Creek War
Depiction of William Weatherford surrendering to Andrew Jackson after the Battle of Horseshoe Bend. Jackson was so impressed with Weatherford's boldness that he let him go.
Date 1813–1814 Location American South Result Victory for U.S. and Lower Creeks
Combatants
United States Lower Creeks Cherokees	"Red Sticks" (Creek Indians)
Commanders
Andrew Jackson John Coffee William McIntosh	William Weatherford Menawa Peter McQueen
Strength
7,000	4,000
Casualties
500 Settlers 125 Soldiers	1,900

The Creek War (1813–1814), also known as the Red Stick War and the Creek Civil War, began as a civil war within the Creek (Muscogee) nation. It is sometimes considered to be part of the War of 1812. Image File history File links 800px-Jackson_and_Weatherford. ... The U.S. Southern states or The South, known during the American Civil War era as Dixie, is a distinctive region of the United States with its own unique historical perspective, customs, musical styles, and cuisine. ... Image File history File links US_flag_15_stars. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (936x562, 48 KB) Bold text Headline text Summary The Flag of the Cherokee Nation. ... For other uses, see Cherokee (disambiguation). ... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_Creek_Nation. ... Red Sticks is the English term for a faction of Creek Indians (known as mvskoke in the language). ... Image File history File links US_flag_15_stars. ... For other uses, see Andrew Jackson (disambiguation). ... Image File history File links US_flag_15_stars. ... John Coffee (June 2, 1772–July 7, 1833) was an American planter, US Congressman and military leader. ... Image File history File links US_flag_15_stars. ... William McIntosh William McIntosh (1775-1825), also known as White Warrior, was the son of Captain William McIntosh, a member of a prominent Savannah, Georgia family sent into the Creek Nation to recruit them to fight for the British during the Revolutionary War {Captain McIntoshs mother was a sister... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_Creek_Nation. ... William Red Eagle Weatherford, (1780 – March 24, 1824), was a Creek (Muscogee) Indian who led the Creek War offensive against the United States. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_Creek_Nation. ... Menawas portrait was painted by Charles Bird King when Menawa visited Washington, D.C. in 1826 to protest the Treaty of Indian Springs. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_Creek_Nation. ... Peter McQueen ca. ... The Battle of Burnt Corn was an encounter between United States forces and Creek Indians that took place July 27, 1813. ... Fort Mims Massacre External Links A Drawing of Fort Mims Description of Massacre at Rootsweb Categories: Battles of the Creek War | 1813 ... The Battle of Tallushatchee was a battle fought during the Creek War on November 3, 1814 in Alabama. ... The Battle of Talladega was a battle fought between Tennessee militia and the Red Stick Creek Indians during the Creek War. ... The battles of Emuckfaw and Enotachopo Creek are part of Andrew Jacksons campaign in the Creek War. ... Combatants Creek Indians Red Sticks United States Cherokee Creek allies Commanders Menawa Andrew Jackson Strength 1,000 Red Stick Creek about 2,000 infantry 700 mounted infantry 600 Cherokee and Lower Creeks Casualties 800 49 killed 154 wounded The Battle of Horseshoe Bend was fought during the War of 1812... A civil war is a war in which parties within the same culture, society or nationality fight against each other for the control of political power. ... The Creek are an American Indian people originally from the southeastern United States, also known by their original name Muscogee (or Muskogee), the name they use to identify themselves today. ... Combatants United States Britain Canadian militia Eastern Woodland Indians Commanders James Madison Henry Dearborn Jacob Brown Winfield Scott Andrew Jackson George Prevost Isaac Brock† Tecumseh† Strength •U.S. Regular Army: 35,800 •Rangers: 3,049 •Militia: 458,463* •US Navy & US Marines: (at start of war): •Frigates:6 •Other vessels...

The war began as a civil war, but the United States was pulled into the conflict in Pensacola, Florida, at the Battle of Burnt Corn. Nickname: The City of Five Flags Location of Pensacola (top left) in Florida Country United States State Florida County Escambia  - Mayor John Fogg Area    - City 39. ... The Battle of Burnt Corn was an encounter between United States forces and Creek Indians that took place July 27, 1813. ...

