The Cretan War (205 BC–200 BC) was fought by King Philip V of Macedon, the Aetolian League, some Cretan cities (of which Olous and Hierapytna were the most important) and Spartan pirates against the forces of Rhodes and later Attalus I of Pergamum, Byzantium, Cyzicus, Athens and Knossos. Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (990x791, 497 KB) Macedonia and the Egean world ca. ... Crete (Greek: Κρήτη Kríti; Turkish: Girit) is the largest of the Greek islands and the fifth largest in the Mediterranean Sea. ... Location map of Rhodes Rhodes, (Greek: Ρόδος (pron. ... Anatolia (Greek: ανατολη anatole, rising of the sun or East; compare Orient and Levant, by popular etymology Turkish Anadolu to ana mother and dolu filled), also called by the Latin name of Asia Minor, is a region of Southwest Asia which corresponds today to... The Aegean Sea. ... Casus belli is a modern Latin-based expression meaning occasion of war, used officially to refer to the grievances section of a formal Declaration of war. ... Macedons regions and towns Macedon or Macedonia (from Greek ; see also List of traditional Greek place names) was the name of an ancient kingdom in the northern-most part of ancient Greece, bordering the kingdom of Epirus on the west and the region of Thrace to the east. ... Ierapetra (Greek: Ιεράπετρα) is a municipality and a town in the east of the Greek island of Crete, in the prefecture of Lasithi. ... Olous is an ancient, sunken city in the town of Elounda, Crete. ... The Aetolian League was a confederation in ancient Greece centering on the cities of Aetolia in central Greece. ... Sparta (Doric: , Attic: ) is a city in southern Greece. ... Location map of Rhodes Rhodes, (Greek: Ρόδος (pron. ... Pergamon or Pergamum (modern day Bergama in Turkey) was a Greek city, in northwestern Anatolia, 16 miles from the Aegean Sea, located on a promontory on the north side of the river Caicus (modern day Bakir), that became an important kingdom during the Hellenistic period, under the Attalid dynasty, 282... Byzantium was an ancient Greek city-state, which according to legend was founded by Greek colonists from Megara in 667 BC and named after their king Byzas or Byzantas (Βύζας or Βύζαντας in Greek). ... Cyzicus was an ancient town of Mysia in Asia Minor, situated on the shoreward side of the present peninsula of Kapu-Dagh (Arctonnesus), which is said to have been originally an island in the Sea of Marmara, and to have been artificially connected with the mainland in historic times. ... Athens (Greek: Αθήνα, Athína IPA: ) is the capital and largest city of Greece and the birthplace of democracy. ... Knossos Knossos (; pronounced (NAH-sos); alternative spellings Knossus, Cnossus, Gnossus, Greek Κνωσός (see also List of traditional Greek place names)Mycenaean Greek ko-no-so, Minoan ku-ni-su? is the largest Bronze Age archaeological site on Crete, probably the ceremonial and political center of the Minoan culture. ... Coin of Philip V. The Greek inscription reads ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΦΙΛΙΠΠΟΥ ([coin] of King Philip). ... This article, image, template or category belongs in one or more categories. ... Bust of Attalus I, circa 200 BC Attalus I (Soter Savior) (269 BC–197 BC)1 ruled Pergamon, a Greek city-state in present-day Turkey, from 241 BC to 197 BC. He was the second cousin and the adoptive son of Eumenes I2, whom he succeeded, and was the... Theophiliscus (d. ... This article, image, template or category belongs in one or more categories. ... The Battle of Chios was a naval engagement fought in 201 BC between the forces of Philip V of Macedon and an alliance of Pergamum, Rhodes, and Byzantium. ... Combatants Macedon Rhodes Commanders Philip V of Macedon Cleonaeus of Rhodes Strength - - Casualties - - The battle of Lade was fought between the navy of Rhodes and the navy of Macedon. ... Centuries: 4th century BC - 3rd century BC - 2nd century BC Decades: 250s BC 240s BC 230s BC 220s BC 210s BC - 200s BC - 190s BC 180s BC 170s BC 160s BC 150s BC Years: 210 BC 209 BC 208 BC 207 BC 206 BC - 205 BC - 204 BC 203 BC... Centuries: 3rd century BC - 2nd century BC - 1st century BC Decades: 250s BC 240s BC 230s BC 220s BC 210s BC - 200s BC - 190s BC 180s BC 170s BC 160s BC 150s BC Years: 205 BC 204 BC 203 BC 202 BC 201 BC - 200 BC - 199 BC 198 BC... Coin of Philip V. The Greek inscription reads ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΦΙΛΙΠΠΟΥ ([coin] of King Philip). ... The Aetolian League was a confederation in ancient Greece centering on the cities of Aetolia in central Greece. ... Olous is an ancient, sunken city in the town of Elounda, Crete. ... Ierapetra (Greek: Ιεράπετρα) is a municipality and a town in the east of the Greek island of Crete, in the prefecture of Lasithi. ... Sparta (Doric: , Attic: ) is a city in southern Greece. ... Location map of Rhodes Rhodes, (Greek: Ρόδος (pron. ... Bust of Attalus I, circa 200 BC Attalus I (Soter Savior) (269 BC–197 BC)1 ruled Pergamon, a Greek city-state in present-day Turkey, from 241 BC to 197 BC. He was the second cousin and the adoptive son of Eumenes I2, whom he succeeded, and was the... Pergamon or Pergamum (modern day Bergama in Turkey) was a Greek city, in northwestern Anatolia, 16 miles from the Aegean Sea, located on a promontory on the north side of the river Caicus (modern day Bakir), that became an important kingdom during the Hellenistic period, under the Attalid dynasty, 282... Byzantium was an ancient Greek city-state, which according to legend was founded by Greek colonists from Megara in 667 BC and named after their king Byzas or Byzantas (Βύζας or Βύζαντας in Greek). ... Cyzicus was an ancient town of Mysia in Asia Minor, situated on the shoreward side of the present peninsula of Kapu-Dagh (Arctonnesus), which is said to have been originally an island in the Sea of Marmara, and to have been artificially connected with the mainland in historic times. ... Athens (Greek: Αθήνα, Athína IPA: ) is the capital and largest city of Greece and the birthplace of democracy. ... Knossos Knossos (; pronounced (NAH-sos); alternative spellings Knossus, Cnossus, Gnossus, Greek Κνωσός (see also List of traditional Greek place names)Mycenaean Greek ko-no-so, Minoan ku-ni-su? is the largest Bronze Age archaeological site on Crete, probably the ceremonial and political center of the Minoan culture. ...

