when thousands of people call a person as thief, he becomes thief. so as the bible. called holy for millions of times and become, otherwise, nothing in bible found holy.

for example come across : mathew 10:31 to 36 and writings of so called "SAINT" francis of assissi, who specified how to kill people with out mercy.

 even after reading all these aspects of bible, if one feels it is holy, its his fate and these are actual orthodox .... 

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This article is about criticisms which are made against the Bible as a source of information or ethical guidance. This is not the same thing as Biblical Criticism, which is the academic treatment of the bible as a historical document. It is also not the same as Criticism of Christianity, which is the criticism of the Christian religion as a whole.

In modern times, the view that the Bible should be accepted as historically accurate and reliable has come under attack from a large group of mainstream academics in the field of Biblical Criticism, such as Israel Finkelstein and Richard Elliott Friedman, as well as by feminists, gay rights groups, and skeptics in general.^{[citation needed]} While the idea of Biblical inerrancy has consequently been discarded by some Christian and Jewish groups, or at least modified in such a way as to allow certain portions to be wrong, the modern movement of Christian Fundamentalism as well as much of Orthodox Judaism strongly contests attacks on the factuality and morality of the Bible. Image File history File links Unbalanced_scales. ... This article is being considered for deletion in accordance with Wikipedias deletion policy. ... Throughout the history of Christianity, a wide range of Christians and non-Christians alike have offered criticisms of Christianity, the Church, and Christians themselves. ... This article is being considered for deletion in accordance with Wikipedias deletion policy. ... Israel Finkelstein Israel Finkelstein is an Israeli archaeologist. ... Richard Elliot Friedman is a writer and Professor of Hebrew and Comparative Literature at UCSD. He is also Katzin Professor of Jewish Civilization: Hebrew Bible; Near Eastern Languages and Literatures. ... Feminism is a social theory and political movement primarily informed and motivated by the experience of women. ... The gay rights movement is a collection of loosely aligned civil rights groups, human rights groups, support groups and political activists seeking acceptance, tolerance and equality for non-heterosexual, (homosexual, bisexual), and transgender people - despite the fact that it is typically referred to as the gay rights movement, members also... Skepticism (Commonwealth spelling: Scepticism) can mean: Philosophical skepticism - a philosophical position in which people choose to critically examine whether the knowledge and perceptions that they have are actually true, and whether or not one can ever be said to have absolutely true knowledge; or Scientific skepticism - a scientific, or practical... Biblical inerrancy is the doctrinal position [1] that in its original form, the Bible is without error; referring to the complete accuracy of Scripture, including the historical and scientific parts. ... Fundamentalist Christianity is a fundamentalist movement, especially within American Protestantism. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ...

Besides any major concern about morality, inerrancy, or historicity, there are many factors that make investigation of these concerns difficult, and ambiguous. As there is not complete agreement among believers as to which books form the Biblical canon, some issues will simply not exist for some observers, as they do not consider the particular books containing them as belonging to scripture. Jews discount the New Testament, all but Coptic Christianity discounts the Books of Enoch and of Jubilees, and most religions discount the remainder of the New Testament apocrypha. A biblical canon is a list published by a religious authority of those books of the Bible that are considered inspired by God. ... Many religions and spiritual movements hold certain written texts (or series of spoken legends not traditionally written down) to be sacred. ... John 21:1 Jesus Appears to His Disciples--Alessandro Mantovani: the Vatican, Rome. ... Jesus Christ in a Coptic icon. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... The Book of Jubilees expands and reworks material found in Genesis to Exodus 15. ... In the process of determining the Biblical canon, a large number of works were excluded from the New Testament. ...

Translation issues

Translation has given rise to a number of issues, as the original languages are often quite different in grammar as well as word meaning. While the Chicago Statement on Biblical Inerrancy states that inerrancy applies only to the original languages, some believers trust their own translation to be the accurate one. For readability, clarity, or other reasons, translators may choose different wording or sentence structure, and some translations may choose to paraphrase passages. Because some of the words in the original language have ambiguous or difficult to translate meanings, debates over the correct interpretation occur. The Chicago Statement on Biblical Inerrancy was formulated in October of 1978 by approximately 300 evangelical scholars at a conference sponsored by the International Council on Biblical Inerrancy, held in Chicago. ...

