Criminal justice system flowchart

Criminal justice refers to the system used by government to maintain social control, prevent crime, enforce laws, and administer justice. Law enforcement (police), courts, and corrections are the primary agencies charged with these responsibilities. When processing the accused through the criminal justice system, government must keep within the framework of laws that protect individual rights. The pursuit of criminal justice is, like all forms of "justice", "fairness" or "process", essentially the pursuit of an ideal. Social control refers to social mechanisms that regulate individual and group behavior, in terms of greater sanctions and rewards. ... Crime prevention is a term describing techniques used in deterring crime and criminals. ... // Balancing scales are symbolic of how law mediates peoples interests For other senses of this word, see Law (disambiguation). ... For the band, see The Police. ... A trial at the Old Bailey in London as drawn by Thomas Rowlandson and Augustus Pugin for Ackermanns Microcosm of London (1808-11). ... Corrections refers to one of the components of the criminal justice system. ... The examples and perspective in this article or section may not represent a worldwide view. ... J.L. Urban, statue of Lady Justice at court building in Olomouc, Czech Republic Justice is the ideal, morally correct state of things and persons. ... iDEAL is an Internet payment method in The Netherlands, based on online banking. ...

History of criminal justice

Main article: History of criminal justice

The modern criminal justice system has evolved since ancient times, with new forms of punishment, added rights for offenders and victims, and policing reforms. These developments have reflected changing customs, political ideals, and economic conditions. In ancient times through the Middle Ages, exile was a common form of punishment. During the Middle Ages, payment to the victim (or their family), known as wergild, was another common punishment, including for violent crimes. For those who could not afford to buy their way out of punishment, harsh penalties included various forms of corporal punishment. These included mutilation, branding, and flogging, as well as execution. Throughout the history of criminal justice, evolving forms of punishment, added rights for offenders and victims, and policing reforms have reflected changing customs, political ideals, and economic conditions. ... For the span of recorded history starting roughly 5,000-5,500 years ago, see Ancient history. ... Look up Punishment in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... For the direction right, see left and right or starboard. ... For other senses of this word, see crime (disambiguation). ... Customs duty is a tariff or tax on the import or export of goods. ... EXILE is a 6-member Japanese pop music band. ... The Middle Ages formed the middle period in a traditional schematic division of European history into three ages: the classical civilization of Antiquity, the Middle Ages, and modern times, beginning with the Renaissance. ... Weregild (Alternative spellings: wergild, wergeld, weregeld, etc. ... Corporal punishment is the deliberate infliction of pain intended to correct behavior or to punish. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Disfigurement. ... Look up branding in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Whipping on a post Flagellation is the act of whipping (Latin flagellum, whip) the human body. ...

Though a prison, Le Stinche, existed as early as the 14th century in Florence, Italy ^[1], incarceration was not widely used until the 19th century. Correctional reform in the United States was first initiated by William Penn, towards the end of the 17th century. For a time, Pennsylvania's criminal code was revised to forbid torture and other forms of cruel punishment, with jails and prisons replacing corporal punishment. These reforms were reverted, upon Penn's death in 1718. Under pressure from a group of Quakers, these reforms were revived in Pennsylvania toward the end of the 18th century, and led to a marked drop in Pennsylvania's crime rate. Florence (Italian, Firenze) is a city in the center of Tuscany, in central Italy, on the Arno River, with a population of around 400,000, plus a suburban population in excess of 200,000. ... The examples and perspective in this article or section may not represent a worldwide view. ... William Penn William Penn (October 14, 1644 – July 30, 1718) founded the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, the British North American colony that became the U.S. state of Pennsylvania. ... Official language(s) None Capital Harrisburg Largest city Philadelphia Area  Ranked 33rd  - Total 46,055 sq mi (119,283 km²)  - Width 160 miles (255 km)  - Length 280 miles (455 km)  - % water 2. ... The word torture is commonly used to mean the infliction of pain to break the will of the victim(s). ... The Religious Society of Friends, commonly known as Quakers, or Friends, is a religious community founded in England in the 17th century. ...