The Macedonians had just finished with the First Macedonian War and Philip, seeing his chance to defeat Rhodes, formed an alliance with some Aetolian and Spartan pirates who began raiding Rhodians ships. Philip also formed an alliance with some important Cretan cities, like Hierapynta and Olous.^[1] The pirate raids had caused damage to the Rhodian fleet and economy. Philip saw his chance to declare war on Rhodes. To help achieve his goal, he formed an alliance with the King of the Seleucid Empire, Antiochus the Great, against Ptolemy V of Egypt (the Seleucid Empire and Egypt were the other two Diadochi states). Philip began attacking the lands of Ptolemy and the Rhodian allies in Thrace and around the Sea of Marmara. The First Macedonian War (215 BC - 205 BC) was fought by Rome, allied (after 211 BC) with the Aetolian League and Attalus I of Pergamon, against Philip V of Macedon, contemporaneously with the Second Punic War against Carthage. ... Look up pirate and piracy in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... The Seleucid Empire was a Hellenistic successor state of Alexander the Greats dominion. ... Silver coin of Antiochus III Antiochus III the Great, (ruled 223 - 187 BC), younger son of Seleucus II Callinicus, became ruler of the Seleucid kingdom as a youth of about eighteen in 223 BC. (His traditional designation, the Great, stems from a misconception of Megas Basileus (Great king), the traditional... Ptolemy V Epiphanes (reigned 204-181 BC), son of Ptolemy IV Philopator and Arsinoë, was not more than five years old when he came to the throne, and under a series of regents the kingdom was paralysed. ... In general Diadochi (in Greek Διάδοχοι, transcripted Diadochoi) means successors, such that the neoplatonic refounders of Platos Academy in Late Antiquity referred to themselves as diadochi (of Plato). ... Thrace (Bulgarian: Тракия, Trakiya; Greek: Θράκη, ThrákÄ“; Latin: Thracia or Threcia, Turkish: Trakya, Macedonian: Тракија) is a historical and geographic area in southeast Europe. ... Map of the Sea of Marmara Satellite view of the Sea of Marmara The Sea of Marmara (Turkish: Marmara Denizi, Modern Greek: Θάλασσα του Μαρμαρά or Προποντίδα) (also known as the Sea of Marmora or the Marmara Sea) is an inland sea that connects the Black Sea to the Aegean Sea, thus separating the...

In 202, Rhodes and her allies, Pergamum, Cyzicus, and Byzantium, combined their fleets and defeated Philip at the Battle of Chios. Just a few months later Philip's fleet defeated the Rhodians at Lade. While Philip was ravaging Pergamese territory and attacking cities in Caria, Attalus I of Pergamum went to Athens trying to create a diversion. He actually succeeded in securing an alliance with the Athenians, who immediately declared war on the Macedonians. The King of Macedon would not remain inactive; he attacked Athens with his navy and with some infantry. The Romans warned him, however, to withdraw or face war with Rome. After suffering a defeat at the hands of the Rhodian and Pergamese fleets, Philip withdrew, but not before attacking the city of Abydos on the Hellespont. Abydos fell after a long siege and most of its inhabitants committed suicide. Philip rejected the Roman ultimatum to stop attacking Greek states and the Romans declared war on Macedon. This left the Cretan cities with no major allies and the lead city of Crete, Knossos, joined the Rhodians. Both Hierapynta and Olous surrendered and were forced to sign a treaty favourable to Rhodes and Knossos. The Battle of Chios was a naval engagement fought in 201 BC between the forces of Philip V of Macedon and an alliance of Pergamum, Rhodes, and Byzantium. ... Combatants Macedon Rhodes Commanders Philip V of Macedon Cleonaeus of Rhodes Strength - - Casualties - - The battle of Lade was fought between the navy of Rhodes and the navy of Macedon. ... Roman or Romans may refer to: History Ancient Rome (9th century BC – 5th century AD) Roman Kingdom (753 BC to 509 BC) Roman Republic (509 BC to 44 BC) Roman Empire (44 BC to AD 476) Roman citizen Byzantine Empire (330 to 1453), also known as the Eastern Roman Empire... Nickname: The Eternal City Location within Province of Rome in the Region of Latium Coordinates: Region Latium Province Province of Rome Mayor of Rome Walter Veltroni Area    - City 1,285 km²  (496. ... Abydos was the name of two ancient cities: Abydos, Egypt Abydos, Hellespont The name Abydos was used by the science-fiction film Stargate, and subsequently the television series Stargate SG-1, as the name of a planet. ... Hellespont (i. ...

