 Crankshaft (red), pistons (gray) in their cylinders (blue), and flywheel (black) The crankshaft, sometimes casually abbreviated to crank, is the part of an engine which translates reciprocating linear piston motion into rotation. To convert the reciprocating motion into rotation, the crankshaft has "crank throws" or "crank pins", additional bearing surfaces whose axis is offset from that of the crank, to which the "big ends" of the connecting rods from each cylinder attach. Image File history File links Cshaft. ...
Image File history File links Cshaft. ...
Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ...
Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ...
Continental engines were used in various American cars from independent automobile manufacturers during the early 1900s and into the 1920s. ...
Labeled diagram of a four-stroke engine, created by Wapcaplet in Blender. ...
Labeled diagram of a four-stroke engine, created by Wapcaplet in Blender. ...
The four-stroke cycle of an internal combustion engine is the cycle most commonly used for automotive and industrial purposes today (cars and trucks, generators, etc). ...
For the fictional characters of the same name, see Camshaft (Transformers). ...
This article or section should include material from Spark gap A spark plug is an electrical device that fits into the cylinder head of some internal combustion engines and ignites compressed aerosol gasoline by means of an electric spark. ...
A poppet valve is a valve consisting of a hole, usually round or oval, and a tapered plug, usually a disk shape on the end of a shaft also called a valve stem. ...
For the American composer, see Walter Piston. ...
piston (top) and connecting rod from typical automotive engine (scale is in centimetres) Components of a typical, four stroke cycle, DOHC piston engine. ...
A crank is a bent portion of an axle, or shaft, or an arm keyed at right angles to the end of a shaft, by which motion is imparted to or received from it; also used to change circular into reciprocating motion, or reciprocating into circular motion. ...
For other uses, see Engine (disambiguation). ...
In mathematics, the reciprocal, or multiplicative inverse, of a number x is the number which, when multiplied by x, yields 1. ...
For other uses, see Linear (disambiguation). ...
For the American composer, see Walter Piston. ...
Piston and connecting rod from an automobile engine, showing the big end bearing at the bottom. ...
piston (top) and connecting rod from typical automotive engine (scale is in centimetres) Components of a typical, four stroke cycle, DOHC piston engine. ...
It typically connects to a flywheel, to reduce the pulsation characteristic of the four-stroke cycle, and sometimes a torsional or vibrational damper at the opposite end, to reduce the torsion vibrations often caused along the length of the crankshaft by the cylinders farthest from the output end acting on the torsional elasticity of the metal. Spoked flywheel Flywheel from stationary engine. ...
Today Internal combustion engines in cars, trucks, motorcycles, construction machinery and many others, most commonly use a four-stroke cycle. ...
Look up torsion in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
The crank-connecting rod system was fully developed in two of al-Jazari’s water raising machines in 1206.[1] Diagram from The Book of Knowledge of Ingenious Mechanical Devices by al-Jazari. ...
Design Large engines are usually multicylinder to reduce pulsations from individual firing strokes, with more than one piston attached to a complex crankshaft. Many small engines, such as those found in mopeds or garden machinery, are single cylinder and use only a single piston, simplifying crankshaft design. Engine configuration is an engineering term for the layout of the major components of an internal combustion engine. ...
A stroke is a single action of certain engines. ...
Mopeds (pronounced as 2 syllables) are a class of low-powered motorized vehicles, generally two-wheeled. ...
Bearings The crankshaft has a linear axis about which it rotates, typically with several bearing journals riding on replaceable bearings (the main bearings) held in the engine block. As the crankshaft undergoes a great deal of sideways load from each cylinder in a multicylinder engine, it must be supported by several such bearings, not just one at each end. This was a factor in the rise of V8 engines, with their shorter crankshafts, in preference to straight-8 engines. The long crankshafts of the latter suffered from an unacceptable amount of flex when engine designers began using higher compression ratios and higher rotational speeds. High performance engines often have more main bearings than their lower performance cousins for this reason. The axis of rotation of a rotating body is a line such that the distance between any point on the line and any point of the body remains constant under the rotation. ...
It has been suggested that Bushing be merged into this article or section. ...
In a piston engine, the main bearings are the bearings on which the crankshaft rotates. ...
The Liberty V8 aircraft engine clearly shows the configuration A V8 engine is a V engine with eight cylinders. ...