Background

On December 11, 1811, the New Madrid Earthquake shook the Creek lands and the Midwest. While the interpretation of this event varied from tribe to tribe and from religion to religion, one consensus was universally accepted: the powerful earthquake had to have meant something. December 11 is the 345th day (346th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1811 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... The New Madrid Earthquake, the largest earthquake ever recorded in the contiguous United States, occurred on February 7, 1812. ... Midwest as shown by U.S. Census Bureau official map from [3] Regional definitions vary from source to source. ...

A faction of Creeks known as Red Sticks sought aggressively to return their society to a traditional way of life. Red Stick leaders such as William Weatherford (Red Eagle), Peter McQueen, and Menawa, who were allies of the British, violently clashed with other chiefs within the Creek Nation over white encroachment on Creek lands and the "civilizing" programs administered by U.S. Indian Agent Benjamin Hawkins. Before the Creek Civil War began, the Red Sticks attempted to keep their activities secret from the old chiefs. Red Sticks is the English term for a faction of Creek Indians (known as mvskoke in the language). ... William Red Eagle Weatherford, (1780 – March 24, 1824), was a Creek (Muscogee) Indian who led the Creek War offensive against the United States. ... Peter McQueen ca. ... Menawas portrait was painted by Charles Bird King when Menawa visited Washington, D.C. in 1826 to protest the Treaty of Indian Springs. ... Sen. ...

In February 1813, a small party of Red Sticks, led by Little Warrior, was returning from Detroit when they massacred two families of settlers along the Ohio River. Hawkins demanded that the Creek turn over Little Warrior and his six companions. Instead of handing the marauders over to the federal agents, the old Chiefs decided to execute the murderers themselves. This decision was the spark which ignited the civil war between the Creeks. Nickname: Motto: Speramus Meliora; Resurget Cineribus (Latin for, We Hope For Better Things; It Shall Rise From the Ashes) Location in Wayne County, Michigan Coordinates: Country United States State Michigan County Wayne County Government  - Mayor Kwame Kilpatrick Area  - City  143. ... The Allegheny and Monongahela rivers converge to form the Ohio at Point State Park, making Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania a well known city along the Ohio River . Cincinnati, Ohio is a well known city along the Ohio River, historically known for its riverboats. ...

The Creeks from the upper towns (Red Sticks) immediately conquered several lower towns within the Creek Nation. The lower towns had taken conscious steps to assimilate themselves into white culture by raising domesticated animals, farming, and using spinning looms. The Red Sticks destroyed everything that they perceived to have come from the white man, such as the towns' domesticated animals, pots and pans, and homespun cloths. However, the Red Sticks were not above confiscating the guns and steel blades that they found. The origins from which white Americans may come. ... A Turkish woman in Konya works at a traditional loom. ...

The first clashes between Red Sticks and the American whites took place when a group of American soldiers stopped a party of Red Sticks who were returning from Florida on July 21, 1813. The Red Sticks had received munitions from the Spanish governor at Pensacola. The Red Sticks fled the scene, and the soldiers looted what they found. The Creeks, who saw the Americans looting, retaliated with a surprise attack. The Battle of Burnt Corn, as the exchange became known, broadened the Creek Civil War to include American forces. Official language(s) English Capital Tallahassee Largest city Jacksonville Largest metro area Miami Area  Ranked 22nd  - Total 65,795[1] sq mi (170,304[1] km²)  - Width 361 miles (582 km)  - Length 447 miles (721 km)  - % water 17. ... July 21 is the 202nd day (203rd in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar, with 163 days remaining. ... Year 1813 (MDCCCXIII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar). ... The Battle of Burnt Corn was an encounter between United States forces and Creek Indians that took place July 27, 1813. ...