Prelude

The First Macedonian War had just ended with the Treaty of Phoenice (under the terms of the treaty the Macedonians weren't allowed to expand eastwards) and with the Romans busy with Carthage, Philip saw this as his chance to take control of the Greek world, which was his greatest ambition. He knew that his ambitions would be aided by an alliance with Crete.^[2] He had just crushed Pergamum, the Greek power of Asia Minor, and he had also formed an alliance with the Aetolians. Now he was opposed only by the Greek island-state of Rhodes, which had one of the most powerful fleets in the Mediterranean. Rhodes was supposed to be Philip's ally, but they were also allies of the Romans who were his mortal enemies.^[3] Rhodes was also important because it was the dominant naval and economic power in the eastern side of the Mediterranean and the southern side of the Aegean Sea. The First Macedonian War (215 BC - 205 BC) was fought by Rome, allied (after 211 BC) with the Aetolian League and Attalus I of Pergamon, against Philip V of Macedon, contemporaneously with the Second Punic War against Carthage. ... The Treaty of Phoenice, a treaty endding the First Macedonian War and drawn up at Phoenice, in 205 BC. This article is a stub. ... Ruins of Carthage Carthaginian settlements in the western Mediterranean in the early 3rd century BC. The term Carthage refers both to an ancient city in North Africa — located on the eastern side of Lake Tunis across from the center of modern Tunis in Tunisia — and to the civilization which developed... This article is becoming very long. ... The Mediterranean Sea is an intercontinental sea positioned between Europe to the north, Africa to the south and Asia to the east, covering an approximate area of 2. ... The Aegean Sea. ...

Piracy and war

A map of the Balkans and Asia Minor, which was the battleground of the war.

Under the conditions of the Treaty of Phoenice, Philip wasn't allowed to expand his territory westward into Illyria or the Adriatic Sea. Philip turned his attentions eastwards to the Aegean Sea where he started to build a large fleet.^[4] One of his aims was to crush the island state of Rhodes. Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1280x958, 148 KB) Greece, Albania File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Cretan War ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1280x958, 148 KB) Greece, Albania File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Cretan War ... A satellite image of the Adriatic Sea. ...

Phillip saw two ways of shaking off the Rhodian dominance of the sea: piracy and war. He decided to use both methods and encouraged his allies to begin pirate attacks against Rhodian ships. Phillip convinced the Cretans (who had been involved in piracy for a long time), the Aetolians and the Spartans to take part in the piracy. The lure for these nations was the promise of vast loot from captured Rhodian vessels.^[5] He sent the Aetolian freebooter Dicaearchus on a large razzia through the Aegean where he plundered the Cyclades and Rhodian territories.^[6] Crete (Greek Κρήτη / Kriti) is the largest of the Greek islands and the fifth largest in the Mediterranean Sea. ... Ghawz (plural ghazawāt) is an Arabic word meaning an armed incursion for the purposes of conquest, plunder, or the capture of slaves. ...

By the end of 205 BC, the Rhodians had suffered from the piracy and Philip saw his chance to go forward with the second part of his plan, direct military confrontation. He convinced the cities of Hierapytna, Olous and other cities in Eastern Crete to declare war against Rhodes.^[7] The flag of 18th-century pirate Calico Jack This article is about sea piracy; for other uses of Piracy or Pirate, see Pirate (disambiguation). ...

Rhodes' initial response to the declaration of war was diplomatic; they asked Rome for help against Philip. The Romans were wary of another war (the Second Punic War had just ended) and Rhodes were refused. But even after their allies Pergamum, Cyzicus and Byzantium joined the war on the Rhodians side, the Romans Senate tried to convince the people to join the war against Macedon. Their attempt to persuade the battle weary people failed.^[8] Nickname: The Eternal City Location within Province of Rome in the Region of Latium Coordinates: Region Latium Province Province of Rome Mayor of Rome Walter Veltroni Area    - City 1,285 km²  (496. ... Combatants Roman Republic Carthage Commanders Publius Cornelius Scipio†, Tiberius Sempronius Longus Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus, Gaius Flaminius†, Fabius Maximus, Claudius Marcellus†, Lucius Aemilius Paullus†, Gaius Terentius Varro, Marcus Livius Salinator, Gaius Claudius Nero, Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio Calvus†, Masinissa, Minucius+, Geminus+, Regulus+ Hannibal Barca, Hasdrubal Barca†, Mago Barca†, Hasdrubal Gisco†, Maharbal...

What further enraged the Rhodes was the capture and razing of Cius and Myrleia, Greek cities on the coast of the Sea of Marmara by Philip V. Philip then handed these cities over to his brother-in-law, the king of Bithynia, Prusias I who rebuilt and renamed the cities Prusa after himself and Apameia after his wife respectively. In return for these cities Prusias promised that he would continue on enlarging his kingdom at the expense of Pergamum (his latest war with Pergamum had ended in 205). The capture of these cities also enraged the Aetolians, because the two cities were part of the Aetolian League. The Aetolians were only allied to the Macedonians through fear of the ravaging of their lands at the hands of Philip, so this incident caused the Aetolians to further distance themselves from Macedon.^[9] Philip then went and captured the cities of Lysimachia and Chalcedon who were also part of the Aetolia League and forced them to break off their alliance with Aetolia.^[10] Kios (also known as Cius) was an ancient Greek town bordering the Propontis (now known as the Sea of Marmara), and had as such a long history, being mentioned by Homer, Aristoteles and Strabo. ... Apamea Myrlea or Apamea Myrleon – Greek: Απάμεια Μυρλεανός, also transliterated as Apameia Myrleanos; formerly Brylleion and Myrlea (Greek: Μύρλεια, also transliterated as Murleia or Myrleia); Latin: Colonia Iulia Concordia; and also recorded as Apamena – was an ancient city on the Sea of Marmara, in Bithynia, Anatolia; the ruins are now found a few... Map of the Sea of Marmara Satellite view of the Sea of Marmara The Sea of Marmara (Turkish: Marmara Denizi, Modern Greek: Θάλασσα του Μαρμαρά or Προποντίδα) (also known as the Sea of Marmora or the Marmara Sea) is an inland sea that connects the Black Sea to the Aegean Sea, thus separating the... Bithynia was an ancient region, kinhdom and Roman province in the northwest of Asia Minor, adjoining the Propontis, the Thracian Bosporus and the Euxine (today Black Sea). ... Prusias I Chlorus (c. ... The Aetolian League was a confederation in ancient Greece centering on the cities of Aetolia in central Greece. ... Lysimachia (in Greek Λυσιμαχια or Λυσιμαχεια) was an important hellenistic Greek town in European Turkey on the north-western extremity of the Thracian Chersonesus (the modern Gallipoli peninsula), not far from the bay of Melas (the modern Gulf of Saros). ... Chalcedon (Χαλκεδον, sometimes transliterated by purists as Chalkedon; see also list of traditional Greek place names) was an ancient maritime town of Bithynia, in Asia Minor, almost directly opposite Byzantium, south of Scutari (modern Üsküdar). ...

