Part of the series on Creationism

History of creationism Creation in Genesis The Creation of Light by Gustave Doré. In the Abrahamic religions, creationism is the belief that humans, life, the Earth, and the universe have a miraculous origin in a deity or supreme beings supernatural intervention. ... Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... The history of creationism is tied to the history of religions. ... Creation according to Genesis refers to the description of the creation of the heavens and the earth by God, as described in Genesis, the first book of the Bible. ...

Types of creationism: Creation science Intelligent design Islamic creationism Modern geocentrism Neo-Creationism Omphalos creationism Old Earth creationism Progressive creationism Theistic evolution Young Earth creationism Creation science is an umbrella term for the creationist movement to reconcile the biblical account of creation with modern science. ... Intelligent design (ID) is the concept that certain features of the universe and of living things are best explained by an intelligent cause, not an undirected process such as natural selection. ... Islamic creationism – While contemporary Islam tends to take religious texts very literally, it sees Genesis as a corrupted version of Gods message. ... The term modern geocentrism refers to a belief currently held by certain groups that the Earth is the center of the universe and does not move. ... Neo-creationism is a movement whose goal is to restate creationism in terms more likely to be well received by the public, policy makers, educators, and the scientific community. ... The omphalos hypothesis was named after the title of an 1857 book by Philip Henry Gosse in which he argued that in order for the world to be functional, God must have created the Earth with mountains, canyons, trees with growth rings, Adam and Eve with hair, fingernails, and navels... Old Earth creationism is a variant of the creationist view of the origin of the universe and life on Earth. ... Progressive creationism is the most common form of Old Earth creationism today. ... Theistic evolution, less commonly known as evolutionary creationism, is not a theory in the scientific sense, but a particular view about how the science of evolution relates to some religious interpretations. ... Created in Gods image. ...

Controversy: Creation vs. evolution ... in public education Associated articles Teach the Controversy The creation-evolution controversy (also termed the creation vs. ... The legal status of creation and evolution in public education is the subject of a great deal of debate in legal, political and religious circles, mainly in the United States. ... The following is a clearinghouse of articles which refer to terms often used in the context of the creation-evolution controversy: // Origins Main article: Origin beliefs The creation-evolution controversy often is cast as a controversy surrounding the origin beliefs. ... Teach the Controversy is a slogan the Discovery Institute uses to promote intelligent design[1] and advance an education policy for US public schools which introduces creationist explanations for the origin of life to public-school science curricula. ...

Creationist cosmologies are pseudoscientific arguments by various creationists that a significant portion of the observable universe is a few thousands of years old, and as such, run contrary to the Big Bang Theory, which states that all of the universe is billions of years old. Creationist cosmologies, along with other creation sciences, were introduced by Young Earth Creationists as a direct result of scientific studies suggesting that the Earth was much older than anyone had previously thought. Phrenology is regarded today as being a classic example of pseudoscience. ... The Creation of Light by Gustave Doré. In the Abrahamic religions, creationism is the belief that humans, life, the Earth, and the universe have a miraculous origin in a deity or supreme beings supernatural intervention. ... The observable Universe is a term used in cosmology to describe a ball-shaped region of space surrounding the Earth that is close enough that we might observe objects in it. ... According to the Big Bang theory, the universe originated in an infinitely dense and physically paradoxical singularity. ... Creation science is an umbrella term for the creationist movement to reconcile the biblical account of creation with modern science. ... Created in Gods image. ... Based on extensive scientific research, the age of the Earth is around 4. ...

Proponents of creationist cosmologies believe that creation according to the Book of Genesis is historically accurate and inerrant, and that the observable physical evidence is more fully consistent with the account of Genesis than with generally accepted theories such as the Big Bang theory. As such, they interpret physical evidence within the framework of a literal and historical interpretation of creation according to Genesis and reject well-established science that is at odds with their views. Creation according to Genesis refers to the description of the creation of the heavens and the earth by God, as described in Genesis, the first book of the Bible. ... Science in the broadest sense refers to any knowledge or trained skill, especially (but not exclusively) when this is attained by verifiable means. ...