1933 Bugatti DOHC straight-8 in a Type 59 Grand Prix racer 1940s Oldsmobile Straight-8 engine A Straight-8 is a straight engine with eight cylinders. ...
Bold text The compression ratio is a single number that can be used to predict the performance of any engine (such as an internal-combustion engine or a Stirling Engine). ...
Piston stroke The distance of the axis of the crank throws from the axis of the crankshaft determines the piston stroke measurement, and thus engine displacement. A common way to increase the low-speed torque of an engine is to increase the stroke. This also increases the reciprocating vibration, however, limiting the high speed capability of the engine. In compensation, it improves the low speed operation of the engine, as the longer intake stroke through smaller valve(s) results in greater turbulence and mixing of the intake charge. For this reason, even such high speed production engines as current Honda engines are classified as "under square" or long-stroke, in that the stroke is longer than the diameter of the cylinder bore. A stroke is a single action of certain engines. ...
One complete cycle of a four cylinder, four stroke engine. ...
Engine balance is the design, construction and tuning of an engine to run smoothly. ...
This article is about the Japanese motor corporation. ...
Bore, when used in the context of piston engines, is a measurement of the diameter of the holes bored into the engine block for use as cylinders. ...
Engine configuration The configuration and number of pistons in relation to each other and the crank leads to straight, V or flat engines. The same basic engine block can be used with different crankshafts, however, to alter the firing order; for instance, the 90 degree V6 engine configuration, usually derived by using six cylinders of a V8 engine with what is basically a shortened version of the V8 crankshaft, produces an engine with an inherent pulsation in the power flow due to the "missing" two cylinders. The same engine, however, can be made to provide evenly spaced power pulses by using a crankshaft with an individual crank throw for each cylinder, spaced so that the pistons are actually phased 60 degrees apart, as in the GM 3800 engine. While production V8 engines use four crank throws spaced 90 degrees apart, racing engines often use a "flat" crankshaft with throws spaced 180 degrees apart, accounting for the higher pitched, smoother sound of IRL IndyCar Series engines compared to NASCAR Nextel Cup engines, for example. Engine configuration is an engineering term for the layout of the major components of an internal combustion engine. ...
Usually found in 4 and 6 cylinder configurations, the straight engine (often designed as inline engine) is an internal-combustion engine with all cylinders aligned in one row, with no or only minimal offset. ...
A V engine is a common configuration for an internal combustion engine. ...
The Boxer engine, first patented by German engineer Karl Benz A flat engine is an internal combustion engine with pistons that are all relatively horizontal. ...
For other uses, see Engine (disambiguation). ...
An engine block is the main part of an internal combustion engine. ...
The firing order is the sequence of sparking of the spark plugs in a reciprocating engine, or the sequence of fuel injection in each cylinder in a Diesel engine. ...
The Ford Essex V6 engine V6 and V-6 redirect here. ...
The Liberty V8 aircraft engine clearly shows the configuration A V8 engine is a V engine with eight cylinders. ...
The Ford Essex V6 engine V6 and V-6 redirect here. ...
The 3800 family is a large V6 engine used by General Motors. ...
The IndyCar Series is the premier series of the Indy Racing League. ...
The NEXTEL Cup Series is NASCARs top racing series. ...
Engine balance In engines other than the flat configuration, it is necessary to provide counterweights for the reciprocating mass of each piston and connecting rod to improve engine balance. These are typically cast as part of the crankshaft but, occasionally, are bolt-on pieces. This adds considerably to the weight of the crankshaft. Crankshafts from Volkswagen, Porsche, and Corvair flat engines, lacking counterweights, are easily carried around by hand, compared to crankshafts for inline or V engines, which need to be handled and transported as heavy chunks of metal. This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...
Engine balance is the design, construction and tuning of an engine to run smoothly. ...
VW redirects here. ...
This article is about the auto company. ...
The Chevrolet Corvair remains one of General Motors most unusual creations. ...
Rotary engines Many early aircraft engines (and a few in other applications) had the crankshaft fixed to the airframe and instead the cylinders rotated, known as a rotary engine design. Rotary engines such as the wankel engine are referred to as pistonless rotary engines. Airframe means the mechanical structure of an aircraft[1] and as generally used does not include the engines. ...
This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ...
Wankel Engine in Deutsches Museum Munich, Germany The Wankel rotary engine is a type of internal combustion engine, invented by German engineer Felix Wankel, which uses a rotor instead of reciprocating pistons. ...