On the way home, Philip's fleet stopped at the island of Thasos off the coast of Thrace. Philip's general Metrodorus went to the island's eponymous capital to meet emissaries from the city. The envoys said they would surrender the city to the Macedonians on the conditions that they did not have to be garrisoned, they did not have to pay tribute, contribute soldiers to the Macedonian army and that they could have their own laws.^[11] Metrodorus replied that the king accepted the terms and then they admitted the Macedons into the city. Once admitted into the city, Philip ordered his soldiers to enslave all the citizens (who were then sold as slaves) and to loot the city.^[12] Thasos (Greek: ) or Thassos is the name of an island in the north of the Aegean Sea, off the coast of Thrace and the plain of the river Nestos (during the Ottoman times Kara-Su). ... Thrace (Bulgarian: Тракия, Trakiya; Greek: Θράκη, ThrákÄ“; Latin: Thracia or Threcia, Turkish: Trakya, Macedonian: Тракија) is a historical and geographic area in southeast Europe. ... Metrodorus (331–278 BC) was a Greek philosopher of the Epicurean school. ... For people named Garrison, see Garrison (disambiguation) Garrison House, built by William Damm in 1675 at Dover, New Hampshire Garrison (from the French garnison, itself from the verb garnir, to equip) is the collective term for the body of troops stationed in a particular location, originally to guard it, but... A tribute (from Latin tribulum, contribution) is wealth one party gives to another as a sign of respect or, as was often case in historical contests, of submission or allegiance. ...

Philip then concluded a treaty with Antiochus III the Great, emperor of the Seleucid Empire. The main reason that this treaty was signed was to capture all the land held by the Ptolemaic Egypt and their young Pharaoh Ptolemy V. They agreed that Philip would help Antiochus to seize Egypt and Cyprus and Antiochus would help Philip take control of Cyrene, the Cyclades islands and Ionia.^[13] Silver coin of Antiochus III. The reverse shows Apollo seated on an omphalos. ... The Seleucid Empire was a Hellenistic successor state of Alexander the Greats dominion. ... Ptolemaic Egypt refers to the time period of hellenistic rule in Egypt. ... Pharaoh is a title used to refer to any ruler, usually male, of the Egyptian kingdom in the pre-Christian, pre-Islamic period. ... Ptolemy V Epiphanes (reigned 204-181 BC), son of Ptolemy IV Philopator and Arsinoë, was not more than five years old when he came to the throne, and under a series of regents the kingdom was paralysed. ... Cyrene can refer to: The USS Cyrene (AGP-13), a motor torpedo boat tender Cyrene, a figure from Greek mythology Cyrene, a Greek colony in Libya (north Africa) 133 Cyrene, an asteroid Cyrene, fictional character who is the mother of Xena in the series Xena: Warrior Princess See also: Cyrenaica... The Cyclades, from the Greek Κυκλάδες, (circular, modern Greek Kykládes; see also List of traditional Greek place names) form an island group south-east of the mainland of Greece. ... Ionia (Greek Ιωνία; see also List of traditional Greek place names) was an ancient region of southwestern coastal Anatolia (now in Turkey) on the Aegean Sea. ...

With the treaty concluded, Philip's army then attacked Ptolemy's territories in Thrace. Then the Macedonian fleet headed south and took over the island of Samos which belonged to Ptolemy V and captured the Egyptian fleet stationed there. The fleet then turned north and laid siege to the island of Chios. The combined navies of Pergamum, Rhodes, Cyzicus and Byzantium under the command of Attalus and Theophiliscus of Rhodes attacked the Macedonian fleet under the command of Philip between Chios and the mainland of Asia Minor. Attalus' group of ships were separated from the rest of the fleet and were pursued by Philip but managed to make it to the mainland. He thought that his enemies would catch up to him so he scattered coins from his treasury ship on the sand so when the Macedonians landed would not chase after him but instead would stop to gather the loot. When Philip landed and found Attalus' ships abandoned he thought that the Pergamese monarch had perished. He then towed off the ships that Attalus had deserted on the beach. Meanwhile Attalus escaped to Erythrae.^[14] Samos (Greek Σάμος; see also List of traditional Greek place names) is an island in southeastern Greece in the Aegean Sea, off the coast of Turkey. ... Ptolemy V Epiphanes (reigned 204-181 BC), son of Ptolemy IV Philopator and Arsinoë, was not more than five years old when he came to the throne, and under a series of regents the kingdom was paralysed. ... The Battle of Chios was a naval engagement fought in 201 BC between the forces of Philip V of Macedon and an alliance of Pergamum, Rhodes, and Byzantium. ... Pergamon or Pergamum (modern day Bergama in Turkey) was a Greek city, in northwestern Anatolia, 16 miles from the Aegean Sea, located on a promontory on the north side of the river Caicus (modern day Bakir), that became an important kingdom during the Hellenistic period, under the Attalid dynasty, 282... Location map of Rhodes Rhodes, (Greek: Ρόδος (pron. ... Cyzicus was an ancient town of Mysia in Asia Minor, situated on the shoreward side of the present peninsula of Kapu-Dagh (Arctonnesus), which is said to have been originally an island in the Sea of Marmara, and to have been artificially connected with the mainland in historic times. ... Byzantium was an ancient Greek city-state, which according to legend was founded by Greek colonists from Megara in 667 BC and named after their king Byzas or Byzantas (Βύζας or Βύζαντας in Greek). ... Erythrae (mod. ...