Some of the galaxies which are visible from Earth are observed to be billions of light years away, which implies that the light emitted from them has been in transit for billions of years. This fact is sometimes called the starlight problem and is the major impetus behind many of the alternative cosmologies proposed by creationists. Creationist cosmologies try to posit alternative explanations for the observed data to avoid such timescales which conflict with their belief in a relatively young universe. Observation is an activity of an intelligent living being, to sense and assimiliate the knowledge of a phenomenon in its framework of previous knowledge and ideas. ... The word billion and its equivalents in other languages refer to either one million million or one thousand million, depending on whether the writer is using the long scale or the short scale. ... A light year, abbreviated ly, is the distance light travels in one year: roughly 9. ... Galaxy Abell 1835 IR1916 is seen as a tiny dot in this photo of distant galaxies. ...

Old Earth creationists do not object to the standard model of cosmology in astrophysics and are known to debate their fellow creationists over the issue. Old Earth creationism is a variant of the creationist view of the origin of the universe and life on Earth. ...

Arguments no longer used by creationists

Inaccurate astronomy

The current cosmological paradigm (the Big Bang) is built on painstaking observations and the rejection of scientific theories (for example steady-state theory) which do not fit the observed data. Distances to cosmological objects are obtained through a variety of techniques that serve as links in the distance ladder of cosmology. According to the Big Bang theory, the universe emerged from an extremely dense and hot state (bottom). ... Observation basically means watching something and taking note of anything it does. ... In mathematics, theory is used informally to refer to a body of knowledge about mathematics. ... For alternative meanings see steady state (disambiguation). ... The cosmic distance ladder refers to the methods by which astronomers determine the distances to objects. ...

Distances to supernovae can be obtained by means of standard candle techniques. Early responses by Young Earth Creationists tended to challenge these astronomical measurements and assert that distant objects were not as far away as thought. For example, creationists would challenge the assumption that redshift and distance were necessarily correlated (Hubble's Law). The increased number, precision, and accuracy of independent authentications of distances has caused this approach to fall into disfavour. However, many creationists continue to question science results they believe run counter to their worldview. Remnant of Keplers Supernova, SN 1604. ... A standard candle is an astronomical object that has a known luminosity. ... Redshift of spectral lines in the optical spectrum of a supercluster of distant galaxies (right), as compared to that of the Sun (left). ... Hubbles law is the statement in physical cosmology that the redshift in light coming from distant galaxies is proportional to their distance. ... A world view, also spelled as worldview is a term calqued from the German word Weltanschauung (look onto the world). The German word is also in wide use in English, as well as the translated form world outlook. ...

Advocates of creationist cosmologies continue to highlight what they consider to be problems with mainstream Big Bang cosmology, in particular the classic horizon problem, criticizing its most common standard cosmological resolution, cosmic inflation. This is designed not to offer an alternative cosmology but rather to cast doubt on the entire scientific field. When such critics refer to these issues in reply to light-travel problems in their own cosmology, however, they commit the fallacy of tu quoque. According to the Big Bang theory, the universe emerged from an extremely dense and hot state (bottom). ... When we look at the CMB it comes from 15 billion light years away. ... Cosmic inflation is the idea, first proposed by Alan Guth in 1981, that the nascent universe passed through a phase of exponential expansion (the inflationary epoch) that was driven by a negative pressure vacuum energy density. ... A logical fallacy is an error in logical argument which is independent of the truth of the premises. ... An ad hominem argument, also known as argumentum ad hominem (Latin, literally argument to the man), is 1) a logical fallacy that involves replying to an argument or assertion by addressing the person presenting the argument or assertion rather than the argument itself; 2) an argument pointing out an inconsistency...