For instance, the word used in the masoretic text at Isaiah 7:14 to indicate the woman who would bear Emmanuel is alleged to mean a young, unmarried woman in Hebrew, while Matthew 1:23 follows the Septuagint version of the passage which uses the Greek word parthenos, translated virgin, and is used to support the Christian idea of virgin birth. Those who view the masoretic text, which forms the basis of most English translations of the Old Testament, as being more accurate than the Septuagint, and trust its usual translation, may see this as an inconsistency, whereas those who take the Septuagint to be accurate may not. The Masoretic Text (MT) is the Hebrew text of the Tanakh approved for general use in Judaism. ... “Hebrew” redirects here. ... The Septuagint: A page from Codex vaticanus, the basis of Sir Lancelot Charles Lee Brentons English translation. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article may require cleanup. ... Note: Judaism commonly uses the term Tanakh. ...

In the History of the English Bible, there have been many changes to the wording, leading to several competing versions. Many of these have contained Biblical errata - typographic errors, such as the phrases Is there no treacle in Gilead?, Printers have persecuted me without cause, and Know ye not that the unrighteous shall inherit the kingdom of God?, and even Thou shalt commit adultery. The efforts of translating the Bible from the original languages it was written in has spanned for over two millennia. ... Throughout history various minor errors have been published in bibles published throughout the world. ...

More recently, several discoveries of ancient manuscripts such as the Dead Sea scrolls, and Codex Sinaiticus, have led to modern translations differing somewhat from the older ones, removing verses not present in the earliest manuscripts, some of which are acknowledged as frauds, such as the Comma Johanneum, others having several highly variant versions in very important places, such as the resurrection scene in Mark 16, and others still having a large degree of doubt under textual criticism such as John 21^{[citation needed]}. The King-James-Only Movement advocates reject these changes and uphold the King James Version as the most accurate.^{[citation needed]} Fragments of the scrolls on display at the Archeological Museum, Amman The Dead Sea scrolls (Hebrew: מגילות ים המלח) comprise roughly 825-872 documents, including texts from the Hebrew Bible, discovered between 1947 and 1956 in eleven caves in and around the Wadi Qumran (near the ruins of the ancient settlement of Khirbet... A portion of the Codex Sinaiticus, containing Esther 2:3-8. ... The Comma Johanneum was a clause present in most translations of the First Epistle of John published from 1522 until the later part of the 19th century, owing to the widespread use of the third edition of the Textus Receptus (TR) as a sole source for translation. ... Mark 16 is the final chapter of the Gospel of Mark in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. ... Textual criticism or lower criticism is a branch of philology or bibliography that is concerned with the identification and removal of errors from texts. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... See technical note on viewing the Hebrew characters in this Article. ...

Ethics in the Bible

Main article: Ethics in the Bible

Certain interpretations of the moral decisions in the Bible are considered ethically questionable by many modern groups^{[citation needed]}. Some of the passages most commonly criticized include the subjugation of women, condemnation of homosexuality, support for the institution of slavery, the orders to kill any disobedient children, and the order to commit the genocide of the Canaanites and the Amalekites. While some religious groups support the Bible's decisions by reminding critics that they should be judged by the standards of the time, to which they measure much more closely, other religious groups, mostly conservatives and particularly Southern Baptists, see nothing wrong with the Bible's judgements. [1] Other critics of the Bible, such as Friedrich Nietzsche, have criticized the morality of the New Testament, regarding it as weak and conformist-oriented. To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Ethics (from the Ancient Greek Ä“thikos, the adjective of Ä“thos custom, habit), a major branch of philosophy, including genetics is the study of values and customs of a person or group. ... This article contains weasel words, which may compromise its neutrality. ... The issue of Homosexuality and Christianity has become a matter of intense theological debate among some Christians, with ongoing argument over whether homosexuality, and specifically homosexual sex, is moral or a sin. ... Slave redirects here. ... Genocide is the mass killing of a group of people as defined by Article 2 of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (CPPCG) as any of the following acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnic, racial or... This article is about the land called Canaan. ... According to the Book of Genesis and 1 Chronicles, Amalek (עֲמָלֵק; Standard Hebrew ʿAmaleq, Tiberian Hebrew ʿĂmālēq) was the son of Eliphaz and the grandson of Esau (Gen. ... The Southern Baptist Convention (SBC) is a United States cooperative ministry agency serving missionary Baptist churches around the world. ... Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche (October 15, 1844 to August 25, 1900) (IPA: ) was a German philosopher. ...