The battle turned to the allies' favour and the Macedonian fleet was routed. The Rhodians and their allies then returned to their base in Chios.

With the battle over, the Rhodian admirals decided to leave Chios and sail back home. On the way back to Rhodes, the Rhodian admiral Theophiliscus died of the wounds he received at Chios but before he died he appointed Cleonaeus as his successor.^[15] As the Rhodian fleet was sailing in the strait between Lade and Miletus on the shore of Asia Minor, Philip' fleet attacked them. Philip defeated the Rhodian fleet and forced it to retreat back to Rhodes. The Milesians were impressed by the victory and sent Philip and the Heracleides garlands of victory when they entered Milesian territory.^[16] This article, image, template or category belongs in one or more categories. ... Combatants Macedon Rhodes Commanders Philip V of Macedon Cleonaeus of Rhodes Strength - - Casualties - - The battle of Lade was fought between the navy of Rhodes and the navy of Macedon. ... Miletus (Greek: Μίλητος transliterated Miletos) was an ancient city on the western coast of Anatolia (in what is now the Aydin Province of Turkey), near the mouth of the Maeander River. ... Heraclides Ponticus (387 - 312 BCE), also known as Heraklides, was a Greek philosopher who lived and died at Heraclea, now Eregli, Turkey. ...

Asia Minor Campaign

With most of the Pergamese army out campaigning, Philip saw a chance to capture the undermanned Pergamum. So he laid siege to Pergamum. But Pergamum's king, Attalus I had strengthened the wall before he set off on the campaign against Macedon and the walls proved too strong for the Macedonian army. Philip retreated after destroying a few temples, including the temple of Aphrodite and the sanctuary of Athena Nicephorus.^[17] The Macedonians then attacked the town of Thyatira and after capturing it the army advanced to the plain of Thebe thinking that this region would have the richest spoils.^[18] He was disappointed to find that that the spoils were less than he had expected. Once he arrived at Thebe he demanded corn from the Seleucid governor of the region, Zeuxis. Zeuxis however never planned to give Philip substantial supplies.^[19] Bust of Attalus I, circa 200 BC Attalus I (Soter Savior) (269 BC–197 BC)1 ruled Pergamon, a Greek city-state in present-day Turkey, from 241 BC to 197 BC. He was the second cousin and the adoptive son of Eumenes I2, whom he succeeded, and was the... The Birth of Venus (detail) by Sandro Botticelli, 1485. ... Helmeted Athena, of the Velletri type. ... According to Eastons Bible Dictionary, Thyatira (now Tepe Mezarligi) was a city of Asia Minor, on the borders of Lydia and Mysia. ... Thebe was the sacred city of Eetion in Greek mythology. ... The Seleucid Empire was one of several political states founded after the death of Alexander the Great, whose generals squabbled over the division of Alexanders empire. ... Zeuxis and Parrhasius, painters of Ephesus in the 5th century BC, are reported in the Naturalis Historia of Pliny the Elder to have staged a contest to determine which of the two was the greater artist. ...

Philip disappointed by the spoils in Mysia proceeded south and plundered the towns and cities of Caria. Philip reached the city of Prinassus. At first the city and its citizen held out bravely. But when Philip set up his artillery, he sent an envoy into the city offering to let them leave the city unharmed or they would all be killed. The citizens decided to abandon the city.^[20] At this stage in the campaign, Philip's army was running out of food so he seized the city of Myus and gave it to the Magnesians in return for food supplies. Since the Magnesians had no corn, Philip settled for enough figs to feed his whole army.^[21] Philip seized and garrisoned the cities of Iasus, Bargylia, Euromus, Pedasa in quick succession. He besieged and captured the city of Peraea which was under Rhodian control. Mysia. ... Location of Caria Caria (Greek Καρία; see also List of traditional Greek place names) was a region of Asia Minor, situated south of Ionia, and west of Phrygia and Lycia. ... Magnesia (Greek: Μαγνησία Magnisia; see also List of traditional Greek place names), deriving from the Macedonian tribe name Magnetes, is the name of the southeastern area of Thessaly in central Greece. ... Euromus – also, Eunomus and Eunomos; earlier Kyromus and Hyromus – was an ancient city in Caria, Anatolia; the ruins are approximately 4 km southeast of Selimiye and 12 km northwest of Milas (the ancient Mylasa), Muğla Province, Turkey. ... Theatre, Kaunos, Turkey. ...

While Philip's fleet was wintering in Bargylia, the combined Pergamese and Rhodian fleet blockaded the harbour. The situation in the Macedonian camp became so grave that the Macedonians were close to surrendering. But Philip managed to get out by trickery. He sent an Egyptian deserter to Attalus and the Rhodians to say that Philip was preparing to attack the allies the next day. Upon hearing the news, Attalus and the Rhodians started preparing the fleet for the oncoming attack. But Philip and his fleet slipped out of the blockade while the Pergamese and the Rhodians ships were preparing for battle. To make it look like his fleet was still there, Philip lit numerous campfires.^[22]