While some creationists initially questioned the accuracy of accepted distances to stellar objects, this idea was eventually dismissed by most creationists as life on Earth would not last if all observed steller objects were within a radius of 6000 light years. Such ideas are still occasionally advocated with laymen who hold creationist views, presumably as it is far easier to understand than the perspectives now adopted by creationist organizations. Creationist orators often avoid explaining the new creationist cosmologies to audiences ostensibly because it is conceptually difficult for those outside the field of physics to understand. Instead some creationists continue to avoid questions on this topic by saying that astrophysics is the least of the sciences and it has greater error margins than any other field while simultaneously referring to currently accepted creationist cosmologies.

Light created in transit

Some creationists have held that light only appears to have come from distant objects, but is really created in transit. This is a variation of the so-called Omphalos hypothesis of a creator who essentially misleads the world by creating the appearance of age or, in this case, light-travel time. As the idea relies on a supernatural conspiracy to create the appearance of a material reality that is different from actual reality, it is an epistemologically impossible to refute idea similar to solipsism. The assumptions science generally relies on are that unfalsifiable claims like that are not considered worthy of scientific consideration. The omphalos hypothesis was named after the title of an 1857 book by Philip Henry Gosse in which he argued that in order for the world to be functional, God must have created the Earth with mountains, canyons, trees with growth rings, Adam and Eve with hair, fingernails, and navels... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Knowledge. ... The word solipsism (Latin: solus, alone + ipse, self) is used for two related yet distinct concepts: An epistemological position that ones own perceptions are the only things that can be known with certainty. ... Science in the broadest sense refers to any knowledge or trained skill, especially (but not exclusively) when this is attained by verifiable means. ... Falsification may mean: The act of disproving a proposition, hypothesis, or theory. ... For the scientific journal named Science, see Science (journal). ...

One bizarre implication of this creationist idea would be that supernovae that occur in the distant universe would have had to have been manufactured optical effects at the time of creation. In other words, in this idea distant supernovae never really happened even though we see them. Remnant of Keplers Supernova, SN 1604. ...

Arguments currently used by creationists

"Problems" with the Big Bang

Proponents of creationism often try to discredit current scientific understanding by referring to what they perceive to be discontinuities in scientific theories and observations. As such, some proponents of creationist cosmologies continue to offer arguments deriving from more sophisticated claims of inaccurate astronomy. In particular, these creationists try to discredit mainstream theories by referring to actual scientific controversies and debates about the details of the paradigm and concluding from these that the mainstream view is somehow "fundamentally flawed" or "ridiculous". Even when scientists find solutions within the mainstream paradigms for legitimate points of scientific debate, creationists tend to dismiss the resolutions and often continue touting the "errors" and "problems" long after the scientific community has come to consensus on the issues in question. Common creationist attacks using problems with the Big Bang that have resolutions accepted by most cosmologists include references to the horizon problem and the flatness problem as well as dark matter, dark energy, and fine-tuning. Scientific consensus is the collective judgment, position, and opinion of scientists in a particular field of science at a particular time. ... The scientific community consists of the interactions and relationships of scientists. ... When we look at the CMB it comes from 15 billion light years away. ... The flatness problem is a cosmological problem with the Big Bang theory, which is solved by hypothesising an inflationary universe. ... In cosmology, dark matter refers to matter particles, of unknown composition, that do not emit or reflect enough electromagnetic radiation to be detected directly, but whose presence can be inferred from gravitational effects on visible matter such as stars and galaxies. ... In cosmology, dark energy is a hypothetical form of energy which permeates all of space and has strong negative pressure. ... In theoretical physics, fine-tuning is a necessary procedure of fudging and very accurate adjusting of the values of the parameters of a theory in order for various physical quantities to be very small. ...

These types of arguments are meant to imply that discrediting the Big Bang will bring credibility to creationist cosmologies. Creationists touting their own cosmologies will often spend considerable time in explaining how the "problems" are solved or avoided with their idea.

