The Crafoord Prize was established in 1980 by Holger Crafoord, the inventor of the artificial kidney, and his wife Anna-Greta Crafoord. Administered by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, the aim of the prize is to reward and promote basic research in scientific disciplines that fall outside the categories of the Nobel Prize. These fields include mathematics, geoscience, bioscience (particularly in relation to ecology and evolution), and astronomy. 1980 (MCMLXXX) was a leap year starting on Tuesday. ... Holger Crafoord (1908-1982), was a Swedish industrialist and the inventor of the artificial kidney. ... An artifical kidney is the machine and its related devices which allow to clean the blood of patients who have a temporary (acute) or an ongoing (chronic) failure of their kidneys. ... The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences or , founded in 1739 by King Frederick I, is one of the Royal Academies in Sweden. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... Mathematics is often defined as the study of topics such as quantity, structure, space, and change. ... Geology (from Greek γη- (ge-, the earth) and λογος (logos, word, reason)) is the science and study of the Earth, its composition, structure, physical properties, history, and the processes that shape it. ... Main articles: Life The most salient example of biological universality is that all living things share a common carbon-based biochemistry and in particular pass on their characteristics via genetic material, which is based on nucleic acids such as DNA and which uses a common genetic code with only minor... (Ecology is sometimes used incorrectly as a synonym for the natural environment. ... A speculatively rooted phylogenetic tree of all living things, based on rRNA gene data, showing the separation of the three domains, bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes, as described initially by Carl Woese. ... Astrology: the study of the positions of the celestial objects relative to the Earth and how these positions affect happenings on the lives of cultures, nations and the natural environment. ...

Only one award is given each year. The prize is currently $500,000 US and is intended to fund further research by the prize winner.

List of the Crafoord Prize winners:

• 1982 Mathematics: V. I. Arnold and L. Nirenberg
• 1983 Geoscience: E. N. Lorenz
• 1984 Bioscience: Daniel H. Janzen
• 1985 Astronomy: L. Spitzer, Jr.
• 1986 Geoscience: C. J. Allegre and G. J. Wasserburg
• 1987 Bioscience: E. P. and H. T. Odum
• 1988 Mathematics: P. Deligne and A. Grothendieck
• 1989 Astronomy: J. Van Allen
• 1990 Bioscience: P. R. Ehrlich and E. O. Wilson
• 1991 Astronomy: A. R. Sandage
• 1992 Bioscience: A. Seilacher
• 1993 Bioscience: W. D. Hamilton and Seymour Benzer
• 1994 Mathematics: S. Donaldson and S-T. Yau
• 1995 Geoscience: Willi Dansgaard and N. Shackleton
• 1996 Bioscience: Robert May
• 1997 Astronomy: F. Hoyle and E. E. Salpeter
• 1998 Geoscience: D. L. Anderson and A. M. Dziewonski
• 1999 Bioscience: E. Mayr, J. Maynard Smith, and G. C. Williams
• 2000 Bioscience: M. Feldmann and R. N. Maini
• 2001 Mathematics: A. Connes
• 2002 Geoscience: D. P. McKenzie
• 2003 Bioscience: C. R. Woese
• 2004 Polyarthritis: Eugene Butcher and Timothy Springer
• 2005 Astronomy: James Gunn, James Peebles, and Martin Rees

Vladimir Igorevich Arnold (Влади́мир И́горевич Арно́льд, born June 12, 1937 in Odessa, USSR) is one of the worlds most prolific mathematicians. ... Louis Nirenberg (born 28 February 1925) is a Canadian-born mathematician, known for his work on partial differential equations. ... Edward Norton Lorenz (born May 23, 1917), a research meteorologist at MIT, observed that minute variations in the initial values of variables in his primitive computer weather model (c. ... Daniel H. Janzen (b. ... Lyman Spitzer Lyman Spitzer, Jr. ... Claude (Jean) Allègre (born March 31, 1937) is a French geochemist and politician. ... Eugene P. Odum (1913-2002) is considered to have been one of the most influential figures in the science of ecology in the twentieth century. ... Howard Thomas Odum (1924-2002), commonly known as H.T. Odum or Tom Odum, was an eminent American ecosystem ecologist and a professor at the University of Florida. ... Pierre Deligne (born 3 October 1944) is a Belgian mathematician. ... Alexander Grothendieck (born March 28, 1928) was one of the most important mathematicians active in the 20th century. ... James Van Allen at National Air & Space Museum, 1981 James Alfred Van Allen (born September 7, 1914) is considered Americas foremost space scientist. ... Paul Ralph Ehrlich (born May 29, 1932 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania) is a Stanford University professor and a renowned entomologist specializing in Lepidoptera (butterflies). ... E. O. Wilson, or Edward Osborne Wilson, (born June 10, 1929) is an entomologist and biologist known for his work on ecology, evolution, and sociobiology. ... Allan Rex Sandage (Born June 18, 1926) is an American astronomer. ... W. D. Hamilton Professor William Donald Bill Hamilton, F.R.S. (1 August 1936 — 7 March 2000) was a British evolutionary biologist. ... Seymour Benzer (born October 15, 1921) is an accomplished American physicist and biologist. ... Simon Kirwan Donaldson, born in Cambridge in 1957, is a mathematician famous for his work on exotic four-dimensional spaces in differential geometry using instantons, and the discovery of new differential invariants. ... Shing-Tung Yau at Harvard Law School dining hall Shing-Tung Yau (丘成桐; Pinyin: Qīu Chéngtóng; born April 4, 1949) is a prominent mathematician working in differential geometry, and involved in the theory of Calabi-Yau manifolds. ... Willi Dansgaard, (1922-). Palaeoclimatologist. ... Nicholas John Shackleton is a geologist specialising in the Quaternary Period. ... Robert McCredie Bob May, Baron May of Oxford OM AC Kt (born 8 January 1936 in Australia) is a cross-bench member of the British House of Lords and President of the Royal Society. ... Sir Fred Hoyle Sir Fred Hoyle (June 24, 1915 in Yorkshire – August 20in Bournemouth, England, 2001) was a British astronomer, notable for a number of his theories that run counter to current astronomical opinion, and a writer of science fiction, including a number of books co-authored by his son... Edwin Ernest Salpeter (born December 3, 1924) is an Austrian-Australian-American astronomer. ... This article has been identified as possibly containing errors. ... John Maynard Smith Professor John Maynard Smith, F.R.S. (6 January 1920 – 19 April 2004) was a British evolutionary biologist and geneticist. ... Professor George C. Williams is emeritus professor of biology at the State University of New York at Stony Brook. ... Alain Connes (born April 1, 1947) is a French mathematician, currently Professor at the College de France (Paris, France), IHES (Bures-sur-Yvette, France) and Vanderbilt University (Nashville, Tennessee). ... Carl Richard Woese (born July 15, 1928) is an American microbiologist famous for defining the Archaea (a new domain or kingdom of life) in 1976 by phylogenetic analysis of 16S ribosomal RNA, a technique pioneered by Woese and which is now standard practice. ... James E. Gunn is the Eugene Higgins Professor of Astronomy at Princeton University. ... Philip James Edwin Peebles (born April 25, 1935) is an Canadian-American astronomer. ... The Right Honourable Martin John Rees, Baron Rees of Ludlow, FRS (born 23 June 1942) is a professor of astronomy. ...

External link

• Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences