crinoline patented

Cutaway view of a crinoline, Punch magazine, August 1856

Sequence of posed joke photographs of five stages of putting on a crinoline, ca. 1860

Crinoline was originally a stiff fabric with a weft of horse-hair and a warp of cotton or linen thread. The fabric first appeared around 1830, but by 1850 the word had come to mean a stiffened petticoat or rigid skirt-shaped structure of steel designed to support the skirts of a woman’s dress into the required shape. In form and function it is very similar to the earlier farthingale. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (986x2132, 64 KB) File links The following pages link to this file: Crinoline ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (986x2132, 64 KB) File links The following pages link to this file: Crinoline ... Image File history File links Cutaway view of crinoline costume, Punch August 1856: Crinoline cutaway diagram from Punch magazine, August 1856. ... Image File history File links Cutaway view of crinoline costume, Punch August 1856: Crinoline cutaway diagram from Punch magazine, August 1856. ... Punch was a British weekly magazine of humour and satire published from 1841 to 1992 and from 1996 to 2002. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (480x2542, 513 KB) A caricature sequence of posed joke photographs from ca. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (480x2542, 513 KB) A caricature sequence of posed joke photographs from ca. ... It has been suggested that Textile be merged into this article or section. ... Weft or woof is the yarn which is shuttled back and forth across the warp to create a woven fabric. ... Binomial name Equus caballus Linnaeus, 1758 The horse (Equus caballus, sometimes seen as a subspecies of the Wild Horse, Equus ferus caballus) is a large odd-toed ungulate mammal, one of ten modern species of the genus Equus. ... WaRp. ... Cotton ready for harvest. ... Linum usitatissimum L. - Flax Torn linen cloth, recovered from the Dead Sea Linen is a material made from the fibers of the flax plant. ... This article is about yarn fiber. ... Liberty Leading the People by Eugène Delacroix commemorates the July Revolution 1830 was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... 1850 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... Madame de Pompadour in an elaborately embroidered gown with matching petticoat, 1760s A petticoat or underskirt is an article of clothing for women; specifically an undergarment to be worn under a skirt, dress or saree. ... A . ... The old Steel cable of a colliery winding tower Steel is sometimes described as a sea of electrons. ... The term dress may refer to any of these:- Clothing or attire in general A specific type of womens garment, discussed in the article on skirt and dress The dres subculture in Poland. ... Tudor gown showing the line of the Spanish farthingale: portrait traditonally described as Jane Grey but possibly Catherine Parr, 1545. ...

Origin of the word

The name 'crinoline' was invented by one of the fabric's manufacturers, who combined the Latin words crinis (meaning hair) and linum (meaning flax). An alternative origin for the word is sometimes given: the combination of the French words crin (specifically meaning horse-hair) and lin (again, meaning flax). It has been suggested that Textile be merged into this article or section. ... Latin is an ancient [[Indo-European languages|Indo-well as the Roman CEuropean language originally spoken in Latium, the region immediately surrounding Rome. ... Young Girl Fixing her Hair, by Sophie Gengembre Anderson Hair is a filamentous outgrowth of dead cells from the skin, found mainly in mammals. ... Binomial name Linum usitatissimum Linnaeus. ...

The history of the crinoline

The crinoline was not the first accessory designed to support the wearer's skirts in the correct shape; the farthingale in its various forms was worn from the late fifteenth century through the early seventeenth century, and panniers in the eighteenth century. However, these very formal and elaborate styles were only worn at royal courts and in the highest levels of society. A . ... Tudor gown showing the line of the Spanish farthingale: portrait traditonally described as Jane Grey but possibly Catherine Parr, 1545. ... (14th century - 15th century - 16th century - other centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 15th century was that century which lasted from 1401 to 1500. ... (16th century - 17th century - 18th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 17th century was that century which lasted from 1601-1700. ... Marie Antoinette in a gown of 1779 worn over extremely wide panniers. ... (17th century - 18th century - 19th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 18th century refers to the century that lasted from 1701 through 1800. ... Royal court (as distinguished from a court of law) may refer to a number of institutions: A noble court - the household or entourage of a monarch or other ruler The Royal Court of Jersey - the main court of justice of Jersey The Royal Court of Guernsey - the main court of... Human relationships within an ethnically diverse society. ...

After the French Revolution, French fashion turned against the elaborate styles favoured by royalty, the court, and the aristocracy. As Parisian fashion was very influential, most western European countries adopted the same styles. The French Revolution (1789–1799) was a pivotal period in the history of French, European and Western civilization. ... The term fashion usually applies to a prevailing mode of expression, but quite often applies to a personal mode of expression that may or may not adhere to prevailing ideals. ... Members of the British royal family A royal family is the extended family of a monarch. ... -1...   City flag City coat of arms Motto: Fluctuat nec mergitur (Latin: Tossed by the waves, she does not sink) Coordinates Time Zone CET (GMT +1) Administration Country France Région ÃŽle-de-France Département Paris (75) Subdivisions 20 arrondissements Mayor Bertrand Delanoë  (PS) (since 2001) City Statistics Land area... European redirects here. ...