Internal consistency

Main article: Internal consistency and the Bible

There are many places in the Bible in which inconsistencies have been alleged by critics, presenting as difficulties the different numbers and names for the same feature, and different sequences for what is supposed to be the same event. Responses to these criticisms include the modern documentary hypothesis, two source hypothesis (in various guises), and allegations that the Pastoral Epistles are pseudonymous. Contrasting with these critical stances are positions supported by literalists such as creationists, considering the texts to be consistent, with the Torah written by a single source, but the Gospels by four independent witnesses, and all of the Pauline Epistles, except maybe Hebrews, written by Paul. There has long been interest in the subject of internal consistency and the Bible. ... A relational diagram describing the various versions postulated by the biblical documentary hypothesis. ... The Two-Source Hypothesis is the most commonly accepted solution to the synoptic problem among biblical scholars, which posits that there are two sources to Gospel of Matthew and Gospel of Luke: the Gospel of Mark and a lost, hypothetical sayings collection called Q. The Two-Source Hypothesis was first... The three pastoral epistles are books of the canonical New Testament: the First Epistle to Timothy (1 Timothy) the Second Epistle to Timothy (2 Timothy), and the Epistle to Titus. ... Creationism is the belief that humanity, life, the Earth, and the universe were created in their entirety by a supernatural deity (typically God), the existence of which is presupposed. ... Tora redirects here. ... Christians believe that Jesus is the mediator of the New Covenant (see Hebrews 8:6). ...

The Bible and History

The neutrality or factuality of this article or section may be compromised by weasel words. You can help Wikipedia by improving weasel-worded statements.

Main article: The Bible and history

The Biblical creation account, up to and including the Great Flood is generally regarded as mythical by most scientists^{[citation needed]}. However, there is considerable opposition to this stance by creationists who view this account as factual, to varying degrees. The Genesis Patriarchs are considered by some historians to also be mythical syncretisms of various local foundation stories, though other historians and proponents of Biblical inerrancy dispute this. Image File history File links Unbalanced_scales. ... The article concerns the historicity of the Bible. ... Creation according to Genesis refers to the description of the creation of the heavens and the earth by God, as described in Genesis, the first book of the Bible. ... This article is on mythology involving great floods. ... Creationism is generally the belief that the universe was created by a deity, or alternatively by one or more powerful and intelligent beings. ... Genesis (Greek: Γένεσις, having the meanings of birth, creation, cause, beginning, source and origin) is the first book of the Torah (five books of Moses) and hence the first book of the Tanakh, part of the Hebrew Bible; it is also the first book of the Christian Old Testament. ... The Patriarchs, known as the Avot in Hebrew, are Abraham, his son Isaac and his grandson Jacob. ... Syncretism is the attempt to reconcile disparate, even opposing, beliefs and to meld practices of various schools of thought. ... Biblical inerrancy is the doctrinal position [1] that in its original form, the Bible is without error; referring to the complete accuracy of Scripture, including the historical and scientific parts. ...