Modern police

The first modern police force was established in London in 1829, by Sir Robert Peel, with police departments established in Boston in 1838, and New York City in 1844. Early on, police were not respected by the community, as corruption was rampant. This article is about the capital of England and the United Kingdom. ... This article is about the British Prime Minister. ... Nickname: City on the Hill, Beantown, The Hub (of the Universe)1, Athens of America, The Cradle of Revolution, Puritan City, Americas Walking City Location in Massachusetts, USA Counties Suffolk County Mayor Thomas M. Menino(D) Area    - City 232. ... Nickname: Big Apple, City that never Sleeps, Gotham Location in the state of New York Coordinates: Country United States State New York Boroughs The Bronx Brooklyn Manhattan Queens Staten Island Settled 1613 Mayor Michael Bloomberg (R) Area    - City 1,214. ...

In the 1920s, led by Berkeley, California police chief, August Vollmer and O.W. Wilson, police began to professionalize, adopt new technologies, and place emphasis on training and professional qualifications of new hires. Despite such reforms, police agencies were led by highly autocratic leaders, and there remained a lack of respect between police and the community. Following urban unrest in the 1960s, police placed more emphasis on community relations, enacted reforms such as increased diversity in hiring, and many police agencies adopted community policing strategies. Berkeley is a city on the east shore of San Francisco Bay in northern California, in the United States. ... August Vollmer (1876 - 1955) was a former Berkeley, California police chief. ... Community policing is a political philosophy in which the police and police department are seen as members of the community, with police officers being part of where they live and work. ...

In the 1990s, CompStat was developed by the New York Police Department as an information-based system for tracking and mapping crime patterns and trends, and holding police accountable for dealing with crime problems. CompStat has since been replicated in police departments across the United States and around the world, with problem-oriented policing and other information-led policing strategies also adopted. CompStat - or COMPSTAT - (short for COMPuter STATistics or COMParitive STATistics) is the name given to the New York City Police Departments management accountability process. ... The New York City Police Department (NYPD) , the largest police department in the United States, has primary responsibility for law enforcement and investigation within the five boroughs of New York City. ... Crime mapping is a key component of crime analysis and the CompStat policing strategy. ... Problem-oriented policing is a type of community policing that focuses on decentralization of decision-making powers. ...

Goals

In the United States, criminal justice policy has been guided by the 1967 President's Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice, which issued a ground-breaking report "The Challenge of Crime in a Free Society." This report suggested over 200 recommendations as part of a comprehensive approach toward the prevention and fighting of crime. Some of those recommendations found their way into the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968. The Commission advocated a "systems" approach to criminal justice, with improved coordination among law enforcement, courts, and correctional agencies.^[2] The President's Commission defined the crimnal justice system as the means for society to "enforce the standards of conduct necessary to protect individuals and the community".^[3] The Omnibus Crime Control Act of 1968 gave the rules for obtaining wiretap orders in the United States. ...

The criminal justice system in the United Kingdom aims to "reduce crime by bringing more offences to justice, and to raise public confidence that the system is fair and will deliver for the law-abiding citizen."^[4]

In Canada, the criminal justice system aims to balance the goals of crime control and prevention, and justice (equity, fairness, protection of individual rights).^[5]

In Sweden, the overarching goal for the criminal justice system is to reduce crime and increase the security of the people.^[4]

Justice

One question which is presented by the idea of creating justice involves balancing the rights of victims and the rights of accused criminals, and how these individual rights are related to one another and to social control. It is generally argued that victim's and defendant's rights are inversely related, and individual rights, as a whole, are likewise viewed as inversely related to social control. Rights, of course, imply responsibilities or duties, and this in turn requires a great deal of consensus in the community regarding the appropriate definitions for many of these legal terms. J.L. Urban, statue of Lady Justice at court building in Olomouc, Czech Republic Justice is the ideal, morally correct state of things and persons. ... The examples and perspective in this article or section may not represent a worldwide view. ... Social control refers to social mechanisms that regulate individual and group behavior, in terms of greater sanctions and rewards. ... In logic, if S is a statement of the form P implies Q then the inverse of S is a statement of the form (not P) implies (not Q). ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...