Under the prevailing neoclassical influence, women’s fashions had adopted a simple style based on the simple draped garments of Ancient Greece and the togas of ancient Rome. Skirts were straight and slender, and worn with very few — if any — petticoats. Neoclassicism (sometimes rendered as Neo-Classicism or Neo-classicism) is the name given to quite distinct movements in the decorative and visual arts, literature, theatre, music, and architecture. ... An example of Classical attire 1811 dance dress with empire silhouette An analysis of clothing pressure points (shown in red) of ca. ... The Ancient Greek world, circa 550 BC Ancient Greece is the period in Greek history which lasted for around one thousand years and ended with the rise of Christianity. ... Roman clad in toga The toga was a distinctive garment of Ancient Rome. ... A skirt is a traditionally feminine tube- or cone-shaped garment which is worn from the waist and covers the legs. ... A petticoat is an article of clothing for women; specifically an undergarment to be worn under a skirt (also known as underskirt) or dress. ...

However, the silhouette did not remain that way for long, and skirt hems began to widen to give a cone shape. In the 1810s, gores began to be used in skirts again, and skirts grew wider in the 1820s. The width of these skirts was sometimes supported by a small bustle. These were not always sufficient, and so extra petticoats were worn to help. Events and Trends End of the Napoleonic Wars in Europe (1803 - 1815). ... Gore may refer to: Kensington Gore, English theatre slang for stage blood The depiction of graphic violence in film, TV and theatre, especially the realistic depiction of serious physical injuries involving blood, flesh and bone matter (see splatter film) A triangular segment: Gore (road), a triangular point of land often... Events and Trends Nationalistic independence movements helped reshape the world during this decade: Greece declares independence from the Ottoman Empire (1821). ... The ladys dress in this 1880s fashion plate is supported by a bustle. ...

The first 'crinolines' were petticoats starched for extra stiffness, or made out of the new crinoline fabric, and they often had ruffles to support the skirts to the desired width. However, dress fabrics were heavy but not stiff enough to support their own weight, which tended to collapse the petticoats out of shape. Extra rigidity was added to petticoats through rings of cord or braid running around the hem. In the 1830s, women started to wear petticoats with hoops of whalebone or cane around the hem. It has been suggested that Textile be merged into this article or section. ... Events and Trends Electromagnetic induction discovered by Michael Faraday Dutch-speaking farmers known as Voortrekkers emigrate northwards from the Cape Colony Croquet invented in Ireland Railroad construction begins in earnest in the United States Egba refugees fleeing the Yoruba civil wars found the city of Abeokuta in south-west Nigeria... A hoop skirt or hoopskirt is a womens undergarment worn in various periods to hold the skirt extended into a fashionable shape. ... Baleen (also called whalebone) is a substance made of keratin and is therefore stiff but somewhat elastic. ... A cane is a long, straight wooden stick, generally of bamboo, Malacca (rattan), or some similar plant, mainly used as a support, such as a walking stick or as an instrument of punishment. ...

In 1856, the cage crinoline was patented in the United States, France and Britain by the American W.S. Thompson. This facilitated the fashionable silhoutte's development from a cone shape to a dome. It was not an entirely original idea; Thompson was probably inspired by the open cage or frame style of farthingales and panniers. The cage crinoline consisted of steel hoops suspended by tapes descending from a band around the wearer’s waist. In most patent laws, prior art or state of the art (the latter term sometimes has other meanings as well) is all information that has been made available to the public in any form before a given date. ... The old Steel cable of a colliery winding tower Steel is sometimes described as a sea of electrons. ...

The cage crinoline was adopted with enthusiasm: the numerous petticoats, even the stiffened or hooped ones, were heavy, bulky and generally uncomfortable. It was light — it only required one or two petticoats worn over the top to prevent the steel bands appearing as ridges in the skirt — and freed the wearer's legs from tangling petticoats.

Unlike the farthingale and panniers, the crinoline was worn by women of every social class. The wider circulation of magazines and newspapers spread news of the new fashion, also fueling desire for it, and mass production made it affordable. Social class refers to the hierarchical distinctions between individuals or groups in societies or cultures. ... The examples and perspective in this article or section may not represent a worldwide view. ...

Problems with the crinoline

The crinoline was the subject of much ridicule and satire, particularly in Punch magazine. Dress reformers did not like it either — they seized upon the cage aspect of the crinoline and claimed that it effectively imprisoned women. Given that the crinoline did eventually have a maximum diameter of up to 180 centimetres (six feet), it is easy to imagine difficulties in getting through doors, in and out of carriages, and the general problems of moving in such a large structure. However, while the crinoline needed to have a degree of rigidity, it also had a degree of flexibility. A particular kind of steel, known as sprung steel or watch-spring steel, enabled the hoops to be temporarily pressed out of shape. Punch was a British weekly magazine of humour and satire published from 1841 to 1992 and from 1996 to 2002. ... During the middle and late Victorian period, various reformers proposed, designed, and wore clothing supposedly more rational and comfortable than the fashions of the time. ... The old Steel cable of a colliery winding tower Steel is sometimes described as a sea of electrons. ... Martensite, named after the German metallurgist Adolf Martens, is a class of hard minerals occurring as lathe- or plate-shaped crystals. ...