In retaliation, Peter McQueen led an attack on Fort Mims, north of Mobile, Alabama, on August 30, 1813. The Red Sticks' goal was to strike at mixed blood Creeks that had taken refuge at the fort. Despite efforts of some of the Creek leaders, a massacre occurred that left 400 to 500 dead. Panic spread throughout the American Southeastern frontier which demanded government intervention. Federal forces were busy fighting the British and the Northern Woodland tribes, led by the Shawnee, so Southern states called up their militias to deal with the threat. Fort Mims Massacre External Links A Drawing of Fort Mims Description of Massacre at Rootsweb Categories: Battles of the Creek War | 1813 ... Nickname: The Azalea City Coordinates: Country US State Alabama County Mobile Founded 1702 Incorporated 1814 Government  - Mayor Sam Jones Area  - City 412. ... August 30 is the 242nd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (243rd in leap years), with 123 days remaining. ... Year 1813 (MDCCCXIII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar). ... The Shawnee, or Shawano, are a people native to North America. ... Lexington Minuteman representing militia minuteman John Parker Militia is the activity of one or more citizens organized to provide defense or paramilitary service, or those engaged in such activity. ...

Opposing forces

After Burnt Corn, U.S. Secretary of War John Armstrong notified General Thomas Pinckney, Commander of the 6th Military District, that the United States was prepared to take action against the Creek Nation. Further, if Spain were found to be supporting the Creeks, a strike against Pensacola would be justified. Georgia began its preparations by establishing a line of forts along the Chattahoochee River—the modern border between Alabama and Georgia. This action would protect the frontier and allow time to prepare an offensive. John Armstrong (1717-1795) was an American civil engineer and soldier who served as a major general in the Revolutionary War. ... Thomas Pinckney Thomas Pinckney (1750–1828), was an American soldier, politician, and diplomat. ... Map showing the Chattahoochee River Basin in Georgia and other Georgia river basins The upper Chattahoochee River at the Upper Chattahoochee River Campground north of Helen, White County, Georgia Chattahoochee River at River Park on Willeo Road, Fulton County, Georgia The Chattahoochee River runs from the Chattahoochee Spring in the... Official language(s) English Capital Montgomery Largest city Birmingham Area  Ranked 30th  - Total 52,419 sq mi (135,765 km²)  - Width 190 miles (306 km)  - Length 330 miles (531 km)  - % water 3. ...

Brigadier General Ferdinand Clairborne, a militia commander in the Mississippi Territory, recognized the weakness of his sector on the western border of the Creek territory and advocated a series of preemptive strikes. However, Major General Thomas Flourney, Commander of 7th Military District, continually refused these requests and reminded Clairborne that the American strategy in that sector was defensive. Meanwhile, settlers in that region sought refuge in blockhouses. all about mississippi! Mississippi state bird is a mocking bird mississippi state tree is mangoila tree ...

In response to the massacre at Fort Mims, the Tennessee legislature authorized Governor William (Willie) Blount to raise 5,000 militia for a three-month tour of duty. Blount called out a force of 2,500 West Tennessee men under Colonel Andrew Jackson to "repel an approaching invasion ... and to afford aid and relief to ... Mississippi Territory".^[1] He also summoned a force of 2,500 from East Tennessee under Major General William Cocke. Jackson and Cocke were not ready to move until early October. Official language(s) English Capital Nashville Largest city Memphis Largest metro area Nashville Area  Ranked 36th  - Total 42,169 sq mi (109,247 km²)  - Width 120 miles (195 km)  - Length 440 miles (710 km)  - % water 2. ... Willie Blount (April 18, 1768 - September 10, 1835) served as Governor of Tennessee from 1809 to 1815. ... West Tennessee is one of the three traditional regions in the U.S. state of Tennessee. ... For other uses, see Andrew Jackson (disambiguation). ... East Tennessee is a name given to approximately the eastern third of the state of Tennessee. ... William Cocke William Cocke (September 6, 1747–August 22, 1828) was an American lawyer, pioneer, and statesman. ...