Time dilation effects on the local universe

In a bounded universe, creationists claim that unspecified relativistic effects might cause time to pass more slowly near the center than at its periphery. If the Earth were near the center (see modern geocentricity), then far-away objects might indeed be millions of years old, while the earth would be only thousands of years old, even if created at the same time. The author of this idea is creationist physicist Russell Humphreys. In recent years, he has argued that such a universe could have arisen from a white hole rather than from a Big Bang. The term Modern Geocentrism refers to a belief that the Earth is the center of the universe and does not move, motivated by a literal interpretation of certain Bible passages, or in the case of Catholic geocentrists, Scripture authoritatively interpreted by statements of Church Fathers and various Popes. ... In astrophysics, a white hole is a postulated celestial body that is the time reversal of a black hole. ... According to the Big Bang theory, the universe emerged from an extremely dense and hot state (bottom). ...

This cosmology has been criticised on several grounds:

• A bounded universe would also have observable topological effects which are not observed. The observations currently point to a universe that is topologically constrained to be unbounded on observable scales.
• The effect of gravitational time dilation should be observable if Humphreys is correct. However, we observe (from the periods of Cepheid variable stars, from orbital rates of binary stars, from supernova extinction rates, from light frequencies, etc.) that such time dilation does not exist. There is some time dilation corresponding with Hubble's Law (further objects have greater redshifts), but this can be attributed to the well-understood expansion of the universe, and it is not nearly extreme enough to fit more than 10 billion years into less than 10,000.
• Humphreys tries to use clocks in the earth's frame of reference. But the cosmos is much older than the earth, as the Earth was formed in the cosmos. Judging from the heavy elements in the Sun and rest of the solar system, our sun is a second generation star at least. Billions of years must have passed for the first stars to have formed, shone, and novaed, for the gases from those novas to have gathered into new star systems, and for the earth to form and cool in one such system. The billions of years before the earth are not accounted for in Humphreys' work.
• Humphreys' idea assumes that the earth is in a huge gravity well. The evidence contradicts this assumption. If the earth were in such a gravity well, light from distant galaxies should be blueshifted. Instead, it is redshifted.
• The idea also assumes the existence of an edge to the universe. Observations of the topology of the universe see evidence for no physical edge. In order for Humphreys to be correct, the observed expansion of the universe would have to be explained as being due to an effect that was not found in Friedmann cosmology. The unexplored cosmological implications, the lack of explanations for cosmological observations, and the lack of supporting observations relegate Humphrey's explanation to little better than a falsified hypothesis.
• Humphreys' cosmology is impossible if one sticks to the laws of physics as we know them. This weakness Humphreys readily acknowledges, although to him it is a strength. Humphreys refers to Isaiah 40:22, Who stretches out the heavens like a curtain, and spreads them out like a tent to Dwell in. To Humphreys, this is an indication that God side-stepped the laws of physics, to drag spacetime out of its own black hole and force the universe to expand, in what Humphreys calls a "white hole cosmology". The need for divine intervention comes about because Humphrey's assumes a bounded universe with a distinct center, both of which are aspects absent from standard cosmology.
• These ideas attempt to fit the same cosmological data that the Big Bang theory explains, but fail to do so in the existence of detailed measurements of the cosmic microwave background, the observed abundance of light elements, and the large scale structure observations of the means by which galaxies and clusters of galaxies are organized. Modifications to the idea try to sidestep the issue by attempting to offer only an alternative to the question of how light from distant stars millions of light years away could be visible from Earth if the universe is only 6,000 years old. They rely on observations associated with the distance to faraway objects only, and offer no scientific test of the ideas.

