages such as Geoffery Chaucer, John Gower, Dante, Marie de France, Chretien de Troyes, Gottfried von Strassburg and Malory. Chaucer: Illustration from Cassells History of England, circa 1902. ... John Gower shooting the world, a sphere of earth, air, and water (from an edition of his works c. ... DANTE is also a digital audio network. ... Marie de France (Mary of France) was a poet evidently born in France and living in England during the late 12th century. ... Chr tien de Troyes wrote in Champagne, France, during the last half of the twelfth century. ... Gottfried von Strassburg, was one of the chief German poets of the middle ages. ... Sir Thomas Malory (c. ...

The medieval genres in which courtly love conventions can be found include the lyric, the Romance and the allegory. A genre is any of the traditional divisions of art forms from a single field of activity into various kinds according to criteria particular to that form. ... // Lyric poetry is a form of poetry that does not attempt to tell a story, as do epic poetry and dramatic poetry, but is of a more personal nature instead. ... As a literary genre, romance or chivalric romance refers to a style of heroic prose and verse narrative current in Europe from the Middle Ages to the Renaissance. ... An allegory (from Greek αλλος, allos, other, and αγορευειν, agoreuein, to speak in public) is a figurative mode of representation conveying a meaning other than (and in addition to) the literal. ...

Lyric

Courtly love was born in the lyric, first appearing with Provençal poets in the 11th century, including itinerant and courtly minstrels such as the French troubadours and trouveres. This French tradition spread later to the German Minnesänger, such as Walther von der Vogelweide and Wolfram von Eschenbach. // Lyric poetry is a form of poetry that does not attempt to tell a story, as do epic poetry and dramatic poetry, but is of a more personal nature instead. ... A troubadour composing lyrics, Germany c. ... Trouvère is the Northern French (langue doïl) version of troubador (langue doc), and refers to poet-composers who were roughly contemporary with and influenced by the troubadors but who composed their works in the northern dialects of France. ... Minnesang was the tradition of lyric and song writing in Germany which flourished in the 12th century and continued into the 14th century. ... Portrait of Walther von der Vogelweide. ... Portrait of Wolfram from the Codex Manesse. ...

Romance

The vernacular court poetry of the romans courtois, or Romances, saw many examples of courtly love. Some of them are set within the cycle of poems celebrating King Arthur's court. This was a literature of leisure, directed to a largely female audience for the first time in European history. The courtly romance or roman courteois was a genre of aristocratic entertainment in narrative verse popular in the Middle ages. ... A bronze Arthur in plate armour with visor raised and with jousting shield wearing Kastenbrust armour (early 15th century) by Peter Vischer, typical of later anachronistic depictions of Arthur. ...

Allegory

Medieval allegory has courtly love elements, for example the first part of The Romance of the Rose. Christs baptism in the bottom panel. ... The Roman de la Rose is a late medieval French work of fiction in allegorical dream form. ...

Others

Perhaps the most important and popular work was that of Andreas Capellanus's De Amore which described the ars amandi ("the art of loving") in twelfth century Provence. His work followed in the tradition of the Roman work Ars amatoria ("Art of Love") by Ovid and the Muslim work Tawq al-hamamah (The turtle-dove's necklace) by Ibn Hazm. Andreas Capellanus (Capellanus meaning chaplain) was the 12th century author of a treatise commonly entitled De amore (On Love), and often known in English as The Art of Courtly Love. ... Andreas Capellanus was the twelfth century author of a treatise commonly entitled De amore (On Love), also known as De arte honeste amandi, for which a possible English translation is The Art of Courtly Love (though the books realistic, somewhat cynical tone suggests that it is in some measure... Coat of arms of Provence Provence (Provençal Occitan: Provença in classical norm or Prouvènço in Mistralian norm) is a former Roman province and is now a region of southeastern France, located on the Mediterranean Sea adjacent to the Italian border. ... Engraved frontispiece of George Sandyss 1632 London edition of Publius Ovidius Naso (Sulmona, March 20, 43 BC – Tomis, now Constanţa AD 17), a Roman poet known to the English-speaking world as Ovid, wrote on topics of love, abandoned women and mythological transformations. ... Abu Muhammad Ali ibn Ahmad ibn Sa`id ibn Hazm (أبو محمد علي بن احمد بن سعيد بن حزم) (November 7, 994 – August 15, 1069) was an Andalusian Muslim philosopher and theologian of Persian descent [1] born in Córdoba, present day Spain. ...