In addition to the actions of Tennessee, Georgia, and Mississippi, Indian Agent Benjamin Hawkins organized the friendly (Lower Town) Creeks under Major William McIntosh to aid the Georgia and Tennessee militias during their actions against the Red Sticks. William McIntosh William McIntosh (1775-1825), also known as White Warrior, was the son of Captain William McIntosh, a member of a prominent Savannah, Georgia family sent into the Creek Nation to recruit them to fight for the British during the Revolutionary War {Captain McIntoshs mother was a sister...

At the request of Chief Federal Agent Return J. Meigs, known as White Eagle for the color of his hair, the Cherokee Nation voted to join the Americans in their fight against the Red Sticks. 200 Cherokee under the command of Major Ridge fought with the Tennessee Militia under Andrew Jackson. Return Jonathan Meigs (December 17, 1734 – January 28, 1823) was a colonel who served in the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War. ... For other uses, see Cherokee (disambiguation). ... This portrait of Major Ridge was painted by Charles Bird King in 1834. ...

By count of towns, the Upper Creek constituted about two thirds of the Creek Nation. Their towns were along the Alabama, Coosa, and Tallapoosa Rivers in the heart of Alabama. In contrast, the Lower Creek were settled along the Chattahoochee River. Many Creek tried to remain friendly to the United States; but, after Fort Mims, few Americans in the southeast made any distinction between friendly and unfriendly Creeks. The Alabama River at Montgomery in 2004 The Alabama River, in the U.S. state of Alabama, is formed by the Tallapoosa and Coosa rivers, which unite about six miles above Montgomery. ... The Coosa River is one of Alabamas most utilized rivers. ... The Tallapoosa River is a river that runs from the southern end of the Appalachian Mountains in Georgia in the United States south and west into Alabama. ... Map showing the Chattahoochee River Basin in Georgia and other Georgia river basins The upper Chattahoochee River at the Upper Chattahoochee River Campground north of Helen, White County, Georgia Chattahoochee River at River Park on Willeo Road, Fulton County, Georgia The Chattahoochee River runs from the Chattahoochee Spring in the...

At most, the Red Stick force consisted of 4,000 warriors, possessing perhaps 1,000 guns. They had never been involved in a large scale war, even with their neighbors. Early in the war, General Cocke observed that arrows "form a very principal part of the enemy's arms for warfare, every man having a bow with a bundle of arrows, which is used after the first fire with the gun until a leisure time for loading offers".^[2]

The Holy Ground (Hickory Ground), located at the junction of the Tallapoosa and Coosa Rivers, was the heart of the Red Stick Confederation. It was about 150 miles (240 km) from the nearest supply point available to any of the three American armies. The easiest attack route was from Georgia through the line of forts on the frontier and then along a good road that led to the Upper Creek towns near the Holy Ground. Another route was north from Mobile along the Alabama River. The most difficult, Jackson's route of advance, was south from Tennessee through a mountainous and pathless terrain.

Tennessee militia

Although Jackson's mission was to defeat the Creek, his larger objective was to move on Pensacola. Jackson's plan was to move south, build roads, destroy Upper Creek towns and then later proceed to Mobile to stage an attack on Pensacola. He had two problems: logistics and short enlistments. When Jackson began his advance, the Tennessee River was low, making it difficult to move supplies, and there was little forage for his horses. A riverboat passing under the Henley Street Bridge on the Tennessee River. ...

Jackson departed Fayetteville, Tennessee on October 7, 1813. He joined his cavalry in Huntsville and crossed the Tennessee, establishing Fort Deposit. He then marched to the Coosa and built his advanced base at Fort Strother. Jackson's first successful actions, the battles of Tallushatchee and Talladega, occurred in November. Fayetteville is a city located in Lincoln County, Tennessee. ... October 7 is the 280th day of the year (281st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1813 (MDCCCXIII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar). ... Nickname: Rocket City Watercress Capital of the World Coordinates: Country United States State Alabama County Madison, Limestone Government  - Mayor Loretta Spencer Area  - City 174. ... Fort Deposit is a town located in Lowndes County, Alabama. ... The Battle of Tallushatchee was a battle fought during the Creek War on November 3, 1814 in Alabama. ... The Battle of Talladega was a battle fought between Tennessee militia and the Red Stick Creek Indians during the Creek War. ...

