Criticisms of socialism range from disagreements over the efficiency of socialist economic and political models, to condemnation of states described by themselves or others as "socialist." Many economic liberals dispute that the egalitarian distribution of wealth and the nationalization of industries advocated by socialists can be achieved without loss of political or economic freedoms reduced prosperity for a populace. There is much focus on the economic performance and human rights records of Communist states, although some proponents of socialism reject the categorization of such states as socialist. Socialism refers to a broad array of doctrines or political movements that envisage a socio-economic system in which property and the distribution of wealth are subject to social control. ... Socialist state is the term used in official documents of some countries to describe their political system. ... The liberal theory of economics is the theory of economics described by classical liberal authors such as Adam Smith or the French Physiocrats. ... Egalitarianism (derived from the French word égal, meaning equal or level) is the moral doctrine that people should be treated as equals, in some respect. ... Nationalization or nationalisation is the act of transferring assets into public ownership. ... This article is about a form of government in which the state operates under the control of a Communist Party. ...

Socialism itself is by no means a monolithic movement; there are important points of disagreement between its several branches. Therefore, some of the criticisms presented below may not apply to all forms of socialism (for example, many of the economic criticisms are directed at a Soviet-style planned economy, while some proposed socialisms advocate different methods of economic planning, and others reject planned economics altogether). Critics argue that socialist policies reduce work incentives and efficiency through the elimination of buying and selling of means of production, eliminating the profit and loss mechanism, lacking a free price system and relying on central planning. They also argue that socialism stagnates technology. They further argue implementing socialist policies reduces prosperity of the populace. Some socialists reply in kind, with the counter-argument that socialism can increase efficiency and economic growth better than capitalism. Other socialists argue that a certain degree of efficiency can and should be sacrificed for the sake of economic equality or other social goals. Soviet redirects here. ... This box:      A planned economy is an economic system in which a single agency makes all decisions about the production and allocation of goods and services. ... Means of production (abbreviated MoP; German: Produktionsmittel), also called means of labour are the materials, tools and other instruments used by workers to make products. ... A free price system (informally called the price system or the price mechanism) is an economic system where prices are not set by government but by the interchange of supply and demand, with the resulting prices being understood as signals that are communicated between producers and consumers which serve to... A planned economy is an economic system in which decisions about the production, allocation and consumption of goods and services are planned ahead of time, usually in a centralized fashion, though some proposed systems favour decentralized planning. ...

Reduced Prosperity

Due to egalitarian aims

All forms of socialism advocate a very egalitarian distribution of wealth. A few argue for complete economic equality, while most socialists wish to create a society in which differences of wealth are small, but not necessarily zero. Economist Ludwig von Mises said that aiming for more equal incomes through state intervention necessarily leads to a reduction in national income and therefore average income. Consequently, the socialist chooses a more equal distribution of income and a lower average income over inequality of income at a higher average income. Mises sees no rational justification for this preference.^[1] Egalitarianism (derived from the French word égal, meaning equal or level) is the moral doctrine that people should be treated as equals, in some respect. ... Ludwig Heinrich Edler von Mises (September 29, 1881 – October 10, 1973) was a notable economist and a major influence on the modern libertarian movement. ...

Due to socialization of the means of production

According to economist Hans-Hermann Hoppe countries where the means of production are socialized are not as prosperous as those where the means of production are under private control.^[2]

Distorted or absent price signals

Main article: Economic calculation problem The economic calculation problem is a criticism of socialist economics. ...

Some forms of socialism propose to abolish markets entirely. All, or nearly all, advocate some form of governmental or other social interference with market prices. If the means of production are socially owned then there are no prices at all for the means of production themselves. According to some of the critics of socialism, the free price system in a market economy guides economic activity so flawlessly that most people don't appreciate its importance or see its effect. Free-market economists argue that a controlled or fixed price always transmits misleading information about relative scarcity and that inappropriate behavior results from a controlled price, because false information has been transmitted by an artificial price. For example, Friedrich von Hayek argued in 1977 that "prices are an instrument of communication and guidance which embody more information than we directly have", and therefore "the whole idea that you can bring about the same order based on the division of labor by simple direction falls to the ground". He further argued that "if you need prices, including the prices of labor, to direct people to go where they are needed, you cannot have another distribution except the one from the market principle."^[3] A free price system (informally called the price system or the price mechanism) is an economic system where prices are not set by government but by the interchange of supply and demand, with the resulting prices being understood as signals that are communicated between producers and consumers which serve to... Friedrich von Hayek Friedrich August von Hayek (May 8, 1899 in Vienna – March 23, 1992 in Freiburg) was an economist and social scientist of the Austrian School, noted for his defense of liberal democracy and free-market capitalism against a rising tide of socialist and collectivist thought in the mid...