The themes of courtly love were not confined to the medieval, but seen both in serious and comic forms in Elizabethan times. Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet, for example, shows Romeo attempting to love Rosaline in an almost contrived courtly fashion while Mercutio mocks him for it.

Points of controversy

Sexuality

Part of a series on Love
Historically
Courtly love
Greek love
Religious love
Types of Emotion
Erotic love
Platonic love
Familial love
Puppy love
Romantic love
See Also
Unrequited love
Problem of love
Sexuality
Sexual Intercourse
Valentine's Day

A point of ongoing controversy about courtly love is to what extent it was sexual. All courtly love was sexual to some degree—the troubadours speak of the physical beauty of their ladies and the feelings and desires the ladies rouse in them—and not purely platonic. However it is unclear what a poet should do—live a life of perpetual desire channeling his energies to higher ends, or physically consummate. Scholars have seen it both ways. Love is any of a number of emotions and experiences related to a sense of strong affection or profound oneness. ... Image File history File links Emblem-favorites. ... Greek love as a phrase can be used as a euphemism or code word for homosexuality and homosexual sex, or as a direct reference to the pure and idealised Greek paederastic love. ... This page contains religious views on topic oflove. ... Eroticism is an aesthetic focus on sexual desire, especially the feelings of anticipation of sexual activity. ... Platonic love in its modern popular sense is an affectionate relationship into which the sexual element does not enter, especially in cases where one might easily assume otherwise. ... In sociology, familial love is a type affinity or natural affection felt between members of a group bound by common ancestry or blood ties. ... For other uses, see Puppy love (disambiguation). ... Romantic love is a form of love that is often regarded as different from mere needs driven by sexual desire, or lust. ... Unrequited love is love that is not reciprocated, even though reciprocation is usually deeply desired. ... In philosophy, the problem of love questions whether the desire to do good for another is based solely on the outward ability to love another person because the lover sees something (or someone) worth loving, or if a little self-interest is always present in the desire to do good... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... It has been suggested that Duration of sexual intercourse be merged into this article or section. ... Saint Valentines Day or Valentines Day is on February 14. ... Platonic love in its modern popular sense is an affectionate relationship into which the sexual element does not enter, especially in cases where one might easily assume otherwise. ...

Denis de Rougemont said that the troubadours were influenced by Cathar doctrines which rejected the pleasures of the flesh and that they were metaphorically addressing the spirit and soul of their ladies.^[7] Edmund Reiss claimed it was also a spiritual love, but a love that had more in common with Christian love, or caritas.^[8] On the other hand, scholars such as Mosché Lazar claim it was adulterous sexual love with physical possession of the lady the desired end.^[9] This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Catharism. ... Caritas (Latin) is a term in Christian theology (one of the three theological virtues), meaning loving kindness towards others; it is held to be the ultimate perfection of the human spirit, because it is said to both glorify and reflect the nature of God. ...

Many scholars identify courtly love as the "pure love" described in 1184 by Andreas Capellanus in De amore libri tres:^[10] Andreas Capellanus (Capellanus meaning chaplain) was the 12th century author of a treatise commonly entitled De amore (On Love), and often known in English as The Art of Courtly Love. ... Andreas Capellanus was the twelfth century author of a treatise commonly entitled De amore (On Love), also known as De arte honeste amandi, for which a possible English translation is The Art of Courtly Love (though the books realistic, somewhat cynical tone suggests that it is in some measure...

It is the pure love which binds together the hearts of two lovers with every feeling of delight. This kind consists in the contemplation of the mind and the affection of the heart; it goes as far as the kiss and the embrace and the modest contact with the nude lover, omitting the final solace, for that is not permitted for those who wish to love purely.... That is called mixed love which gets its effect from every delight of the flesh and culminates in the final act of Venus.