The accounts of the exodus are thought by most critics to have some potential basis in fact. Depending on which pharaoh is identified as the pharaoh of the story, the Israelites are identified by historians as being the Hyksos or the Apir, both mentioned prominently in Egyptian records. The account of Joshua has more difficulty vis-a-vis the archaeological record, since Jericho and other settlements do not show signs of violent disruption in the time period required for the Israelite invasion^{[citation needed]} (However, the Bible tells of the rebuilding and population of Jericho, among others destroyed by the Israelites). Neither does there appear to be any systematic destruction of cities, but instead only independent events occurring at significantly different times, more in agreement with events presented in the Book of Judges. ḍ:The article Exodus discusses the events related in the book of the Bible and Torah by the same name. ... Pharaoh was the ancient Egyptian name for the office of kingship. ... An Israelite is a member of the Twelve Tribes of Israel, descended from the twelve sons of the Biblical patriarch Jacob who was renamed Israel by God in the book of Genesis, 32:28 The Israelites were a group of Hebrews, as described in the Bible. ... The Hyksos (Egyptian heqa khasewet, foreign rulers; Greek , ) were an Asiatic, likely Semitic people who invaded the eastern Nile Delta, initiating the Second Intermediate Period of ancient Egypt. ... Joshua praying God to stop the Sun by Gustave Doré In Jewish mythology, Joshua or Yehoshua (Hebrew: יְהוֹשֻׁעַ, Tiberian: , Israeli: YÉ™hoshúa) was an Israelite leader who succeeded Moses. ... Archaeology, archeology, or archæology (from the Greek words αρχαίος = ancient and λόγος = word/speech/discourse) is the study of human cultures through the recovery, documentation and analysis of material remains and environmental data, including architecture, artefacts, biofacts, human remains, and landscapes. ... The Taking of Jericho, by Jean Fouquet Near central Jericho, November 1996 Jericho (Hebrew  , Arabic  , ʼArīḥā; Standard YÉ™riḥo Tiberian YÉ™rîḫô / YÉ™rîḥô; meaning fragrant[1]. Greek Ἱεριχώ) is a town in the West Bank, located within the Jericho Governorate, near the Jordan River. ... Book of Judges (Hebrew: Sefer Shoftim ספר שופטים) is a book of the Bible originally written in Hebrew. ...

It is however generally assumed, based on the archaeology of the period, that the Biblical account of the history of the kingdoms of Judah and Israel, as presented in the Books of Kings, is historic, even if biased towards Judah. The earlier period of the United Monarchy on the other hand, is a matter of heated debate, and many mainstream academics and historians believe that the vast empire of King Solomon, the rebellion of Jeroboam, and sometimes even the United Monarchy itself, never existed but are instead a later fiction to justify Judah's political bias against, and territorial claims to, Israel, and the idea of a golden age^{[citation needed]}. However, recent discoveries, such as ruins similar to the palace of King David (arguably from a different time period) and the Tel Dan Stele (from the 9th century BCE or later, and with the meaning of the inscription disputed), may encourage academics to put some of the evidence back under examination. Kingdom of Judah (Hebrew מַלְכוּת יְהוּדָה, Standard Hebrew Malḫut Yəhuda, Tiberian Hebrew Malḵûṯ Yəhûḏāh) in the times of the Hebrew Bible, was the nation formed from the territories of the tribes of Judah, Simeon, and Benjamin after the Kingdom of Israel was divided, and was named after Judah... The Books of Kings (Hebrew: Sefer Melachim ספר מלכים) is a part of Judaisms Tanakh, the Hebrew Bible. ... United Monarchy - Wikipedia /**/ @import /skins/monobook/IE50Fixes. ... It has been suggested that Sulayman be merged into this article or section. ... Jeroboam (increase of the people), the son of Nebat an Ephrathite (1 Kings 11:26-39), was the first king of the break-away ten tribes or Kingdom of Israel, over whom he reigned twenty-two years. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... The alleged Palace of David site is a large 10th to 9th century BC public building in eastern Jerusalem whose discovery was announced on August 4, 2005 by Israeli archaeologist Eilat Mazar, who identifies it as the palace of the Biblical King David. ... The Tel Dan Stele The Tel Dan Stele, found at Tel Dan in Israel in 1993/1994, is a fragment (in three sections) of an Aramaic inscription on basalt, which appears to be from a stele erected for Ben-Hadad of the Aramaean nation, an enemy of the kingdom of...