Crime control

Crime control involves going after criminal offenders, through arrest, prosecution, criminal conviction, and punishment.^[6] For other senses of this word, see crime (disambiguation). ...

Theories

Criminal justice policy is influenced by philosophies held by politicians, which may be influenced by criminological theories and research, among other factors. Two important perspectives include the crime control model and the due process model.^[7] Public policy is a course of action or inaction chosen by public authorities to address a problem. ... Socrates (central bare-chested figure) about to drink hemlock as mandated by the court. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Template:Criminologies Criminology is the scientific study of crime as an individual and social phenomenon. ... In United States law, adopted from English law, due process (more fully due process of law) is the principle that the government must normally respect all of a persons legal rights instead of just some or most of those legal rights when the government deprives a person of life...

There are several other basic theories regarding criminal justice and its relation to individual rights and social control:

• Restorative justice assumes that the victim or their heirs or neighbors can be in some way restored to a condition "just as good as" before the criminal incident. Substantially it builds on traditions in common law and tort law that requires all who commit crimes to be penalized. In recent time these penalties that restorative justice advocates have included community service, restitution, and alternatives to imprisonment that keep the offender active in the community, and re-socialized him into society. Some suggest that it is a weak way to punish criminals who must be deterred. These critics are often proponents of retributive justice.
• Retributive justice or the "eye for an eye" approach assumes that the victim or their heirs or neighbors have the right to do to the offender what was done to the victim. These ideas fuel support for capital punishment for murder, amputation for theft (as in some versions of the sharia).
• Psychiatric imprisonment treats crime nominally as illness, and assumes that it can be treated by psychotherapy, drugs, and other techniques associated with psychiatry and medicine, but in forcible confinement. It is more commonly associated with crime that does not appear to have animal emotion or human economic motives, nor even any clear benefit to the offender, but has idiosyncratic characteristics that make it hard for society to comprehend, thus hard to trust the individual if released into society.
• Transformative justice does not assume that there is any reasonable comparison between the lives of victims nor offenders before and after the incident. It discourages such comparisons and measurements, and emphasizes the trust of the society in each member, including trust in the offender not to re-offend, and of the victim (or heirs) not to avenge.

In addition, there are models of criminal justice systems which try to explain how these institutions achieve justice: Restorative justice is a theory of criminal justice that focuses on crime as an act against another individual or community rather than the state. ... This article concerns the common-law legal system, as contrasted with the civil law legal system; for other meanings of the term, within the field of law, see common law (disambiguation). ... // Tort is a legal term that means civil wrong, as opposed to a criminal wrong. ... Community service refers to service that a person performs for the benefit of his or her local community. ... Restitution is the name given to a form of legal relief in which the plaintiff recovers something from the defendant that belongs, or should belong, to the plaintiff. ... Alternatives to imprisonment might be understood on several levels: One way to sketch the range of alternatives people have developed for responding to violence is to divide it by shorter-term and longer-term strategies. ... It has been suggested that Proportional justice be merged into this article or section. ... Capital punishment, or the death penalty, is the execution of a convicted criminal by the state as punishment for crimes known as capital crimes or capital offences. ... Sharia ( translit: ) is the body of Islamic law. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... This article needs more context around or a better explanation of technical details to make it more accessible to general readers and technical readers outside the specialty, without removing technical details. ... // Psychotherapy is a range of techniques based on dialogue, communication and behavior change and which are designed to improve the mental health of a client or patient, or to improve group relationships (such as in a family). ... Oral medication A medication is a licenced drug taken to cure or reduce symptoms of an illness or medical condition. ... Psychiatrist redirects here, for the party game, see Psychiatrist (game) Psychiatry is a medical specialty dealing with the prevention, assessment, diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation of mental illness. ... Medicine is a branch of health science and the sector of public life concerned with maintaining or restoring human health through the study, diagnosis, treatment and possible prevention of disease and injury. ... Transformative justice is a general philosophical strategy for responding to conflicts. ...

• The Consensus Model argues that the organizations of a criminal justice system do, or should, cooperate.
• The Conflict Model assumes that the organizations of a criminal justice system do, or should, compete.