In the Wankel engine, also called a rotary engine, the rotors drive the eccentric shaft, which can be considered the equivalent of the crankshaft in a piston engine. Wankel Engine in Deutsches Museum Munich, Germany The Wankel rotary engine is a type of internal combustion engine, invented by German engineer Felix Wankel, which uses a rotor instead of reciprocating pistons. ...
Construction Crankshafts can be monolithic (made in a single piece) or assembled from several pieces. Monolithic crankshafts are most common, but some smaller and larger engines use assembled crankshafts.
Forging and casting Crankshafts can be forged from a steel bar or cast in ductile iron. Today more and more manufacturers tend to favor the use of forged crankshafts due to their lighter weight, more compact dimensions and better inherent dampening. With forged crankshafts, vanadium microalloyed steels are mostly used as these steels can be air cooled after forging reaching high strengths without additional heat treatment, with exception to the surface hardening of the bearing surfaces. The low alloy content also makes the material cheaper than high alloy steels. Carbon steels are also used, but these require additional heat treatment to reach the desired properties. Cast iron crankshafts are today mostly found in cheaper production engines where the loads are lower. Some engines also use cast iron crankshafts for low output versions while the more expensive high output version use forged steel. For the process of shaping metal by localized compressive forces, see Forging. ...
This article is about the manufacturing process. ...
Machining Crankshafts can also be machined out of a billet, often using a bar of high quality vacuum remelted steel. Even though the fiber flow (local inhomogeneities of the material's chemical composition generated during casting) doesn’t following the shape of the crankshaft (which is undesirable), this is usually not a problem since higher quality steel which normally are difficult to forge can be used. These crankshafts tend to be very expensive due to the large amount of material removal which needs to be done by using lathes and milling machines, the high material cost and the additional heat treatment required. However, since no expensive tooling is required, this production method allows small production runs of crankshafts to be made without high costs. Billet is a term used in manufacturing to refer to a cast product. ...
Fatigue strength The fatigue strength of crankshafts is usually increased by using a radius at the ends of each main and crankpin bearing. The radius itself reduces the stress in these critical areas, but since the radiuses in most cases are rolled, this also leaves some compressive residual stress in the surface which prevents cracks from forming.
Hardening Most production crankshafts use induction hardened bearing surfaces since that method gives good results with low costs. It also allows the crankshaft to be reground without having to redo the hardening. But high performance crankshafts, billet crankshafts in particular, tend to use nitridization instead. Nitridization is slower and thereby more costly, and in addition it puts certain demands on the alloying metals in the steel, in order to be able to create stable nitrides. The advantage with nitridization is that it can be done at low temperatures, it produces a very hard surface and the process will leave some compressive residual stress in the surface which is good for the fatigue properties of the crankshaft. The low temperature during treatment is advantageous in that it doesn’t have any negative effects on the steel, such as annealing. With crankshafts that operate on roller bearings, the use of carburization tends to be favored due to the high Hertzian contact stresses in such an application. Like nitriding, carburization also leaves some compressive residual stresses in the surface. Nitridization, also known as nitriding, is a process which introduces nitrogen in the surface of a material. ...
For other uses, see Annealing. ...
Carburization (often referred to as carburizing) is the name of the process by which carbon is introduced into a metal. ...
Counterweights Some expensive, high performance crankshafts also use heavy metal counterweights to make the crankshaft more compact. The heavy metal used is most often a tungsten alloy but depleted uranium has also been used. A cheaper option is to use lead, but compared with tungsten its density is much lower.
Manufacturers Germany's ThyssenKrupp, Turkey's Yapı-Tek Çelik Sanayi and India's Bharat Forge Ltd are the largest manufacturers of crankshafts. They use forgings to make crankshafts, axle beams, steering knuckles and other automobile components. ThyssenKrupp AG (ISIN: DE0007500001) is a very large German industrial conglomerate, with about 188,000 employees. ...
Stress analysis of crankshaft The shaft is subjected to various forces but it needs to be checked in two positions. First, failure may occur at the position of maximum bending. In such a condition the failure is due to bending and the pressure in the cylinder is maximal. Second, the crank may fail due to twisting, so the crankpin needs to be checked for shear at the position of maximal twisting. The pressure at this position is not the maximal pressure, but a fraction of maximal pressure.
References
Ahmad Y. al Hassan (born 1925) Chevalier of the Legion d’Honneur: Historian of Islamic and Arabic science and technology. ...