Topology (Greek topos = place and logos = word) is a branch of mathematics concerned with the study of topological spaces. ... Gravitational time dilation is a consequence of Albert Einsteins theories of relativity and related theories under which a clock at a different gravitational potential is found to tick at a different rate than ones own clock. ... A Cepheid variable is a member of a particular class of variable stars, notable for a fairly tight correlation between their period of variability and absolute stellar luminosity. ... A binary star system consists of two stars both orbiting around their barycenter. ... Multiwavelength X-ray image of the remnant of Keplers Supernova, SN 1604. ... Hubbles law is the statement in physical cosmology that the redshift in light coming from distant galaxies is proportional to their distance. ... Redshift of spectral lines in the optical spectrum of a supercluster of distant galaxies (right), as compared to that of the Sun (left). ... Frame of reference - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ... The Ancient and Medieval cosmos as depicted in Peter Apians Cosmographia (Antwerp, 1539). ... A chemical element, often called simply element, is a chemical substance that cannot be decomposed or transformed into other chemical substances by ordinary chemical methods. ... The Sun is the star at the center of our solar system. ... Major features of the solar system (not to scale) The solar system comprises the Sun and the retinue of celestial objects gravitationally bound to it: nine planets and their 158 currently known moons, as well as asteroids, meteoroids, planetoids, comets, and interplanetary dust. ... Gravity is a force of attraction that acts between bodies that have mass. ... This article is about a celestial body. ... Blue shift is the opposite of redshift, the latter being much more noted due to its importance to modern astronomy. ... Redshift of spectral lines in the optical spectrum of a supercluster of distant galaxies (right), as compared to that of the Sun (left). ... The deepest visible-light image of the cosmos, the Hubble Ultra Deep Field. ... Topology (Greek topos, place and logos, study) is a branch of mathematics concerned with spatial properties preserved under bicontinuous deformation (stretching without tearing or gluing); these are the topological invariants. ... Hubbles law is the statement in astronomy that the redshift in light coming from distant galaxies is proportional to their distance. ... The Friedmann-Lemaître-Robertson-Walker (FLRW) metric describes a homogeneous, isotropic expanding/contracting universe. ... A physical law or a law of nature is a scientific generalization based on empirical observations. ... A physical law or a law of nature is a scientific generalization based on empirical observations. ... In physics, spacetime is a model that combines three-dimensional space and one-dimensional time into a single construct called the space-time continuum, in which time plays the role of the 4th dimension. ... A black hole is a concentration of mass great enough that the force of gravity prevents anything past its event horizon from escaping it except through quantum tunnelling behaviour (known as Hawking Radiation). ... In astrophysics, a white hole is a postulated celestial body that is the time reversal of a black hole. ... WMAP image of the CMB anisotropy,Cosmic microwave background radiation(June 2003) The cosmic microwave background radiation (CMB) is a form of electromagnetic radiation that fills the whole of the universe. ... In cosmology, Big Bang nucleosynthesis (or primordial nucleosynthesis) refers to the production of nuclei other than H-1, the normal, light hydrogen, during the early phases of the universe, shortly after the Big Bang. ... This article is about a celestial body. ... ...

Gentry's Vacuum Energy Repulsion

Recently, Robert Gentry, the creationist most famous for making frequently criticized claims that polonium haloes yielded a young age for the Earth, has adopted and slightly modified the idea that the Earth might be near the center of the universe with a model that uses a distant shell of matter to create a vacuum energy that Gentry claims describes the universe better than any other cosmological model. Gentry claims it accounts for a number of features unaddressed by other creationist cosmologies such as the standard candle observations of type Ia supernovae, and the time dilation of supernovae. His model recreates the Friedmann-Lemaitre-Robertson-Walker cosmology with an additional term due to a vacuum energy density with a positive pressure (as opposed to the dark energy version which has negative pressure). Robert V. Gentry is a nuclear physicist and young Earth creationist [1] and member of the Seventh-day Adventist Church who advocates his ideas of creation science including radiohaloes as evidence for a young Earth. ... Radiohalos are microscopic, spherical shells of discoloration in rocks, such as granite, or wood caused by the inclusion of radioactive grains in the rock or by deposition of radioactive material in them. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Zero-point energy. ... Remnant of Keplers Supernova, SN 1604. ... The Friedmann-Lemaître-Robertson-Walker (FLRW) metric describes a homogeneous, isotropic expanding/contracting universe. ... In cosmology, dark energy is a hypothetical form of energy which permeates all of space and has strong negative pressure. ...