However, after Talladega, Jackson was plagued by supply shortages and discipline problems arising from his men's short term enlistments. Cocke, with 2,500 East Tennessee Militia, took the field on October 12. His route of march was from Knoxville to Chattanooga and then along the Coosa toward Fort Strother. Because of jealousy between the East and West Tennessee militia, Cocke was in no hurry to join Jackson, particularly after he angered Jackson by mistakenly attacking a friendly village on November 17. When he finally reached Fort Strother on December 12, the East Tennessee men only had 10 days remaining on their enlistments. Jackson had no choice but to dismiss them. Further, General Coffee, who had returned to Tennessee for remounts, wrote Jackson that the cavalry had deserted. By the end of 1813, Jackson was down to a single regiment whose enlistments were due to expire in mid January. October 12 is the 285th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (286th in leap years). ... Nickname: The Marble City, K-Town, Big Orange Country, Knox Vegas, 865 Location within the U.S. State of Tennessee Coordinates: Cities in Tennessee Tennessee Government  - Mayor Bill Haslam (R) Area  - City 254. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... 17 November is also the name of a Marxist group in Greece, coinciding with the anniversary of the Athens Polytechnic uprising. ... December 12 is the 346th day (347th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar, with 19 days remaining. ... John Coffee (June 2, 1772–July 7, 1833) was an American planter, US Congressman and military leader. ...

Although Governor Blount had ordered a new levee of 2,500 troops, Jackson would not be up to full strength until the end of February. When a draft of 900 raw recruits arrived unexpectedly on January 14, Jackson was down to a cadre of 103 and Coffee, who had been "abandoned by his men".^[3] January 14 is the 14th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ...

Since new men had enlistment contracts of only sixty days, Jackson decided to get the most out of his untried force. He departed Fort Strother on January 17 and marched toward the village of Emuckfaw to cooperate with the Georgia Militia. However, this was a risky decision. It was a long march through difficult terrain against a numerically superior force, the men were inexperienced, undisciplined and insubordinate, and a defeat would have prolonged the war. After two indecisive battles at Emuckfaw and Enotachopo Creek, Jackson returned to Fort Strother and did not resume the offensive until mid March. January 17 is the 17th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... The battles of Emuckfaw and Enotachopo Creek are part of Andrew Jacksons campaign in the Creek War. ...

The arrival of the 39th United States Infantry on February 6, 1814, provided Jackson a disciplined core for his force, which ultimately grew to about 5,000 men. After Governor Blount ordered the second draft of Tennessee militia, Cocke, with a force of 2,000 six-month men, once again marched from Knoxville to Fort Strother. Cocke's men mutinied when they learned that Jackson's men only had three month enlistments. Cocke tried to pacify his men, but Jackson misunderstood the situation and ordered Cocke's arrest as an instigator. The East Tennessee militia reported to Fort Strother without further comment on their term of service. Cocke was later cleared. The 39th United States Infantry was a regiment of the regular Army. ... February 6 is the 37th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... Year 1814 (MDCCCXIV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar). ...

Jackson spent the next month building roads and training his force. In mid March, he moved against the Red Stick force concentrated on the Tallapoosa at Tohopeka (Horseshoe Bend). He first moved south along the Coosa, about half the distance to the Creek position, and established a new outpost at Fort Williams. Leaving another garrison there, he then moved on Tohopeka with a force of about 3,000 effectives augmented by 600 Cherokee and Lower Creek allies. The Battle of Horseshoe Bend, which occurred on March 27, was a decisive victory for Jackson, effectively ending the Red Stick resistance. The Tallapoosa River is a river that runs from the southern end of the Appalachian Mountains in Georgia in the United States south and west into Alabama. ... The Coosa River is one of Alabamas most utilized rivers. ... Combatants Creek Indians Red Sticks United States Cherokee Creek allies Commanders Menawa Andrew Jackson Strength 1,000 Red Stick Creek about 2,000 infantry 700 mounted infantry 600 Cherokee and Lower Creeks Casualties 800 49 killed 154 wounded The Battle of Horseshoe Bend was fought during the War of 1812... March 27 is the 86th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (87th in leap years). ...

