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Crew (or Cockpit) Resource Management (CRM) training originated from a NASA workshop in 1979 that focused on improving air safety. The NASA research presented at this meeting found that the primary cause of the majority of aviation accidents was human error, and that the main problems were failures of interpersonal communication, leadership, and decision making in the cockpit. A textbook example of such an event was the catastrophic accident of two years earlier, the infamous Tenerife disaster. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is an agency of the United States Government, responsible for that nations public space program. ...
For the Smashing Pumpkins song, see 1979 (song). ...
Air safety is a broad term encompassing the theory, investigation and categorization of flight failures, and the prevention of such failures through appropriate regulation, as well as through education and training. ...
Research is often described as an active, diligent, and systematic process of inquiry aimed at discovering, interpreting, and revising facts. ...
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Interpersonal communication is the process of sending and receiving information or communication with another person. ...
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Decision making is the cognitive process of selecting a course of action from among multiple alternatives. ...
The Tenerife disaster took place on March 27, 1977, at 17:06 local time (also GMT), when two Boeing 747 airliners collided at Los Rodeos Airport on the island of Tenerife, Canary Islands, killing 583 people. ...
CRM training for crew has since been introduced and developed by aviation organisations including major airlines and military aviation worldwide. CRM training is now a mandated requirement for commercial pilots working under most regulatory bodies worldwide, including the FAA (U.S.) and JAA (Europe).
CRM training encompasses a wide range of knowledge, skills and attitudes including communications, situational awareness, problem solving, decision making, and teamwork; together with all the attendant sub-disciplines which each of these areas entails. CRM can be defined as a management system which makes optimum use of all available resources - equipment, procedures and people - to promote safety and enhance the efficiency of flight operations.
CRM is concerned not so much with the technical knowledge and skills required to fly and operate an aircraft but rather with the cognitive and interpersonal skills needed to manage the flight within an organised aviation system. In this context, cognitive skills are defined as the mental processes used for gaining and maintaining situational awareness, for solving problems and for taking decisions. Interpersonal skills are regarded as communications and a range of behavioural activities associated with teamwork. In aviation, as in other walks of life, these skill areas often overlap with each other, and they also overlap with the required technical skills. Furthermore, they are not confined to multi-crew aircraft, but also relate to single pilot operations, which invariably need to interface with other aircraft and with various ground support agencies in order to complete their missions successfully.
United Airlines Flight 232
Captain Al Haynes, pilot of United Airlines Flight 232, credits Crew Resource Management as being one of the factors that saved his own life, and many others, in the Sioux City Iowa Crash of July 1989. Source (Haynes' Eyewitness account): [1] United Airlines flight 232 was a scheduled flight operated by United Airlines between Denver and Philadelphia via Chicago. ...
Sioux City is a city located in Western Iowa. ...
This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...
1989 (MCMLXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
See also The Tenerife disaster took place on March 27, 1977, at 17:06 local time (also GMT), when two Boeing 747 airliners collided at Los Rodeos Airport on the island of Tenerife, Canary Islands, killing 583 people. ...
The Sterile Cockpit Rule was enacted by the FAA in 1981 to remind pilots to refrain from idle chatter and other non-essential activities during critical phases of flight[1], normally below 10,000 feet. ...
Line Oriented Flight Training (or LOFT) is training in a simulator with a complete crew using representative flight segments that contain normal, abnormal, and emergency procedures that may be expected in line operations. ...
Helmet fire is an expression for a mental state characterized by unnaturally high stress and task saturation and loss of situational awareness. ...
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