During Philip's campaigns in Asia Minor, Attalus went to Athens and convinced the Athenian citizens to vote to declare war against Philip. Attalus' efforts paid off and Athens joined his side.^[23] When Philip found out, he sent some troops stationed in Macedon and together with their allies the Acarnanians they went to raid Attica under the command of Nicanor. The raiders reached the Academy of Athens before being driven back.^[24] Once the Romans heard that Philip attacked a Greek state, they warned him to retreat or they would get involved in the war.^[25] Athens (Greek: Αθήνα, Athína IPA: ) is the capital and largest city of Greece and the birthplace of democracy. ... Acarnania was a region of ancient central western Greece that lay along the Ionian Sea, west of Aetolia, with the Achelous River for a boundary, and north of the gulf of Calydon, which is the entrance to the Gulf of Corinth. ... Attica (in Greek: Αττική, Attike; see also List of traditional Greek place names) is a periphery (subdivision) in Greece, containing Athens, the capital of Greece. ... Nicanor (Latin; Greek: Nikanōr) or Nikanor, nicknamed the Elephant, was a general under King Philip V of Macedonia in the 3rd century BCE. He invaded Attica with an army shortly before the breaking out of the war between Philip and the Romans in 200 BCE. But after laying waste... An academy is an institution for the study of higher learning. ...

Philip's fleet had just escaped from the allied blockade and Philip ordered that a squadron head to Athens. The Macedonian squadron sailed into Piraeus and captured four Athenian ships. As the Macedonian squadron was retreating, the Rhodian and Pergamese fleet appeared from the Pergamese base of Aegina after having pursued the Macedonian fleet across the Aegean. The allies defeated the Macedonian fleet and recaptured the Athenian ships which they gave back to the Athenians. The Athenians were so pleased by the rescue that replaced the recently abolished pro-Macedonian tribes, the Demetrias and Antigonis tribes with the Attalid tribe in honour of Attalus.^[26] View of Piraeus A night ferry about to leave the port of Piraeus for the Dodecanese Piraeus, or Peiraeus (Modern Greek: Πειραιάς Peiraiás or Pireás, Ancient Greek / Katharevousa: Πειραιεύς Pireéfs) is a city in the periphery of Attica, Greece, located south of Athens. ... Aegina (Greek: Αίγινα Egina) is one of the Saronic Islands of Greece in the Saronic Gulf, 31 miles (50 km) from Athens. ...

The Pergamese fleet returned to their base at Aegina and the Rhodians set out to raid the Macedonian islands in the Cyclades.^[27] Philip ordered his prefect on the island of Euboea, Philoces, to attack Athens once again with 2,000 infantry and 200 cavalry.^[28] They were unable to capture Athens so they ravaged the surrounding countryside. A prefect (from the Latin praefectus, perfect participle of praeficere, to make in front, i. ... Euboea or Negropont (Modern Greek: Εύβοια Evia, Ancient Greek Εúβοια Eúboia; see also List of traditional Greek place names), is the largest island of the Greek archipelago. ... Philoces was Philip V of Macedons prefect and commander on the island of Euboea. ...

Roman Intervention

Map of Chersonese

Meanwhile Rhodian, Pergamese and Athenian delegations travelled to Rome to appear before the senate. When they were given audience they informed the senate about the treaty between Philip and Antiochus. They also complained about Philip's attacks on their territories. In response to these complaints the Romans sent three ambassadors, Marcus Aemilius Lepidus, Gaius Claudius Nero and Publius Sempronius Tuditanus to Egypt with the orders to go to Rhodes after speaking with Ptolemy.^[29] Image File history File links Thracian_chersonese. ... Image File history File links Thracian_chersonese. ... Marcus Aemilius Lepidus (187 - 153 B.C.) was a Roman Consul, Pontifex Maximus and Censor. ... Gaius Claudius Nero was a Roman consul who fought in the Battle of the Metaurus. ...

While this was happening, Philip attacked and captured the cities of Maronea, Cypsela, Doriscos, Serrheum and Aemus which belonged to Ptolemy.^[30] The Macedonians then advanced on the Thracian Chersonese where they captured the cities of Perinthus, Sestos, Elaeus, Alopeconnesus, Callipolis and Madytus.^[31] Philip then advanced to the city of Abydos, which was home to a combined Pergamese and Rhodian garrison. Philip started the siege by blockading the city by land and sea to stop attempts to reinforce or supply the city. The Abydenians full of confidence dislodged some of the siege engines with their own catapults while some of Philip's other engines were burnt by the defenders.^[32] With some of their siege engines destroyed, the Macedonians started undermining the city's walls and soon the outer wall collapsed.^[33] Map of the Thracian Chersonese The Thracian Chersonese (in Greek Χερσoνησoς Θραικια) was the ancient name of the Gallipoli peninsula, in the part of historic Thrace that is now part of modern Turkey. ... Perinthus (Turkish Eski Eregli, old Heraclea) was an ancient town of Thrace, on the Propontis, 22 miles west of Selymbria, strongly situated on a small peninsula on the bay of that name. ... Sestos was an ancient town of the Thracian Chersonese, the modern Gallipoli peninsula in European Turkey. ... Abydos was the name of two ancient cities: Abydos, Egypt Abydos, Hellespont The name Abydos was used by the science-fiction film Stargate, and subsequently the television series Stargate SG-1, as the name of a planet. ... Replica catapult at Château des Baux, France Catapults are siege engines using an arm to hurl a projectile a great distance. ...

The situation was now grave for defenders and they decided to send two of their prominent citizens to Philip. When they were taken to Philip, they offered to surrender the city to him on the conditions that the Rhodian and the Pergamese garrisons were allowed to leave the city under a truce and that all the citizens were able to leave the city with the clothes they were wearing and go wherever they please.^[34] Philip's reply to them was surrender at discretion or fight like men.^[35] With his response the ambassadors returned to the city.