Georgia militia

The state of Georgia had a militia of perhaps 30,000 men. The U.S. Army 6th Military District, consisting of both Carolinas as well as Georgia, had perhaps as many as 2,000 regulars. In principle, General Pinckney, the district commander, could have mounted an offensive that would have ended the Creek war in 1813. However, efforts in this sector were neither as prompt nor as effective as they could have been. The Army is the branch of the United States armed forces which has primary responsibility for land-based military operations. ... The Carolinas is a collective term used in the United States to refer to the states of North and South Carolina together. ...

In late November, General John Floyd, with a force of 950 militia and 300–400 friendly Creek, crossed the Chattahoochee and moved toward the Holy Ground. On November 29 he attacked the village of Auttose and drove the Creek from a strong position. After the battle, General Floyd, who was severely wounded, withdrew to the Chattahoochee. Floyd's losses were 11 killed and 54 wounded. Floyd estimated that 200 Creek were killed. John Floyd (October 3, 1769–June 24, 1839) was a United States Representative from Georgia. ... November 29 is the 333rd (in leap years the 334th) day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ...

In mid January, Floyd departed Fort Mitchell with a force of 1,300 militia and 400 friendly Creek, advancing toward the village of Tuckaubatchee to await a link-up Jackson. On January 29, 7 days after Emuckfaw, the Creek attacked his fortified camp on the Calibee Creek. Although the Georgian's repulsed the attack, Floyd and his militia considered this battle a defeat and retreated to Fort Mitchell, abandoning the line of fortified positions that they had created during their advance. Casualty figures vary for Floyd's force—17 to 22 killed, 132 to 147 wounded. Floyd estimated Red Stick casualties as 37 killed. This was Georgia's last offensive operation of the war. January 29 is the 29th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ...

Mississippi militia

In October, General Thomas Flourney organized a force of about 1,000—consisting of the 3rd United States Infantry, militia, volunteers, and Choctaw Indians—at Fort Stoddert. General Clairborne, ordered to lay waste Creek property near junction of Alabama and Tombigbee, advanced from Fort St. Stephen. He achieved some destruction but no military engagement. Fort Stoddert was a fort located north of Mobile, Alabama on the Mobile River, close to the confluence of the Tombigbee and Alabama Rivers. ...

Continuing to a point about 85 miles (140 km) north of Fort Stoddert, Clairborne established Fort Clairborne. On December 23, he encountered a small force at the Holy Ground and burned 260 houses. William Weatherford was nearly captured during this engagement but was able to escape. Casualties for the Mississipian's were 1 killed and 6 wounded. 30 Creek warriors were killed in the engagement. December 23 is the 357th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (358th in leap years). ... William Red Eagle Weatherford, (1780 – March 24, 1824), was a Creek (Muscogee) Indian who led the Creek War offensive against the United States. ...

Because of supply shortages, Clairborne withdrew to Fort St. Stephens

Results

On August 9, 1814, Andrew Jackson forced the Creeks to sign the Treaty of Fort Jackson. Despite protest of the Creek chiefs who had fought alongside Jackson, the Creek Nation ceded 23 million acres (93,000 km²)—half of Alabama and part of southern Georgia—to the United States government. Even though the Creek War was largely a civil war among the Creeks, Andrew Jackson recognized no difference between the Creeks that had fought with him and the Red Sticks that fought against him, taking the lands of both. 1.9 million acres (7,700 km²) of the 23 million acres (93,000 km²) Jackson forced the Creeks to cede was claimed by the Cherokee Nation, who had also allied with the United States during the war. Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... August 9 is the 221st day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (222nd in leap years), with 144 days remaining. ... Year 1814 (MDCCCXIV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar). ... The Treaty of Fort Jackson, also known as the Treaty with the Creeks, 1814 was signed on August 9, 1814 at Fort Jackson near Wetumpka, Alabama following the defeat of the Red Stick ( Upper Creek) resistance by United States forces at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend on the banks of... ...