Within the corpus of troubadour poems there is a wide range of attitudes, even across the works of individual poets. Some poems are physically sensual, even bawdily imagining nude embraces, while others are highly spiritual and border on the platonic.^[11]

Andalusian and Islamicate influence

Many of the conventions of courtly love can be traced to Ovid, through Andreas Capellanus, but it is doubtful that they are all traceable to this origin. Accounts of courtly love often overlook the Arabist hypothesis, which has been posed in some form almost from the beginnings of the term "courtly love" in the modern period. A proposed source for the differences is the Arabic poets and poetry of Muslim Spain and the broader European contact with the Islamicate world. Andreas Capellanus (Capellanus meaning chaplain) was the 12th century author of a treatise commonly entitled De amore (On Love), and often known in English as The Art of Courtly Love. ...

Given that practices similar to courtly love were already prevalent in Al-Andalus and elsewhere in the Islamicate world, it is very likely that Islamicate practices influenced the Christian Europeans. William of Aquitane, for example, was involved in the First Crusade, and in the ongoing Reconquista in Spain, so that he would have come into contact with Muslim culture a great deal. Al-Andalus is the Arabic name given the Iberian Peninsula by its Muslim conquerors; it refers to both the Caliphate proper and the general period of Muslim rule (711–1492). ... William X of Aquitaine (1099 – April 9, 1137), nicknamed the Saint was Duke of Aquitaine and Gascony and Count of Poitiers as William VIII of Poitiers between 1126 and 1137. ... Combatants Christendom, Catholicism West European Christians, Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia Seljuks, Arabs and other Muslims The First Crusade was launched in 1095 by Pope Urban II with the dual goals of liberating the sacred city of Jerusalem and the Holy Land from Muslims and freeing the Eastern Christians from Muslim... Conquista redirects here. ...

In 11th-century Spain, a group of wandering poets appeared who would go from court to court, and sometimes travel to Christian courts in southern France, a situation closely mirroring what would happen in southern France about a century later. Contacts between these Spanish poets and the French troubadours were frequent. The metrical forms used by the Spanish poets were similar to those later used by the troubadours. The history of this argument is outlined by Maria Rosa Menocal in The Arabic Role in Medieval Literary History.

Real-world practice

A continued point of controversy is whether courtly love was purely literary or was actually practiced in real life. There are no historical records that offer evidence of its presence in reality. Historian John Benton found no documentary evidence in law codes, court cases, chronicles or other historical documents.^[12] However, the existence of the non-fiction genre of courtesy books is perhaps evidence for its practice. For example, according to the courtesy book by Christine de Pizan called Book of the Three Virtues (ca. 1405), which expresses disapproval of courtly love, the convention was being used to justify and cover-up illicit love affairs. Courtly love probably found expression in the real world in customs such as the crowning of Queens of Love and Beauty at tournaments. Philip le Bon, in his Feast of the Pheasant in 1454, relied on parables drawn from courtly love to incite his nobles to swear to participate in an anticipated crusade, while well into the 15th century numerous actual political and social conventions were largely based on the formulas dictated by the "rules" of courtly love. John Levene as Sergeant Benton. ... Christine de Pizan instructing her son. ... Tournament by Jörg Breu the Elder 1510s, depicting jousting Tournament, or tourney (Fr. ... // A parable is a brief, succinct story, in prose or verse, that illustrates a moral or religious lesson. ...