Gentry's cosmology relies heavily on the critiques made by supporters of non-creationist non-standard cosmologies. In particular, Gentry is intrigued by the work of Halton Arp on quasar and redshift anomalies. The superficial similarities to white hole cosmology causes his idea to suffer from many of the same criticisms as those leveled against Humpreys above. A non-standard cosmology is a cosmological idea that contradicts the standard model of cosmology. ... Halton Arp in London, Oct 2000 Halton Christian Arp is an American astronomer. ... This view, taken with infrared light, is a false-color image of a quasar-starburst tandem with the most luminous starburst ever seen in such a combination. ... Redshift of spectral lines in the optical spectrum of a supercluster of distant galaxies (right), as compared to that of the Sun (left). ...

Gentry filed a lawsuit in 2001 against Los Alamos National Laboratory and Cornell University after personnel deleted 10 of his papers about his cosmology from the public preprint server arXiv. On 23 March 2004, Gentry's lawsuit against arXiv was dismissed by a Tennessee court. 2001: A Space Odyssey. ... Los Alamos National Laboratory, aerial view from 1995. ... This is about the university. ... arXiv (pronounced archive, as if the X were the Greek letter χ) is an archive for electronic preprints of scientific papers in the fields of physics, mathematics, computer science and biology which can be accessed via the internet. ... March 23 is the 82nd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (83rd in Leap years). ... 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

c decay

Main article: c-decay

Another creationist approach was to consider that the speed of light may not have been constant througout history. If the speed of light were significantly faster in the past, light from distant objects could have spent less time in transit, before reaching Earth. Such an approach is attractive — after all, it seems impossible to prove today that fundamental physical constants have not changed over time. This hypothesis, called the "c decay" hypothesis, was originally proposed by Barry Setterfield. c-decay refers to a Young Earth Creationist proposal that the speed of light has been changing through time. ... The speed of light in a vacuum is denoted by the letter c. ... Barry Setterfield was born on April 15, 1942. ...

This cosmology has been criticised on several grounds:

• A change in the speed of light of the necessary magnitude would have had profound implications on other physical processes, particularly the nuclear fusion reactions that power the Sun. Given that these measurements have been extremely accurate over a long period it seems unlikely to opponents of this theory that there were substantial changes in the last few thousand years. Any residual decay of the velocity of light would be easily detected with modern electronic equipment.
• Setterfield, who claims to document the decreasing speed of light, used faulty techniques. Many different measurements of the speed of light have been made in the last 180 or so years. The older measurements were not as accurate as the latest ones. Setterfield chose 120 data points from 193 measurements available (see [Dolphin n.d.] for the data), and the line of best fit for these points shows the speed of light decreasing. If you use the entire data set, though, the line of best fit shows the speed increasing slightly. However, a constant speed of light is well within the experimental error of the data. If Setterfield's formulation of the changes in physical parameters were true, then there should have been 417 days per year around AD 1, and the earth would have melted during the creation week due to the extremely rapid radioactive decay. [Morton et al. 1983]
• While a variable speed of light has been proposed seriously by non-creationist theoreticians like Paul Davies, the relative changes that are allowed from current observations are far less than the relative changes that the creationists require. Upper limits on how much the speed of light has changed with cosmological epoch can be made by observing atomic spectroscopic lines in distant objects which have ratios that are set by fundamental constants like the speed of light. The upper constraint from such observations is set at roughly one part in 10⁷ for the variation of the speed of light back to the epoch of recombination.
• It does not explain why distant pulsars do not appear to speed up, as they would if the speed of light was indeed slowing down.
• It would not place Supernova 1987A in the creationist timeframe.[1]

The speed of light in a vacuum is denoted by the letter c. ... The deuterium-tritium (D-T) fusion reaction is considered the most promising for producing fusion power. ... The Sun is the star at the center of our solar system. ... Paul Charles William Davies (born April 22, 1946) is a British-born, internationally acclaimed physicist, writer and broadcaster, who holds the position of Professor of Natural Philosophy in the Australian Centre for Astrobiology at Macquarie University, Sydney. ... The general meaning of atomic is irreducible. That is, reduced to the smallest possible part. ... Spectroscopy is the study of spectra, ie. ... In physics, fundamental physical constants are physical constants that are independent of systems of units and are in general dimensionless numbers. ... WMAP image of the CMB anisotropy,Cosmic microwave background radiation(June 2003) The cosmic microwave background radiation (CMB) is a form of electromagnetic radiation that fills the whole of the universe. ... Composite Optical/X-ray image of the Crab Nebula pulsar, showing surrounding nebular gases stirred by the pulsars magnetic field and radiation. ...