The Consensus Model or Systems Perspective of criminal justice argues that the organizations of a criminal justice system either do, or should, work cooperatively to produce justice, as opposed to competitively (See: Conflict Model). ... The conflict model (non-System perspective or system conflict theory) of criminal justice argues that the organizations of a criminal justice system either do, or should, work competitively to produce justice, as opposed to cooperatively (See: consensus model). ...

Criminal justice system

The criminal justice system consists of law enforcement (police), courts, and corrections. Criminal justice agencies operate within rule of law. For the band, see The Police. ... This article is about courts of law. ... Corrections refers to one of the components of the criminal justice system. ... The rule of law is the principle that governmental authority is legitimately exercised only in accordance with written, publicly disclosed laws adopted and enforced in accordance with established procedure. ...

Law enforcement

While the police work towards crime prevention, they are also involved with crime control, and handle cases initially when crime occurs. The police will conduct a crime investigation, gather evidence, and identifying suspect(s). The first contact the offender has with the criminal justice system is with the police who make the arrest. Probable cause is necessary for the police to make an arrest, and take the suspect into custody. The suspect undergoes booking, a process which may involve fingerprinting, taking mugshots, and interrogation. In addition to preventing and dealing with crimes that occur, police also provide public safety services, such as directing traffic, provide emergency medical services, and help people in other ways. Crime prevention is a term describing techniques used in deterring crime and criminals. ... A detective is an officer of the police who performs criminal or administrative investigations, in some police departments, the lowest rank among such investigators (above the lowest rank of officers and below sergeants), a civilian licensed to investigate information not readily available in public records (a private investigator, also called... Evidence has several meanings as indicated below. ... In the parlance of criminal justice, a suspect is a term used to refer to a person, known or unknown, suspected of committing a crime. ... For other senses of this word, see crime (disambiguation). ... The Chicago Police Department arrests a man An arrest is the action of the police, or person acting under the law, to take a person into custody so that they may be forthcoming to answer for the commission of a crime. ... In United States criminal law, probable cause refers to the standard by which a police officer may make an arrest, conduct a personal or property search or obtain a warrant. ... Look up booking in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... This article is about human fingerprints. ... Al Capone. ... The examples and perspective in this article or section may not represent a worldwide view. ... Nighttime traffic captured by a camera over several seconds. ... The examples and perspective in this article or section may not represent a worldwide view. ...

Courts

Given sufficient evidence, the case will be handed over to the prosecutor who may then file a complaint. The case will then go before a grand jury in a preliminary hearing. If the grand jury finds probable cause, the suspect will be arraigned with formal charges filed, and bail set. Following the arraignment, plea bargaining may occur with the suspect pleading guilty in exchange for a more lenient sentence. Otherwise, the case will move forward to trial. If the defendant is found guilty, disposition is the next step with the sentencing determined. The case may then be appealed at higher courts. The examples and perspective in this article or section may not represent a worldwide view. ... In general use, a complaint is an expression of displeasure, such as poor service at a store, or from a local government, for example. ... A grand jury is a type of jury, in the common law legal system, which determines if there is enough evidence for a trial. ... Within some criminal justice systems, a preliminary hearing (evidentiary hearing) is a meeting, after a criminal complaint has been filed by the prosecutor, to determine whether, and to what extent, criminal charges and civil cause of actions will be heard (by a court), what evidence will be admitted, and what... Arraignment is a common law term for the formal reading of a criminal complaint, in the presence of the defendant, to inform him of the charges against him. ... The word bail as a legal term means: Security, usually a sum of money, exchanged for the release of an arrested person as a guarantee of that persons appearance for trial. ... A plea bargain is an agreement in a criminal case in which a prosecutor and a defendant arrange to settle the case against the defendant. ... Look up trial in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... A defendant or defender is any party who is required to answer the complaint of a plaintiff or pursuer in a civil lawsuit before a court, or any party who has been formally charged or accused of violating a criminal statute. ... In philosophy, physiology, and psychology, a disposition is a habit, a preparation, a state of readiness, or a tendency to act in a specified way. ... In law, a sentence forms the final act of a judge-ruled process, and also the symbolic principal act connected to his function. ... It has been suggested that Mandate (law) be merged into this article or section. ...

