Mitochondria structure :
1) Inner membrane
2) Outer membrane
3) Crista
4) Matrix

Cristae (singular crista) are the internal compartments formed by the inner membrane of a mitochondrion. They are studded with proteins, including ATP synthase and a variety of cytochromes. The maximum surface area is able to be utilized because in endosymbiosis the outer membrane was added, and the original outer membrane of the bacterial cell became the inner membrane, and folded to form the cristae around the matrix. The cristae provide more surface area for chemical reactions to occur within the mitochondria. This allows cellular respiration (aerobic respiration since the mitochondria requires oxygen) to occur. Image File history File links Mitochondrie. ... Image File history File links Mitochondrie. ... The inner membrane is a membrane (phospholipid bilayer) of an organelle that is within the outer membrane. ... Mitochondria structure : 1) Inner membrane 2) Outer membrane 3) Crista 4) Matrix The outer membrane refers to the outside membranes of Gram-negative bacteria, the chloroplast, or the mitochondria. ... In biology, the word matrix is used for the material between animal or plant cells, or generally the material (or tissue) in which more specialized structures are embedded, and also specifically for one part of the mitochondrion. ... Electron micrograph of a mitochondrion showing its mitochondrial matrix and membranes In cell biology, a mitochondrion (plural mitochondria) (from Greek μιτος or mitos, thread + χονδριον or khondrion, granule) is a membrane-enclosed organelle, found in most eukaryotic cells. ... An ATP synthase (EC 3. ... Cytochromes are generally membrane-bound proteins that contain heme groups and carry out electron transport or catalyse reductive/oxidative reactions. ... Cellular respiration describes the metabolism reactions and processes that take place in a cell to obtain biochemical energy from fuel molecules. ... This article or section should be merged with aerobic metabolism. ...

Electron transport chain of the cristae

NADH is split into NAD⁺, H⁺ ions, and electrons by an enzyme. FADH₂ is also split into H⁺ ions, electrons, and FAD. As those electrons travel further through the electron transport chain in the inner membrane, energy is gradually released and used to pump the hydrogen ions from the splitting of NADH and FADH₂ into the space between the inner membrane and the outer membrane (called the intermembrane space), creating an electrochemical gradient. As a result, chemiosmosis occurs, producing ATP from ADP and a phosphate group when ATP synthase harnesses the potential energy from the concentration gradient formed by the amount of H⁺ ions. H⁺ ions passively pass into the mitochondrian matrix by the ATP synthase, and later on help to reform H₂O. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP) are two important coenzymes found in cells. ... Space-filling model of NADH Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP+) are two important coenzymes found in cells. ... ... Properties The electron (also called negatron, commonly represented as e−) is a subatomic particle. ... Ribbon diagram of the enzyme TIM, surrounded by the space-filling model of the protein. ... Riboflavin Flavin is a vaginal ring whose biochemical smell is pungent. ... For other uses, see FAD (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Electron (disambiguation). ... The Electron Transport Chain. ... The intermembrane space is the region between the inner membrane and the outer membrane of a mitochondrion or a chloroplast. ... In cellular biology, an electrochemical gradient refers to the electrical and chemical properties across a membrane. ... Chemiosmosis is the diffusion of ions across a membrane. ... Adenosine 5-triphosphate (ATP) is a multifunctional nucleotide that is most important as a molecular currency of intracellular energy transfer. ... Adenosine diphosphate, abbreviated ADP, is a nucleotide. ... In chemistry, a phosphate is a polyatomic ion or radical consisting of one phosphorus atom and four oxygen. ... An ATP synthase (EC 3. ... {{Portal|Energy}Potential energy is the energy available within a physical system due to an objects position in conjunction with a conservative force which acts upon it (such as the gravitational force or Coulomb force). ... In biology, the word matrix is used for the material between animal or plant cells, or generally the material (or tissue) in which more specialized structures are embedded, and also specifically for one part of the mitochondrion. ...

The electron transport chain requires a constant supply of electrons in order to properly function and generate ATP. However, the electrons that have entered the electron transport chain would eventually pile up like cars traveling down a one-way dead-end street. Those electrons are finally accepted by oxygen (O₂), which combine with some of the hydrogen ions from the mitochondrian matrix through ATP synthase and the electrons that had traveled through the electron transport chain. As a result they form two molecules of water (H₂O). By accepting the electrons, oxygen allows the electron transport chain to continue functioning. ball sack The Electron Transport Chain. ... General Name, Symbol, Number oxygen, O, 8 Chemical series nonmetals, chalcogens Group, Period, Block 16, 2, p Appearance colorless (gas) very pale blue (liquid) Standard atomic weight 15. ... An ATP synthase (EC 3. ... Impact from a water drop causes an upward rebound jet surrounded by circular capillary waves. ...

The electrons from each NADH molecule can form a total of 2.5 ATPs from ADPs and phosphate groups through the electron transport chain, while each FADH₂ molecule can produce a total of 1.5 ATPs. As a result, the 10 NADH molecules (from glycolysis and the Krebs cycle) and the 2 FADH₂ molecules can form a total of 34 ATPs from this electron transport chain during aerobic respiration. This means that combined with the Krebs Cycle and glycolysis, the efficiency for the electron transport chain is about 65%, as compared to only 3.5% efficiency for glycolysis alone. Glycolysis is a metabolic pathway by which a 6-carbon glucose (Glc) molecule is oxidized to two molecules of pyruvic acid (Pyr). ... The citric acid cycle (also known as the tricarboxylic acid cycle, the TCA cycle, or the Krebs cycle) is a series of chemical reactions of central importance in all living cells that utilize oxygen as part of cellular respiration. ... This article or section should be merged with aerobic metabolism. ... Glycolysis is a metabolic pathway by which a 6-carbon glucose (Glc) molecule is oxidized to two molecules of pyruvic acid (Pyr). ...

Usefulness

The cristae greatly increase the surface area on which the above mentioned reactions take place. If they were absent, the inner membrane would be reduced to a single spherical shape, and with less reaction surface available, the reaction efficiency would be likewise reduced. Therefore, cristae are a necessity for the mitochondria to function efficiently. A sphere is a symmetrical geometrical object. ... Look up shape in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... In cell biology, a mitochondrion is an organelle found in the cells of most eukaryotes. ...