In a market economy, business owners are constantly comparing costs to sales revenue. A business whose costs are higher than its revenues will eventually go bankrupt and the resources it was using will be re-allocated to other purposes (other businesses). In order to make economic decisions, business owners rely on the information provided by prices; millions of owners make millions of separate decisions, leading to decentralized resource allocation that, in the view of its supporters, is the most efficient. Adam Smith dubbed this effect the "invisible hand" of the market. Adam Smith FRSE (baptised June 5, 1723 O.S. / June 16 N.S. – July 17, 1790) was a Scottish moral philosopher and a pioneering political economist. ... The invisible hand is a metaphor coined by Adam Smith to illustrate how those who seek wealth by following their individual self-interest, inadvertently stimulate the economy and assist society as a whole. ...

The anarcho-capitalist economist Hans-Hermann Hoppe argues that, in the absence of prices for the means of production, there is no cost-accounting which would direct labor and resources to the most valuable uses.^[4] Anarcho-capitalism refers to an anti-statist philosophy that embraces capitalism as one of its foundational principles. ...

On the other hand, a Hungarian economist, Jonas Kornai, once a market socialist himself, modified his views subsequent to the fall of the Soviet system and its eastern European variants. Kornai has written that "the attempt to realize market socialism...produces an incoherent system, in which there are elements that repel each other: the dominance of public ownership and the operation of the market are not compatible."^[5]

On the other hand, socialists who do reject the market mechanism of pricing make the following claims:

• That market systems have a natural tendency toward monopoly or oligopoly in major industries, leading to a distortion of prices.^[6] Assuming monopoly to be inevitable, these socialists go on to argue that a public monopoly is better than a private one. Proponents of capitalism respond to this by saying that although private monopolies don't have any actual competition, there are many potential competitors watching them, and if they were underperforming, investors would start a competing enterprise.^[7][8]
• That market systems are distorted by the unequal power of the players in the markets. Globalissues.org editor, Anup Shah (a leftist, though not necessarily a socialist) makes this case, suggesting that the current neo-liberal order might be better called "neo-mercantilism" and applying to it Adam Smith's critique of how military power distorted trade under mercantilism. [6]
• That one or another socialist approach can mitigate the role of externalities in pricing, producing results at least as efficient as those under capitalism. This was basically the argument put forward by Oskar Lange [7] and the Paretians [8]; see also Pareto efficiency.

In her book How We Survived Communism & Even Laughed,^[9] Slavenka Drakulic claims that a major contributor to the fall of socialist planned economies in the former Soviet bloc was the failure to produce the basic consumer goods that its people desired. She argues that, because of the makeup of the leadership of these regimes, the concerns of women got particularly short shrift. She illustrates this, in particular, by the system's failure to produce washing machines. But there is not only a problem with creating shortages but with creating surpluses as well. If a state-owned industry is able to keep operating with losses, it may continue operating indefinitely producing things that are not in high consumer demand. If consumer demand is too low to sustain the industry with voluntary payments by consumers then it is tax-subsidized. Because of this it prevents resources (capital and labor) from being applied to satisfying more urgent consumer demands. According to economist Milton Friedman "The loss part is just as important as the profit part. What distinguishes the private system from a government socialist system is the loss part. If an entrepreneur's project doesn't work, he closes it down. If it had been a government project, it would have been expanded, because there is not the discipline of the profit and loss element."^[10] In economics, a monopoly (from the Latin word monopolium - Greek language monos, one + polein, to sell) is defined as a persistent market situation where there is only one provider of a product or service. ... An oligopoly is a market form in which a market or industry is dominated by a small number of sellers (oligopolists). ... Potential competition, a fundamental conception in micro-economics, refers to the possibility of new entrants into a given market. ... Mercantilism is the economic theory that a nations prosperity depended upon its supply of gold and silver, that the total volume of trade is unchangeable. ... A painting of a French seaport from 1638, at the height of mercantilism. ... An externality occurs in economics when a decision (for example, to pollute the atmosphere) causes costs or benefits to individuals or groups other than the person making the decision. ... Pareto efficiency, or Pareto optimality, is an important notion in neoclassical economics with broad applications in game theory, engineering and the social sciences. ... The title given to this article is incorrect due to technical limitations. ... Front-loading washing machine. ... Milton Friedman (July 31, 1912 – November 16, 2006) was a prominent American economist and public intellectual. ...