Most of the remainder of the tanakh/Old Testament is seen as historically reliable, since it merely presents an uncontroversial account of the sayings of various people, their poetry, and an undramatic, and largely unsupernatural, account of the time of Ezra and Nehemiah. The Book of Daniel, however, is seen by critical scholars as dating from much later than is traditionally credited, as a result of hellenic mysticism creeping in to Jewish thought^{[citation needed]}. Tanakh (Hebrew: ‎) (also Tanach, IPA: or , or Tenak, is an acronym that identifies the Hebrew Bible. ... Note: Judaism commonly uses the term Tanakh. ... Ezra is a personal name derived from Hebrew, written variously as עֶזְרָא ( Standard Hebrew ), ʿEzra, ( Tiberian Hebrew ), ʿEzrâ: short for עַזְרִיאֵל My help/court is God, Standard Hebrew ʿAzriʾel, Tiberian Hebrew ʿAzrîʾēl, Arabic: عزير. // Once there once an ezra who ate two pies the kill barney with jake burton Unless otherwise... Nehemiah or Nechemya (נְחֶמְיָה Comforted of/is the LORD (YHWH), Standard Hebrew Nəḥemya, Tiberian Hebrew Nəḥemyāh, ) is a major figure in the post-exile history of the Jews as recorded in the Bible, and is believed to be the primary author of the Book of Nehemiah. ... The Book of Daniel, written in Hebrew and Aramaic, is a book in both the Hebrew Bible (Tanakh) and the Christian Old Testament. ...

Another critical view supported by the majority of scholars, however, is that Jesus existed, as a Galilean Jew and a preacher of both ethical teachings and likely prophecies of a coming Kingdom of God, forming a Jewish sect known as the Nazarenes taken over by his brother James after his crucifixion, which held to the Jewish law, but believed Jesus to be the promised Messiah. It is suggested that teachings such as Original Sin, substitutional atonement and the divinity of Jesus have their origins in the teachings of Paul of Tarsus who is held to be the founder of the Church.-1... Saint James the Just (יעקב Holder of the heel; supplanter; Standard Hebrew Yaʿaqov, Tiberian Hebrew Yaʿăqōḇ), also called James Adelphos, James of Jerusalem, or the Brother of the Lord[1] and sometimes identified with James the Less, (died AD 62) was an important figure in Early Christianity. ... According to Christian tradition, original sin is the general condition of sinfulness (lack of holiness) into which human beings are born (Psalm 51:5). ... For other uses, see Atonement (disambiguation). ... Paul of Tarsus (b. ...

In the 2nd century, the gnostics often asserted that their form of Christianity was the first, in which Jesus was sometimes regarded as merely a teaching device, or as a docetic teacher, or allegory.^[1] Several examples of gnostic attitudes and religion are proposed to exist in the Pauline Epistles, even by well respected and mainstream scholars such as Elaine Pagels. Bart D. Ehrman and Raymond E. Brown note that some of the Pauline epistles are widely regarded by scholars as pseudonymous,^[2] and it is the view of Timothy Freke, and others, that this involved a forgery in an attempt by the Church to bring in Paul's gnostic supporters, and turn the arguments in the other Epistles on their head. This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... In Christianity, Docetism is the belief, regarded by most theologians as heretical, that Jesus did not have a physical body; rather, that his body was an illusion, as was his crucifixion. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Elaine Pagels (née Hiesey, born February 13, 1943), is the Harrington Spear Paine Professor of Religion at Princeton University. ... Bart D. Ehrman is a New Testament scholar and an expert on early Christianity. ... Father Raymond Edward Brown, S.S., (born May 22, 1928, died of aids August 8, 1998), was an American Roman Catholic priest appointed in 1972 and in 1996 to the Pontifical Biblical Commission, which advises the pontiff on scriptural matters, and professor emeritus at the Protestant Union Theological Seminary in... A 19th century picture of Paul of Tarsus The Pauline epistles are those books in the New Testament that are traditionally attributed to Paul of Tarsus. ... Pseudepigrapha (Greek pseudos = false, epi = after, later and grapha = writing (or writings), latterly or falsely attributed, or down right forged works, describes texts whose claimed authorship is unfounded in actuality. ... Dr. Timothy Freke has an honours degree in philosophy and is an internationally respected authority on world mysticism. ...

Some critics have maintained that Christianity isn't even founded on an historical figure, but rather on a mythical creation.^{[citation needed]} These critics argue that there are less than seven known non-biblical witnesses to the existence of Jesus, and some are regarded as dubious, if not downright fraudulent by the majority of academics.^{[citation needed]} This view proposes that the idea of Jesus was the Jewish manifestation of a pan-hellenic cult, known as Osiris-Dionysus, which acknowledged the non-historic nature of the figure, using it instead as a teaching device.^{[citation needed]} The Jesus-Myth is a historical theory usually associated with a skeptical position on the historicity of Jesus, which claims that Jesus did not exist as an historical figure. ... The term Osiris-Dionysus is used by some historians of religion to refer to a group of deities worshipped around the Mediterranean in the centuries prior to the birth of Jesus. ...