Corrections

Offenders are then turned over to the correctional authorities. The offender may be sentenced to probation, incarceration in a prison or jail, community supervision, or some other form of sentencing. Corrections refers to one of the components of the criminal justice system. ... Probation is the suspension of a prison or jail sentence - the criminal who is on probation has been convicted of a crime, but instead of serving prison time, has been found by the Court to be amenable to probation and will be returned to the community for a period in... The examples and perspective in this article or section may not represent a worldwide view. ... In law, a sentence forms the final act of a judge-ruled process, and also the symbolic principal act connected to his function. ...

Probation

Probation involves a contract between the offender and the court, that allows the offender to remain in the community under promises of good behavior and to adhere to conditions set forth by the court. Probation is the suspension of a prison or jail sentence - the criminal who is on probation has been convicted of a crime, but instead of serving prison time, has been found by the Court to be amenable to probation and will be returned to the community for a period in...

Alternative sanctions

Other possible sanctions, short of incarceration, include fines, forfeiture, restitution, and community corrections (e.g. residence in a halfway house). A fine is money paid as a financial punishment for the commission of minor crimes or as the settlement of a claim. ... Search and seizure is a legal tool whereby police who suspect that a crime has been committed may do a search of the property. ... Restitution is the name given to a form of legal relief in which the plaintiff recovers something from the defendant that belongs, or should belong, to the plaintiff. ... A halfway house is a term for a drug rehabilitation center or sex offender center where drug users or sex offenders respectively are allowed to move more freely than in a correctional center but are still monitored by staff and/or law enforcement. ...

Incarceration

Prisons are the primary type of institution for housing offenders, convicted of felonies. In the United States, prisons are operated by the state and Federal government. A state government is the government of a subnational entity in nation-states with federal forms of government, which shares political power with the federal government or national government. ... Obverse of the Great Seal of the United States. ...

Prisons are not synonymous with jails, which are detention facilities run by local jurisdictions, including county and municipal governments. Jails are used to detain suspects prior to trial, if they are ineligible or cannot afford bond. Jails also house offenders convicted of misdemeanors, with short sentences (usually, a year or less).

In the United States, separate facilities are used to house male and female offenders, as well as juvenile offenders. Prisons also have varying levels of security, ranging from minimum-security prisons that mainly house non-violent offenders, medium-security facilities, and maximum-security prisons for potentially dangerous inmates. In law, a person who is not yet a legal adult is known as a minor (known in some places as an infant or juvenile). ... Supermax is the name used to describe control-unit prisons or units within prisons, representing the most secure and austere levels of custody in the prison systems of the United States and other countries. ...

Upon serving the sentence or through parole, the offender is then released into the community. Parole can have different meanings depending on the context. ...

Capital punishment

Main article: Capital punishment

In some countries, sanctions beyond incarceration include execution. Capital punishment, or the death penalty, is the execution of a convicted criminal by the state as punishment for crimes known as capital crimes or capital offences. ...

Criminal law and procedure

Two major branches of law include civil law and criminal law. Within criminal law, there is substantive criminal law which defines what is illegal and sets punishments for those offenses. Decisions as to what is illegal are made by legislatures, such as city council, parliament, or congress. Procedural criminal law is another component of criminal law. Civil law has at least three meanings. ... Criminal law (also known as penal law) is the body of statutory and common law that deals with crime and the legal punishment of criminal offenses. ... Substantive law is the statutory or written law that governs rights and obligations of those who are subject to it. ... Look up Punishment in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... A legislature is a type of representative deliberative assembly with the power to adopt laws. ... A city council is the most common style of legislative government in a city or town. ... States currently utilizing parliamentary systems are denoted in red and orange—the former being constitutional monarchies where authority is vested in a parliament, and the latter being parliamentary republics whose parliaments are effectively supreme over a separate head of state. ... A congress is a gathering of people, especially a gathering for a political purpose. ... Criminal procedure refers to the legal process for adjudicating claims that someone has violated the criminal law. ...