The leaders of the city called an assembly when they were informed of the response. They decided to liberate all the slave to secure their loyalty, to place all the children and their nurses in the gymnasium and for all the women to stay in the temple of Artemis. They also asked for everyone to bring forward their gold and silver and any clothes that were valuable so they could put them in the boats of the Rhodians and the Cyzicenes.^[36] Fifty elder and trusted men were elected to carry out these tasks. All the citizens then swore an oath. As Polybius writes: The Artemis of Versailles, a Roman copy of the marble sculpture of Leochares, now at the Louvre Artemis (Greek: nominative , genitive ), in Greek mythology was daughter of Zeus and of Leto and the twin sister of Apollo. ...

... whenever they saw the inner wall being captured by the enemy, they would kill the children and women, and would burn the above mentioned ships, and, in accordance with the curses that had been invoked, would throw the silver and gold into the sea.

^[37] After the oath was said they brought forward the priests and everyone swore that they should defeat the enemy or die trying. Image File history File links Cquote1. ... Image File history File links Cquote2. ...

When the interior wall fell, the men according to their promise sprang from the ruins and fought with great courage, so that Philip had to send his troops forward in relays to front line. By nightfall the Macedonians retreated to camp. That night the Abydenians resolved to save the women and children and at daybreak they sent some priests and priestess with a garland and they surrendered the city to Philip.^[38]

While this was going on Attalus sailed across the Aegean to the island of Tenedos. Meanwhile the youngest of the Roman ambassadors, Marcus Aemilius Lepidus had heard about the siege at Abydos while he was in Rhodes and he arrived at Abydos set out to find Philip. He found Philip outside Abydos and had a conversation with him. Polybius writes: Gökçeada and Bozcaada are two islands in the Aegean Sea which are part of Canakkale Province in Turkey. ... Marcus Aemilius Lepidus (187 - 153 B.C.) was a Roman Consul, Pontifex Maximus and Censor. ...

The Senate had resolved to order him not to wage war with any Greek state; nor to interfere in the dominions of Ptolemy; and to submit the injuries inflicted on Attalus and the Rhodians to arbitration; and that if he did so he might have peace, but if he refused to obey he would promptly have war with Rome." Upon Philip endeavouring to show that the Rhodians had been the first to lay hands on him, Marcus interrupted him by saying: "But what about the Athenians? And what about the Cianians? And what about the Abydenians at this moment? Did any one of them also lay hands on you first?" The king, at a loss for a reply, said: "I pardon the offensive haughtiness of your manners for three reasons: first, because you are a young man and inexperienced in affairs; secondly, because you are the handsomest man of your time" (this was true); "and thirdly, because you are a Roman. But for my part, my first demand to the Romans is that they should not break their treaties or go to war with me; but if they do, I shall defend myself as courageously as I can, appealing to the gods to defend my cause.

^[39] With these words they separated. Image File history File links Cquote1. ... Image File history File links Cquote2. ...

While Philip was walking around Abydos he saw people killing themselves and their families, through stabbing, burning, hanging, jumping down wells and rooftops. Philip was surprised to see this and he published a proclamation announcing that he gave three days' grace to those who wished to hang or stab themselves.^[40] The Abydenians who were already bent on following the orders of the original decree, thought that it would amount to treason to the people that had died and couldn’t bear to live on this terms. So, apart from whose in chains or similar restraints, each family individually hurried to their deaths.^[41]

Philip then ordered another attack on Athens, but after the army wasn't able to capture either Athens or Eleusis they subjected Attica to the worst ravage the Atticans had seen since the Persian Wars.^[42] In response, the Romans declared war on Philip and attacked his outposts and territories in Illyria. Philip was then forced to abandon his Rhodian and Pergamese campaign, so that he could deal with the Romans. This was the start of the Second Macedonian War. Eleusis (Game) The cardgame invented by Robert Abbott in 1962, and later popularized in 1977 by Martin Gardner in his Mathematical Games column in Scientific American magazine. ... Illyria Illyria (Anc. ... The Second Macedonian War (200–196 BC) was fought between Macedon, led by Philip V of Macedon and Rome, allied with Pergamon and Rhodes. ...

After Philip's withdrawal from his campaign against Rhodes, due to his concentration of troops against Rome, the Rhodians were free to attack Olous and Hierapytna and their other Cretan allies. Rhodes' search for allies in Crete bore fruit when the Cretan city of Knossos saw that the war was going in Rhodes' favour and decided to join Rhodes in an attempt to gain supremacy over the island.^[43] Many other cities in central Crete subsequently joined Rhodes and Knossos against Hierapytna and Olous. Now under attack on two fronts, Hierapytna surrendered.^[44] Crete, sometimes spelled Krete (Greek Κρήτη / Kriti) is the largest of the Greek islands and the fifth largest in the Mediterranean Sea. ... Knossos Knossos (; pronounced (NAH-sos); alternative spellings Knossus, Cnossus, Gnossus, Greek Κνωσός (see also List of traditional Greek place names)Mycenaean Greek ko-no-so, Minoan ku-ni-su? is the largest Bronze Age archaeological site on Crete, probably the ceremonial and political center of the Minoan culture. ... Supremacism is the belief that self-determination and freedom of association are principles less important than the virtues obtained by ones race, religion, belief system or culture ruling over others. ...

Aftermath

Coin of Philip V. The Greek inscription reads ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΦΙΛΙΠΠΟΥ.

Under the treaty signed at the conclusion of the war, Hierapytna agreed to break off all relations and alliances with foreign powers and to place all its harbours and bases at Rhodes' disposal. Olous, among whose ruins the terms of the treaty have been found, had to accept Rhodian power over the city.^[45] As a result, Rhodes was left with control of a significant part of eastern Crete after the war. With this extra territory the Rhodians built new bases to stamp out piracy in the region.^[46] The conclusion of the war left the Rhodians free to help their allies in the Second Macedonian War. Image File history File links Kings_of_Macedon,_Philip_V_221-179_BC.jpg Coin of Philip V of Macedon (ruled 221 BC to 179 BC). ... Image File history File links Kings_of_Macedon,_Philip_V_221-179_BC.jpg Coin of Philip V of Macedon (ruled 221 BC to 179 BC). ...