The Bible and Science

Main article: Science and the Bible

The laws of Kosher food, which are corroborated as healthy by some groups in modern science but not by others.^{[attribution needed]} Other information is clearly corroborated by modern science, such as the wisdom of taking a day of rest, ecological advice to leave trees and birds alone in certain circumstances, public hygiene, and certain medical advice. While supporters of foresight believe these evidence divine revelations of knowledge not otherwise available at the time, their opponents consider many instances of these to be obvious, or evidenced elsewhere, such as the extensive (though not always accurate) Egyptian knowledge of medicine, dating back to at least 3000 BC and Imhotep. There is debate between science and the Bible, which usually involves how accurately the Bible describes the physical world when compared to contemporary scientific understanding. ... Look up kosher in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Ernst Haeckel coined the term oekologie in 1866. ... Hygiene is commonly understood as preventing infections in personal places through cleanliness. ... Statuette of Imhotep in the Louvre another image of the same statue Imhotep (sometimes spelled Immutef, Im-hotep, or Ii-em-Hotep, Egyptian ) (2667 BC - 2648 BC) is the first architect and physician known by name in written history. ...

Some consider that the biblical cleanliness passages reflect cultural constructs rather than knowledge of medicine, science or technology. Rules regarding extensive purification following nocturnal emission seem superfluous and superstitious, considering that infectious disease has never been associated with the phenomenon. Likewise, there is no known scientific reason for a woman who has just given birth to avoid attending a religious institution for seven days. A nocturnal emission is an ejaculation of semen experienced during sleep. ...

See also

• Criticism of the Qur'an
• Bible errata
• Biblical inerrancy
• Criticism of Christianity
• Biblical Criticism

This is a sub-article to Criticism of Islam and Quran. ... Throughout history various minor errors have been published in bibles published throughout the world. ... Biblical inerrancy is the doctrinal position [1] that in its original form, the Bible is without error; referring to the complete accuracy of Scripture, including the historical and scientific parts. ... Throughout the history of Christianity, a wide range of Christians and non-Christians alike have offered criticisms of Christianity, the Church, and Christians themselves. ... This article is being considered for deletion in accordance with Wikipedias deletion policy. ...

References

1. ^ Ehrman, Bart D. (2003). Lost Christianities: The Battles for Scripture and the Faiths We Never Knew. New York: Oxford. ISBN 0-19-514183-0. 
2. ^ Ehrman, Bart D. (2004). The New Testament: A Historical Introduction to the Early Christian Writings. New York: Oxford. ISBN 0-19-515462-2. 
   Brown, Raymond E. (1997). Introduction to the New Testament. New York: Anchor Bible. ISBN 0-385-24767-2. 
   Scholars who hold to Pauline authorship include Wohlenberg, Lock, Meinertz, Thornell, Schlatter, Spicq, Jeremais, Simpson, Kelly, and Fee. Donald Guthrie, New Testament Introduction, p. 622.

Bart D. Ehrman is a New Testament scholar and an expert on early Christianity. ... Bart D. Ehrman is a New Testament scholar and an expert on early Christianity. ... Father Raymond Edward Brown, S.S., (born May 22, 1928, died of aids August 8, 1998), was an American Roman Catholic priest appointed in 1972 and in 1996 to the Pontifical Biblical Commission, which advises the pontiff on scriptural matters, and professor emeritus at the Protestant Union Theological Seminary in... Dr Donald Guthrie was a British New Testament scholar who wrote several books and worked for the London Bible College, now London School of Theology. ...

External links

• Bible Research The Gender-Neutral (Feminist) Bible Controversy
• Skeptic's Annotated Bible
• Bible stories - A critical, historical perspective.
• "Difficult Texts" by Bonna Devora Haberman. How do we study difficult Jewish texts without apologizing for, justifying, or historicizing them?
• A Muslim view of how the Bible was corrupted