Law enforcement

The criminal justice process begins when a crime is reported to the police, or in some instances the police may discover the crime through informants, proactive investigation, or other means. The police will follow up with an investigation, determining the legitimacy of the allegations, and establish that a crime has been committed. The next step is to identify a suspect, who may then be arrested and taken to the police station where they undergo booking. The booking process establishes an administrative record for the suspect. At this stage of the process, the suspect is placed in custody, and may be photographed, fingerprinted, placed in a lineup, and interrogated. An informant (sometimes informer) is someone who provides information to law enforcement agencies. ... A detective is an officer of the police who performs criminal or administrative investigations, in some police departments, the lowest rank among such investigators (above the lowest rank of officers and below sergeants), a civilian licensed to investigate information not readily available in public records (a private investigator, also called... In the parlance of criminal justice, a suspect is a term used to refer to a person, known or unknown, suspected of committing a crime. ... The Chicago Police Department arrests a man An arrest is the action of the police, or person acting under the law, to take a person into custody so that they may be forthcoming to answer for the commission of a crime. ... A typical suburban police station in the United States (this one is in San Bruno, California). ... Look up booking in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Custody can refer to: Child custody Police custody (Arrest) Custody account, see either Custodian bank or Clearing house (finance) Banking) Category: ... It has been suggested that Archival digital print be merged into this article or section. ... The tip of a finger showing the friction ridge structure. ... The examples and perspective in this article or section may not represent a worldwide view. ...

Prosecution

The police will then present the case to prosecutors, who decide whether or not to file formal charges in court. If charges are filed, the suspect then makes an initial appearance before a judge or magistrate who decides whether or not probable cause and sufficient evidence exists. At this stage, bail is set and pretrial release is considered. If the suspect is indigent (cannot afford an attorney), one will be provided for the defendant. Next step is a preliminary hearing. The examples and perspective in this article or section may not represent a worldwide view. ... Look up charge in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... A judge or justice is an official who presides over a court. ... A magistrate is a judicial officer. ... In United States criminal law, probable cause refers to the standard by which a police officer may make an arrest, conduct a personal or property search or obtain a warrant. ... The word bail as a legal term means: Security, usually a sum of money, exchanged for the release of an arrested person as a guarantee of that persons appearance for trial. ... Category: ... Within some criminal justice systems, a preliminary hearing (evidentiary hearing) is a meeting, after a criminal complaint has been filed by the prosecutor, to determine whether, and to what extent, criminal charges and civil cause of actions will be heard (by a court), what evidence will be admitted, and what...

Educational programs

Criminal justice is distinct from the field of criminology, which involves the study of crime as a social phenomena, causes of crime, criminal behavior, and other aspects of crime. Criminal justice emerged as an academic discipline in the 1920s, beginning with Berkeley police chief August Vollmer who established a criminal justice program at the University of California, Berkeley in 1916.^[8] Vollmer's work was carried on by his student, O.W. Wilson, who led efforts to professionalize policing and reduce corruption. Other programs were established in the United States at Indiana University, Michigan State University, San Jose State University, and the University of Washington.^[9] Until the 1960s, the primary focus of criminal justice in the United States was on policing and police science. In the late 1960s, with the establishment of the Law Enforcement Assistance Agency (LEAA) and associated policy changes that resulted with the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968. LEAA provided grants for criminology research, focusing on social aspects of crime. By the 1970s, there were 729 academic programs in criminology and criminal justice in the United States.^[9] Template:Criminologies Criminology is the scientific study of crime as an individual and social phenomenon. ... Berkeley is a city on the east shore of San Francisco Bay in northern California, in the United States. ... August Vollmer (1876 - 1955) was a former Berkeley, California police chief. ... The University of California, Berkeley (also known as UC Berkeley, Berkeley, Cal, and by other names, see below) is the oldest and flagship campus of the ten-campus University of California system. ... Indiana University, founded in 1820, is a nine-campus university system in the state of Indiana. ... Michigan State University (MSU) is a public university in East Lansing, Michigan. ... San Jose State University San José State University, commonly shortened to San Jose State and SJSU, is the oldest university in what became the California State University system. ... The University of Washington, founded in 1861, is a public research university in Seattle, Washington. ... The National Institute of Justice (NIJ) is the research, development and evaluation agency of the United States Department of Justice. ... The Omnibus Crime Control Act of 1968 gave the rules for obtaining wiretap orders in the United States. ... Grant may refer to. ...