The war had no particular short term effect on the Cretans. They continued their lives of piracy and being employed as mercenaries as soon as the war finished. In the Battle of Cynoscephalae during the Second Macedonian War three years later, Cretan mercenary archers fought for both the Romans and the Macedons.^[47] A mercenary is a soldier who fights, or engages in warfare primarily for private gain, usually with little regard for ideological, national or political considerations. ... Combatants Roman Republic Macedon Commanders T. Quinctius Flamininus Philip V of Macedon Strength about 33,400 men about 22,500 men Casualties about 700 8,000 killed, 5,000 captured The Battle of Cynoscephalae was fought in Thessaly in 197 BC between the Roman army, led by Titus Quinctius Flamininus... The Second Macedonian War (200–196 BC) was fought between Macedon, led by Philip V of Macedon and Rome, allied with Pergamon and Rhodes. ... An archer is someone who practices archery. ...

The pirate raids still continued from western Crete. This led to the Second Cretan War.^[48] This war resulted in Rhodes further establishing its control over the Aegean and the Eastern Meditereanan, Knossos strengthening its hegemony over most of Crete, and Rome becoming more involved in the Aegean and Eastern Mediterranean. Rome's increased involvement led in turn to the eventual Roman conquest of Rhodes, Crete and the Aegean. This Macedonian defeat led to a barbarian tribe, the Dardanians swarming across the northern border and plundering Macedonia. ^[49] It also led to an Aetolian deflection and invasion, which was suppressed by Philip and Macedon's Greek allies, the Achean League, deflecting to Rome.^[50] Albani (Albanoi), tribe in ancient Illyria, from Alexander G. Findlays Classical Atlas to Illustrate Ancient Geography, New York, 1849 The Dardani were an ancient Indo-European tribe that lived in Dardania (largely corresponding to present day Kosovo, as well as other parts of present day southern Serbia) and was... The Aetolian League was a confederation in ancient Greece centering on the cities of Aetolia in central Greece. ... The Achaean League was a confederation of Greek city states in Achaea, a territory on the northern coast of the Peloponnese. ...

Notes

1. ^ Detorakis, A History of Crete
2. ^ Detorakis, A History of Crete
3. ^ Detorakis, A History of Crete
4. ^ Green, Alexander to Actium: The Historical Evolution of the Hellenstic Age, 305
5. ^ Detorakis, A History of Crete
6. ^ Green, Alexander to Actium: The Historical Evolution of the Hellenstic Age, 305
7. ^ Detorakis, A History of Crete
8. ^ Matyszak, The Enemies of Rome: From Hannibal to Attila the Hun
9. ^ Polybius 15.23
10. ^ Polybius 15.23
11. ^ Polybius 15.24
12. ^ Polybius 15.24
13. ^ Green, Alexander to Actium: The Historical Evolution of the Hellenstic Age, 304
14. ^ Polybius 16.6
15. ^ Polybius 16.9
16. ^ Polybius 16.15
17. ^ Polybius 16.1
18. ^ Polybius 16.1
19. ^ Polybius 16.1
20. ^ Polybius 16.27
21. ^ Polybius 16.24
22. ^ Green, Alexander to Actium: The Historical Evolution of the Hellenstic Age, 306
23. ^ Polybius 16.26
24. ^ Green, Alexander to Actium: The Historical Evolution of the Hellenstic Age
25. ^ Polybius 16.27
26. ^ Green, Alexander to Actium: The Historical Evolution of the Hellenstic Age. 304-5
27. ^ Green, Alexander to Actium: The Historical Evolution of the Hellenstic Age, 307
28. ^ Livy, Rome and the Mediterranean, 35
29. ^ Livy, "Rome and the Mediterranean", 24
30. ^ Livy, Rome and the Mediterranean, 35
31. ^ Livy, Rome and the Mediterranean, 36
32. ^ Polybius 16.30
33. ^ Polybius 16.30
34. ^ Polybius 16.30
35. ^ Polybius 16.30
36. ^ Polybius 16.31
37. ^ Polybius 16.31
38. ^ Polybius 16.33
39. ^ Polybius 16.34
40. ^ Polybius 16.34
41. ^ Polybius 16.34
42. ^ Green, Alexander to Actium: The Historical Evolution of the Hellenstic Age, 309
43. ^ Detorakis, A History of Crete
44. ^ Detorakis, A History of Crete
45. ^ Detorakis, A History of Crete
46. ^ Detorakis, A History of Crete
47. ^ Livy, "Rome and the Mediterranean", 110
48. ^ Detorakis, A History of Crete
49. ^ Matyszak, The Enemies of Rome: From Hannibal to Attila the Hun
50. ^ Green, Alexander to Actium: The Historical Evolution of the Hellenistic Age, 309

References

Primary Source

• Livy. "Rome and the Mediterranean" ISBN 0-14-044318-5
• Polybius. The Rise of the Roman Empire. ISBN 0-14-044362-2

A portrait of Titus Livius made long after his death. ... Polybius (ca 203 BC - 120 BC, Greek Πολυβιος) was a Greek historian of the Mediterranean world famous for his book called The Histories or The Rise of the Roman Empire, covering the period of 220 BC to 146 BC. // Personal experiences As the former tutor of Scipio Aemilianus , the famous adopted...

Secondary Sources

• Theocharis Detorakis. A History of Crete. ISBN 960-220-712-4
• Peter Green. "Alexander to Actium: The Historical Evolution of the Hellenistic Age". ISBN 0-500-01485-X
• Philip Matyszak.The Enemies of Rome:From Hannibal to Attila. ISBN 0-500-25124-X