Somewhat related to the Economic calculation problem but using a different approach. Proponents of Chaos theory argue that it is impossible to make accurate long-term predictions for highly complex systems such as an economy.[9] A plot of the trajectory Lorenz system for values r = 28, σ = 10, b = 8/3 In mathematics and physics, chaos theory describes the behavior of certain nonlinear dynamical systems that under certain conditions exhibit a phenomenon known as chaos. ...

Reduced incentives for workers

The nature of the distribution of wealth that would exist under socialism is a matter of controversy and debate. Some commentators, including both critics and a number of advocates of socialism, have seen the socialist ideal in terms of income sharing. Proponents claim that the sharing of income and wealth would foster social cooperation, while critics argue that any kind of income sharing reduces individual incentives to work, and therefore incomes should be individualized as much as possible.^[11] However, many socialists do not see income sharing as the foundation of socialist economics. Instead, they argue that socialism gives every worker the full product of his labour.^{[12] [13][14]} This view is inspired by the Marxist notion that capitalism exploits the working class and that only socialism can reward people according to their work. [10] Marxismtakes its name from the praxis — the synthesis of philosophy and political action — of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. ...

Critics of those forms of socialism which advocate complete economic equality have argued that in any society where everyone holds equal wealth there can be no material incentive to work, because one does not receive rewards for a work well done. They further argue that incentives increase productivity for all people and that the loss of those effects would lead to stagnation. John Stuart Mill in The Principles of Political Economy (1848) said: "It is the common error of Socialists to overlook the natural indolence of mankind; their tendency to be passive, to be the slaves of habit, to persist indefinitely in a course once chosen. Let them once attain any state of existence which they consider tolerable, and the danger to be apprehended is that they will thenceforth stagnate; will not exert themselves to improve, and by letting their faculties rust, will lose even the energy required to preserve them from deterioration. Competition may not be the best conceivable stimulus, but it is at present a necessary one, and no one can foresee the time when it will not be indispensable to progress."^[15] John Stuart Mill (20th May 1806 – 8th May 1873), a British philosopher and political economist, was an influential liberal thinker of the 19th century. ...

Those socialists who support absolute economic equality (specifically, some libertarian socialists and some communists) have responded to this objection in various ways. A number of them argue for a society where high peer pressure prevents laziness. Critics counter this with the argument that peer pressure might be effective in a small group with permanent interaction and where everybody knows each other, like among hunter-gatherers, but see no evidence that it works well in larger, more complex societies with constantly changing groups. The social democrat economist John Kenneth Galbraith has criticized radical egalitarian socialism as unrealistic in its assumptions about human motivation: "This hope [that egalitarian reward would lead to a higher level of motivation], one that spread far beyond Marx, has been shown by both history and human experience to be irrelevant. For better or worse, human beings do not rise to such heights. Generations of socialists and socially oriented leaders have learned this to their disappointment and more often to their sorrow. The basic fact is clear: the good society must accept men and women as they are."^[16] Libertarian socialism includes a group of political philosophies that aims to create a society without political, economic or social hierarchies - a society within which individuals freely co-operate together as equals. ... Communism is an ideology that seeks to establish a classless, stateless social organization based on common ownership of the means of production. ... Peer pressure comprises a set of group dynamics whereby a group in which one feels comfortable may override personal habits, individual moral inhibitions or idiosyncratic desires to impose a group norm of attitudes and/or behaviors. ... In anthropology, the hunter-gatherer way of life is that led by certain societies of the Neolithic Era based on the exploitation of wild plants and animals. ... Social democracy is a political ideology emerging in the late 19th and early 20th centuries from supporters of Marxism who believed that the transition to a socialist society could be achieved through democratic evolutionary rather than revolutionary means. ... John Kenneth Galbraith John Kenneth Galbraith (October 15, 1908–April 29, 2006) was an influential Canadian-American economist. ...