See also

• Corrections
• Criminal law
• Criminology
• History of criminal justice
• Law
• Police
• Social justice
• List of basic criminal justice topics
• List of criminal justice notables
• Sentence (law)
• Collateral Consequences of Criminal Charges

Corrections refers to one of the components of the criminal justice system. ... Criminal law (also known as penal law) is the body of statutory and common law that deals with crime and the legal punishment of criminal offenses. ... Template:Criminologies Criminology is the scientific study of crime as an individual and social phenomenon. ... Throughout the history of criminal justice, evolving forms of punishment, added rights for offenders and victims, and policing reforms have reflected changing customs, political ideals, and economic conditions. ... // Balancing scales are symbolic of how law mediates peoples interests For other senses of this word, see Law (disambiguation). ... Social justice refers to conceptions of justice applied to an entire society. ... This list is not necessarily complete or up to date - if you see an article that should be here but isnt (or one that shouldnt be here but is), please update the page accordingly. ... Notable academics or such within the field of criminal justice: Bidden, Jr; Joseph R. DiIulio, Jr; John J. Doscher, Richard J. Fabelo, Tony Fox, James A. Free II, Marvin D. Guiner, Lani LaFree, Gary Mann, Coramae Richey Russell, Katheryn K. Saxton, Samuel F. Schmalleger, Frank Skolnick, Jerome Vollmer, August Wilbanks... In law, a sentence forms the final act of a judge-ruled process, and also the symbolic principal act connected to his function. ... Collateral consequences of criminal charges are the results of arrest, prosecution or conviction that are not part of the sentence imposed. ...

References

1. ^ Wolfgang, Marvin (1990). "Crime and Punishment in Renaissance Florence". Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 81: 567-84.
2. ^ Walker, Samuel (1992). "Origins of the Contemporary Criminal Justice Paradigm: The American Bar Foundation Survey, 1953-1969". Justice Quarterly 9(1).
3. ^ President's Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice (1967). The Challenge of Crime in a Free Society. U.S. Government Printing Office.
4. ^ ^{a b} Criminal Justice - Aims and Objectives. Scottish Executive Consultations.
5. ^ Schmolka, Vicki. Principles to Guide Criminal Law Reform. Department of Justice, Government of Canada.
6. ^ Cole, George F., Christopher E. Smith (2005). Criminal Justice in America. Thomson.
7. ^ Packer, Herbert L. (1968). The Limits of the Criminal Sanction. Stanford University Press.
8. ^ "Finest of the Finest", TIME Magazine, February 18, 1966.
9. ^ ^{a b} Savelsberg, Joachim J., Lara L. Cleveland, Ryan D. King (June 2004). "Institutional Environments and Scholarly Work: American Criminology, 1951-1993". Social Forces 82(4): p1275-1302.

Other references

• Criminal Justice: Mainstream and Crosscurrents. John Randolph Fuller. 2005. Prentice Hall. Upper Saddle River, NJ.
• Crime and Punishment in America. Volume 1. Richard C. Hanes and Sharon M. Hanes. 2005. Thomas Gale. Farmington Hills, MI
• Popular Justice: A History of American Criminal Justice. Samuel Walker. 1980. Oxford University Press, Inc. New York, NY.
• Crime and Punishment in American History. Lawrence M. Friedman. 1993. Basic Books. New York, NY.
• The Emerging System of International Criminal Law: Developments in Codification and Implementation, Lyal S. Sunga. 1997. Kluwer Law International. The Hague, The Netherlands.

A Land Fit For Criminals: David Fraser. 2006. The Book Guild Publishers Ltd. ISBN 1-85776-964-3

Further Reading

• The Evolution of Criminal Justice Article discusses the criminal justice from code of Hammurabi to current system.

External links

• Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences
• National Criminal Justice Reference Service
• Home Office, UK - Justice & prisons