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Please help improve this article by adding reliable references. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2007) | Image File history File links Question_book-3. ...
See also Wikimedia Commons has media related to: A cast 6-cylinder BMW engine block For the G.I. Joe character, see List of G.I. Joe ARAH characters. ...
A Shimano Deore right crankset, showing crank arm, spider, three chainrings and chainring guard The crankset, or chainset, is the component of a bicycle drivetrain that converts the reciprocating motion of the riders legs into rotational motion used to drive the chain, which in turn drives the rear wheel. ...
A crank is a bent portion of an axle, or shaft, or an arm keyed at right angles to the end of a shaft, by which motion is imparted to or received from it; also used to change circular into reciprocating motion, or reciprocating into circular motion. ...
A Brace or Brace and bit is a hand tool used to drill holes. ...
Controlled Combustion Engine (CCE) is a type of internal combustion engine designed by Brad Howell-Smith in 1995. ...
The motion of a non-offset piston connected to a crank through a connecting rod (as would be found in internal combustion engines), can be expressed through several mathematical equations. ...
Hudson Logo Hudson Six-40, 1914 1917 Hudson Phaeton The Hudson Motor Car Company made Hudson brand automobiles in Detroit, Michigan, from 1909 to 1957. ...
For the fictional characters of the same name, see Camshaft (Transformers). ...
A heat engine is a physical or theoretical device that converts thermal energy to mechanical output. ...
A stroke is a single action of certain engines. ...
A One-stroke cycle is a two-stroke cycle that uses a double acting piston; and thus both strokes are powered, and each stroke is half of two two-stroke cycles. ...
The two-stroke cycle of an internal combustion engine differs from the more common four-stroke cycle by completing the same four processes (intake, compression, power, exhaust) in only two strokes of the piston rather than four. ...
Today Internal combustion engines in cars, trucks, motorcycles, construction machinery and many others, most commonly use a four-stroke cycle. ...
A six stroke engine is an automobile engine in which the piston of the engine move up and down an additional time for each injection of fuel. ...
Components of a typical, four stroke cycle, DOHC piston engine. ...
A Pratt and Whitney turbofan engine for the F-15 Eagle is tested at Robins Air Force Base, Georgia, USA. The tunnel behind the engine muffles noise and allows exhaust to escape. ...
RS-68 being tested at NASAs Stennis Space Center, note the relatively transparent exhaust, this is due to this engines use of hydrogen fuel A rocket engine is a reaction engine that takes all its reaction mass from within tankage and forms it into a high speed jet...
The Twingle engine is a small-capacity two-stroke gasoline engine. ...
A pistonless rotary engine is an internal combustion engine that does not use pistons in the way a reciprocating engine does, but instead uses one or more rotors, sometimes called rotary pistons. ...
Wankel Engine in Deutsches Museum Munich, Germany The Wankel rotary engine is a type of internal combustion engine, invented by German engineer Felix Wankel, which uses a rotor instead of reciprocating pistons. ...
The Britalus rotary engine was invented in 1982 by Kenneth W. Porter, P.E., M.S.A.E, of King County, Washington. ...
This article does not cite any references or sources. ...
An orbital engine is a type of internal combustion engine, featuring rotary rather than reciprocating motion of its internal parts. ...
The Quasiturbine or Qurbine engine is a proposed pistonless rotary engine using a four-sided rhomboid rotor whose sides are hinged at the vertices. ...
// These water valves are operated by handles. ...
To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...
The D Slide Valve was a form of rectilinear slide valve for use in rotative steam engines invented by William Murdoch and patented in 1799. ...
Internal combustion engines using either four-stroke or two-stroke cycle with spark ignition and compression ignition, use poppet valves to allow air to flow through the cylinder head cylinder and exhaust gases out. ...
Left side of a Ford Cologne V6 engine, clearly showing a (rusty) cast iron exhaust manifold - three exhaust ports into one pipe. ...
In automotive engineering, an engine is referred to as multi-valve (or multivalve) when each cylinder has more than two valves. ...
Piston valve in a brass instrument A piston valve is a device used to control the motion of a fluid along a tube or pipe by means of the linear motion of a piston within a chamber or cylinder. ...
A poppet valve is a valve consisting of a hole, usually round or oval, and a tapered plug, usually a disk shape on the end of a shaft also called a valve stem. ...