Genesis as a history only of the creation of the Earth

Some YECs hold that Genesis records only the creation of the Earth and solar system, not the entire universe, and that the universe may be many billions of years old, allowing time for the light to travel. While this idea allows the avoidance of the question of cosmological distances altogether, the development of the ability to measure the size of the universe was dependent in part on the development of dating techniques of the Age of the Earth and the solar system. In particular, these ages put important lower bounds on the age of the universe before the details of the Big Bang model were known. Since the speed of light is constant, this also gave a limit to the observable size of the universe. This article is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... The deepest visible-light image of the cosmos, the Hubble Ultra Deep Field. ... Based on extensive scientific research, the age of the Earth is around 4. ... Major features of the solar system (not to scale) The solar system comprises the Sun and the retinue of celestial objects gravitationally bound to it: nine planets and their 158 currently known moons, as well as asteroids, meteoroids, planetoids, comets, and interplanetary dust. ... According to the Big Bang theory, the universe emerged from an extremely dense and hot state (bottom). ... The speed of light in a vacuum is denoted by the letter c. ...

The measurement of the age of the solar system is very well constrained by radiometric dating methods of meteorites found on Earth. Consistently, the meteorites give the very similar 4.56 billion year ages which serve as important astronomical markers for the age of the solar system. The oldest rocks on the Earth are found to be roughly a billion years younger than that giving a rough age estimate for when the latest the crust of the Earth could have cooled. Radiometric dating is a technique used to date materials based on a knowledge of the decay rates of naturally occurring isotopes, and the current abundances. ... Worlds second largest Meteorite in Culiacan, Mexico A meteorite is a relatively small extra-terrestrial body that reaches the Earths surface. ... Astronomy, which etymologically means law of the stars, (from Greek: αστρονομία = άστρον + νόμος) is a science involving the observation and explanation of events occurring outside Earth and its atmosphere. ...

There is a level of overlap within science between each of the different disciplines. While a cosmologist might not ever work on a planetary science mission, the historical interconnectedness of these disciplines is undeniable and there is no telling when in the future interdisciplinary collaboration will occur. Cosmology is the study of the large-scale structure and history of the universe. ... Planetary science, also known as planetology or planetary astronomy, is the science of planets, or planetary systems, and the solar system. ...

See also

• Pseudoscience
• Biblical inerrancy
• Cosmology
• Astronomy

Phrenology is regarded today as being a classic example of pseudoscience. ... Biblical inerrancy is the belief that the Bible is without error. ... // Cosmology, from the Greek: κοσμολογία (cosmologia, κόσμος (cosmos) order + λογια (logia) discourse) is the study of the Universe in its totality, and by extension, humanitys place in it. ... Radio telescopes are among many different tools used by astronomers Astronomy (Greek: αστρονομία = άστρον + νόμος, astronomia = astron + nomos, literally, law of the stars) is the science of celestial objects (such as stars, planets, comets, and galaxies) and phenomena that originate outside the Earths atmosphere (such as auroras and cosmic background radiation). ...

External links

• Science and Creationism: A View from the National Academy of Sciences, Second Edition (1999)
• Errors in Humphrey's cosmology.

Creationist sites

• Russel Humphrey's Bounded Universe.
• White Hole cosmology.
• Humphreys Answers Critics.
• The Orion Foundation
• Gentry's halos website.
• Gentry's cosmology: A New Redshift Interpretation,
• Gentry's cosmology : A New Cosmic Center Model.
• Barry Setterfield attempts to answer his critics.
• "Age of the Universe", creationist interpretations of science.