With the Red Stick menace subdued, Andrew Jackson was able to focus on the Gulf coast region in the War of 1812. On his own initiative, he invaded Spanish Florida and drove a British force out of Pensacola. He next defeated the British at the Battle of New Orleans on January 8, 1815. In 1818, Jackson again invaded Florida, where some of the Red Stick leaders had fled, an event known as the First Seminole War. Combatants United Kingdom United States Commanders Sir Edward Pakenham† John Lambert Alexander Cochrane Andrew Jackson Strength 8,000 men 3,500-4,000 men Casualties 385 killed 1,186 wounded 484 captured 13 killed 58 wounded 30 captured The Battle of New Orleans, also known as the Battle of Chalmette... January 8 is the 8th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... April 5-12: Mount Tambora explodes, changing climate. ... Osceola, Seminole leader, detail from an 1838 lithograph The Seminole Wars, also known as the Florida Wars, were three wars or conflicts in Florida between the Seminole Native American tribe and the United States. ...

As a result of these victories, Jackson became a national figure and eventually rose to become the seventh President of the United States in 1829. As President, Andrew Jackson advocated the Indian Removal Act which relocated the Southeastern tribes to the West, across the Mississippi River. The presidential seal was first used in 1880 by President Rutherford B. Hayes and last modified in 1959 by adding the 50th star for Hawaii The President of the United States of America is the head of state and head of government of the United States. ... The Indian Removal Act part of a U.S. government policy known as Indian Removal, was signed into law by President Andrew Jackson on May 28, 1830. ... A sacred religious symbol to the Southeastern tribes was the solar cross which was a symbol of both the sun and fire. ... The Mississippi River, derived from the old Ojibwe word misi-ziibi meaning great river (gichi-ziibi big river at its headwaters), is the second-longest named river in North America, with a length of 2320 miles (3733 km) from Lake Itasca to the Gulf of Mexico. ...

See also

• Indian Campaign Medal
• George Mayfield, interpreter and spy for Andrew Jackson, later honored by the Creeks for his integrity during treaty negotiations.

The Indian Campaign Medal is a decoration of the United States Army which was first created in 1905. ... George Mayfield (1779-1848) was an interpreter and spy for General Andrew Jackson during the Creek War of 1813-1814. ...

Notes

1. ^ Remini, p. 72
2. ^ Adams, p. 785
3. ^ Adams, p. 791

References

• "The Creek War 1813-1814" from the Horseshoe Bend National Military Park website.
• Henry Adams, History of the United States of America During the Administrations of James Madison (Library Classics of the United State, Inc. 1986), ISBN 0-940450-35-6
• Andrew Burstein The Passions of Andrew Jackson (Alfred A. Kopf 2003), p. 106 ISBN 0-375-41428-2
• John Ehle, Trail of Tears The Rise and Fall of the Cherokee Nation (Anchor Books Editions 1989), pp. 104 and 123, ISBN 0-385-23954-8
• John K. Mahon, The War of 1812, (University of Florida Press 1972) ISBN 0-8130-0318-0
• Robert V. Remini, The Life of Andrew Jackson (Harper and Rowe, Publishers 1988), ISBN 0-06-015904-9

Henry Adams Henry Brooks Adams (February 16, 1838 – March 27, 1918) was an American historian, journalist and novelist. ... John Ehle (born December 13, 1925 in Asheville, North Carolina) is an American writer known best for fictional novels set in the Appalachian mountains. ... John K. Mahon February 8, 1912 - October 11, 2003. ... Robert V. Remini (b. ...

External links

• A map of Creek War Battle Sites from the PCL Map Collection at the University of Texas at Austin.
• The Creek War
• The War of 1812
• New Madrid Earthquake
• Historian Parton on Jackson's role