Figure 1: A de Laval nozzle, showing approximate flow velocity increasing from green to red in the direction of flow The main type of rocket engine nozzles used in modern rocket engines is the de Laval nozzle which is used to expand and accelerate the combustion gases, from burning propellants...
piston engine Bristol Perseus The sleeve valve is a type of valve mechanism for piston engines which have traditionally relied on the more common poppet valve. ...
For the American composer, see Walter Piston. ...
Four-stroke cycle (or Otto cycle) A single cylinder engine, colloquially known as a one-lunger or thumper, is an engine configuration consisting of just one cylinder, the simplest arrangement possible for an Otto or Diesel engine. ...
Usually found in 4 and 6 cylinder configurations, the straight engine (often designed as inline engine) is an internal-combustion engine with all cylinders aligned in one row, with no or only minimal offset. ...
Fairbanks-Morse opposed piston diesel engines on the submarine USS Pampanito. ...
The Boxer engine, first patented by German engineer Karl Benz A flat engine is an internal combustion engine with pistons that are all relatively horizontal. ...
A V engine is a common configuration for an internal combustion engine. ...
The W engine is an engine configuration in which the cylinder banks resemble the letter W in the same way a V engine resembles the letter V. There have been three entirely different implementations of this concept: one with three banks of cylinders, one with four and one with two...
An H engine (or H-block) is an engine configuration in which the cylinders are aligned so that if viewed from the front appear to be in a horizontal letter H. An H engine can be viewed as two flat engines, one atop the other. ...
This page is a candidate for speedy deletion, because: not an article, just links to pictures If you disagree with its speedy deletion, please explain why on its talk page or at Wikipedia:Speedy deletions. ...
The radial engine is an internal combustion engine configuration in which the cylinders point outward from a central crankshaft like the spokes on a wheel. ...
This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ...
The Stelzer engine is a diesel engine design proposed by Frank Stelzer. ...
Controlled Combustion Engine (CCE) is a type of internal combustion engine designed by Brad Howell-Smith in 1995. ...
The Bourke engine was designed by Russell Bourke in the late 1930s, who endeavored to improve upon the Otto cycle engine. ...
For other uses, see CAM. Animation showing rotating cams and cam followers producing reciprocating motion. ...
piston (top) and connecting rod from typical automotive engine (scale is in centimetres) Components of a typical, four stroke cycle, DOHC piston engine. ...
A crank is a bent portion of an axle, or shaft, or an arm keyed at right angles to the end of a shaft, by which motion is imparted to or received from it; also used to change circular into reciprocating motion, or reciprocating into circular motion. ...
The parallel motion was a mechanical linkage invented by James Watt in 1784 for his double-acting steam engine. ...
In a piston engine, a piston rod joins a piston to a connecting rod. ...
The motion of a non-offset piston connected to a crank through a connecting rod (as would be found in internal combustion engines), can be expressed through several mathematical equations. ...
The primary claimed benefit of the revolving cylinder, axial piston engine is that a 4-cycle, reciprocating piston engine can be achieved without the need for a complex and expensive valve train. ...
Cut away diagram of a Rhombic Drive Beta Stirling Engine Design Pink - Hot cylinder wall, Dark grey - Cold cylinder wall (with coolant inlet and outlet pipes in Yellow), Dark Green - Thermal insulation separating the two cylinder ends, Light Green - Displacer piston, Dark Blue - Power piston, Light Blue - Flywheels, Not Shown...
The Scotch Yoke is a mechanism for converting the horizontal motion of a slider into rotational motion or vice-versa. ...
The sun and planet gear was a method of converting vertical motion to rotary motion and utilised a reciprocating steam engine. ...
Almen A-4 barrel engine The swashplate engine is a type of reciprocating engine that replaces the common crankshaft with a circulate plate. ...
The locking pliers is an example of a four-bar, one degree of freedom mechanical linkage; or a five-bar, two DOF linkage when the adjustment screw is considered. ...
The Peaucellier-Lipkin linkage (or Peaucellier-Lipkin cell), invented in 1864, was the first linkage capable of transforming rotary motion into perfect straight-line motion. ...
Watts Linkage The Watts linkage was invented by James Watt (1736--1819) to constrain the movement of a piston in a steam engine to move in a straight line. ...
The hydraulic cylinders on this excavator control the machines linkages. ...
A thermodynamic cycle is a series of thermodynamic processes which returns a system to its initial state. ...
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