The second problem was the potential impropriety of the crinoline. Its lightness was a curse as well as a blessing, as a gust of wind or a knock could set it swinging and reveal quite a lot of the wearer's legs. Even worse, if she tripped up or was knocked over, the crinoline would hold her skirts up.

Sitting down could be a problem if the wearer failed to spread her skirts out properly as the entire hoop contraption would fly up in her face. This embarrassing but humorous tendency is often depicted in comedies of the era.

Sitting down in Crinoline Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1765x1802, 58 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Crinoline ...	Sitting down in Crinoline Image File history File links Sit_in_crinoline1858. ...	Sitting down in Crinoline Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (2334x1252, 59 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Crinoline ...	Sitting down in Crinoline Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1104x1432, 38 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Crinoline ...
Sitting down in Crinoline Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1778x1340, 54 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Crinoline ...	Sitting down in Crinoline Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1990x1289, 71 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Crinoline ...

The greatest problem with the crinoline, though, was that in some situations it was dangerous — because of its size, the wearer was often not aware of where its edges were. It was only inconvenient and annoying when a maid’s crinoline knocked a vase off a table or upset a cup, but for factory girls, there was the risk of crinolines getting caught in machinery and dragging them to be mutilated or crushed to death. Crinolines also burnt easily, partly because air circulated freely underneath them and partly because the fashionable dress fabrics, silk and cotton, were highly flammable.

The crinoline's decline

Crinolette

The crinoline had grown to its maximum dimensions by 1860. However, as the fashionable silhouette never remains the same for long, the huge skirts began to fall from favour. Around 1864, the shape of the crinoline began to change: rather than being dome-shaped, the front and sides began to contract, leaving volume only at the back. The kind of crinoline that supported this style was sometimes known as a crinolette: the cage structure was still attached around the waist and extended down to the ground, but only extended down the back of the wearer’s legs. The crinolette itself was quickly superseded by the bustle, which was sufficient for supporting the drapery and train at the back of the skirt. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1121x1230, 45 KB) File links The following pages link to this file: Crinoline Bustle ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1121x1230, 45 KB) File links The following pages link to this file: Crinoline Bustle ... 1860 is the leap year starting on Sunday. ... 1864 (MDCCCLXIV) was a leap year starting on Friday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar or a leap year starting on Sunday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar. ... The ladys dress in this 1880s fashion plate is supported by a bustle. ...

The crinoline today

Crinolines are still worn today; however, they are usually part of a very formal outfit, such as an evening gown or a wedding dress. The volume of the skirt required is not as great as at the height of the Victorian craze for crinolines, so modern crinolines are most often constructed of several layers of stiff net, with flounces to extend the skirt. If there is a hoop in the crinoline, it will probably be made of plastic or nylon, which are cheap, light and flexible. A wedding dress seen at Thornbury Castle, England A wedding dress or wedding gown is clothing worn by a bride during a wedding ceremony. ... Nylon represents a family of synthetic polymers, a thermoplastic material, first produced on February 28, 1935 by Gerard J. Berchet of Wallace Carothers research group at DuPont. ...

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:

Crinoline

• Bum roll
• Bustle
• Crinolette
• Farthingale
• Panniers
• Petticoat

Image File history File links Commons-logo. ... Wikimedia Commons logo by Reid Beels The Wikimedia Commons (also called Commons or Wikicommons) is a repository of free content images, sound and other multimedia files. ... The ladys dress in this 1880s fashion plate is supported by a bustle. ... Wikimedia Commons has more media related to: Crinoline crinoline patented Cutaway view of a crinoline, Punch magazine, August 1856 Crinoline was originally a stiff fabric with a weft of horse-hair and a warp of cotton or linen thread. ... Tudor gown showing the line of the Spanish farthingale: portrait traditonally described as Jane Grey but possibly Catherine Parr, 1545. ... Marie Antoinette in a gown of 1779 worn over extremely wide panniers. ... Madame de Pompadour in an elaborately embroidered gown with matching petticoat, 1760s A petticoat or underskirt is an article of clothing for women; specifically an undergarment to be worn under a skirt, dress or saree. ...

References

• Costume in Detail 1730 - 1930, Nancy Bradfield (ISBN 1-85882-038-3)
• Handbook of Nineteenth Century Costume, C. Willett Cunnington and Phillis Cunnington (ISBN 0-571-04703-3)
• Fashion in Underwear, Elizabeth Ewing (ISBN 0-7134-0857-X)
• Victorians Unbuttoned, Sarah Levitt (ISBN 0-04-391013-0)
• Corsets and Crinolines, Norah Waugh (ISBN 0-7134-5699-X)