Courts of love

A point of controversy was the existence of "courts of love", first mentioned by Andreas Capellanus. These were supposed courts made up of tribunals staffed by 10 to 70 women who would hear a case of love and rule on it based on the rules of love. 19th century historians took the existence of these courts as fact, however later historians such as John F. Benton noted "none of the abundant letters, chronicles, songs and pious dedications" suggest they ever existed outside of the poetic literature.^[12] According to Diane Bornstein, one way to reconcile the differences between the references to courts of love in the literature, and the lack of documentary evidence in real life, is that they were like literary salons or social gatherings, where people read poems, debated questions of love, and played word games of flirtation.^[11]

Stages of courtly love

(Adapted from Barbara Tuchman^[13])

• Attraction to the lady, usually via eyes/glance
• Worship of the lady from afar
• Declaration of passionate devotion
• Virtuous rejection by the lady
• Renewed wooing with oaths of virtue and eternal fealty
• Moans of approaching death from unsatisfied desire (and other physical manifestations of lovesickness)
• Heroic deeds of valor which win the lady's heart
• Consummation of the secret love
• Endless adventures and subterfuges avoiding detection

See also

• Romance (genre)
  • Roman de la Rose
• Book of the Civilized Man
• Limerance
• Sicilian School
• Dolce Stil Novo
  • Dante Alighieri
  • Guido Cavalcanti

As a literary genre, romance or chivalric romance refers to a style of heroic prose and verse narrative current in Europe from the Middle Ages to the Renaissance. ... Mirth and Gladness lead a Dance in this miniature from a manuscript of the Roman de la Rose in the Bodleian Library (MS Douce 364, folio 8r). ... Book of the Civilized Man by Daniel of Beccles (Latin: Urbanus Magnus Danielis Becclesiensis). ... Limerence is a state of mind sometimes referred to as being in love (as distinct from loving someone) and sometimes called infatuation. ... In a literary context, the term Sicilian School identifies a small community of Sicilian, and to a lesser extent, mainland Italian poets gathered around Frederick II, most of them belonging to his court, the Magna Curia. ... Dolce Stil Novo (Italian for The Sweet New Style) is the name given to the most important literary movement of 13th century Italy. ... Dante in a fresco series of famous men by Andrea del Castagno, ca. ... Cavalcanti and Dante Guido Cavalcanti (c. ...

References

Clive Staples Lewis (November 29, 1898 – November 22, 1963), commonly referred to as C. S. Lewis, was an author and scholar. ... Dictionary of the Middle Ages: Supplement 1 (2003) The Dictionary of the Middle Ages is a 13-volume encyclopedia of the Middle Ages published by the American Council of Learned Societies between 1982 and 1989, with a supplemental volume added in 2003. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Andreas Capellanus (Capellanus meaning chaplain) was the 12th century author of a treatise commonly entitled De amore (On Love), and often known in English as The Art of Courtly Love. ... Dictionary of the Middle Ages: Supplement 1 (2003) The Dictionary of the Middle Ages is a 13-volume encyclopedia of the Middle Ages published by the American Council of Learned Societies between 1982 and 1989, with a supplemental volume added in 2003. ...

Further reading

• Duby, Georges. The Knight, the Lady, and the Priest: the Making of Modern Marriage in Medieval France. Translated by Barbara Bray. New York: Pantheon Books, 1983. (ISBN 0-226-16768-2)
• Gaunt, Simon. “Marginal Men, Marcabru, and Orthodoxy: The Early Troubadours and Adultery.” Medium Aevum 59 (1990): 55-71.
• Lewis, C. S. The Allegory of Love: A Study in Medieval Tradition. Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1936. (ISBN 0-19-281220-3)
• Menocal, Maria Rosa. The Arabic Role in Medieval Literary History. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2003. (ISBN 0-8122-1324-6)
• Newman, Francis X. The Meaning of Courtly Love. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1968. (ISBN 0-87395-038-0)
• Capellanus, Andreas. The Art of Courtly Love. New York: Columbia University Press, 1964.
• Schultz, James A. Courtly Love, the Love of Courtliness, and the History of Sexuality'. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2006. (ISBN 0-226-74089-7)
• Ward, Matt C. The Ideas of Courtly Love Oxford, University Press, 1923 (ISBN 0-74533-762-0)

External links

• Debora B. Schwartz, "Backgrounds to Romance: 'Courtly Love'", California Polytechnic State University
• Michael Delahoyde, Courtly Love, Washington State University.
• Andreas Capellanus, "The Art of Courtly Love (btw. 1174-1186)", extracts via the Internet Medieval Sourcebook.
• "Courtly love". In Encyclopedia Britannica Online.