Peter Self criticizes the traditional socialist planned economy and argues against pursuing "extreme equality" because he believes it requires "strong coercion" and does not allow for "reasonable recognition [for] different individual needs, tastes (for work or leisure) and talents." He recommends market socialism instead.^[17] The majority of socialists believe that a balance should be reached between equality, incentives and diversity, and feel confident that such a balance would still allow for a much greater degree of equality than capitalist societies currently have. Many socialists also argue that the importance of material incentives could be reduced, even if it is never fully eliminated. Market socialism is an economic system in which the means of production are owned by the workers in each company (meaning in general that profits in each company are distributed between them: profit sharing) and the production is not centrally planned but mediated through the market. ...

Slow or stagnant technological advance

Economist Milton Friedman argued that socialism, by which he meant state ownership over the means of production, impedes technological progress due to competition being stifled. As evidence, he said that we need only look to the U.S. to see where socialism fails, by observing that the most technologically backward areas are those were government owns the means of production.^[18] Milton Friedman (July 31, 1912 – November 16, 2006) was a prominent American economist and public intellectual. ...

The tragedy of the commons

Main article: Tragedy of the commons

The tragedy of the commons, in its narrowest sense, refers to the situation of certain grazing lands communally owned by British villages in the 16th century. These lands were made available for public use (or, more precisely, the use of those with rights in that common land). According to Garrett Hardin and others, because each individual had more of an incentive to maximize his (or her) own benefit from this common land than to be concerned for its sustainability, the land was eventually overgrazed and became worthless. (However, studies by C.J. Dahlman and others have argued that no such tragedy actually occurred. According to Dahlman, access to the commons in the 16th century was constrained by a variety of cultural protocols and was far from equal.)^{[citation needed]} It has been suggested that Tyranny of the Commons be merged into this article or section. ... It has been suggested that Tyranny of the Commons be merged into this article or section. ... (15th century - 16th century - 17th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 16th century was that century which lasted from 1501 to 1600. ... Garrett Hardin Garrett James Hardin (April 21, 1915 – September 14, 2003) was a controversial ecologist from Dallas, Texas who was most known for his 1968 paper, The Tragedy of the commons. ...

More generally, the line of argument is that when assets are owned in common, there are no incentives in place to encourage wise stewardship. While private property is said to create incentives for conservation and the responsible use of property, common property is said to encourage irresponsibility and waste. In other words, the argument is that if everyone owns an asset, people act as if no one owns it. And when no one owns it, no one really takes care of it. This is an argument directed at libertarian socialism and other proposed forms of socialism where there is little or no central authority to act as a steward of public property. According to some socialists, planned economies avoid the tragedy of the commons by placing the state in charge of the use of resources owned in common.^{[citation needed]} Libertarian socialism includes a group of political philosophies that aims to create a society without political, economic or social hierarchies - a society within which individuals freely co-operate together as equals. ...

One libertarian socialist counter-argument is that the tragedy of the commons is an inherently psychological issue that can be resolved through proper education—that is, by creating a culture where people are respectful of common property and do not act as if no one owns it.^{[citation needed]} Psychology (ancient Greek: psyche = soul and logos = word) is the study of mind, thought, and behaviour. ...

On a related note, many socialists point out that some things are almost inevitably commons, for example air and oceans. Paul Burkett makes a specifically Marxist case for socialism as being better able to address the issue of managing the environment ^[19]. Layers of Atmosphere (NOAA) Air redirects here. ... Ocean (Okeanos, a Greek god of sea and water; Greek ωκεανός) covers almost three quarters (71%) of the surface of the Earth. ...

Some critics respond that air and oceans are indeed commons and that problems such as overfishing and global warming due to pollution can be traced to this fact. In economic terms, air and sea pollution are cases of market failure due to externalities (market agents do not pay the full costs of their actions). While most environmentalists propose to solve such problems through government regulations, there is also a theory of free-market environmentalism, which argues that the most effective direction of reform is continued privatization of the commons [11]. The United States, and some others nations, have experimented with market solutions in the form of emissions trading in order to reduce air pollution. Such trading uses an artificially created market in which a government decides the number of emissions credits that will be in circulation and the rules under which they may be traded.^{[citation needed]} This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... An externality occurs in economics when a decision (for example, to pollute the atmosphere) causes costs or benefits to individuals or groups other than the person making the decision. ... For the psychology topic, see Environmental psychology. ... Free market environmentalism is an theory that argues the free market is the best tool to preserve the health and sustainability of the environment. ... Emissions trading (or cap and trade) is an administrative approach used to control pollution by providing economic incentives for achieving reductions in the emissions of pollutants [1]. In such a plan, a central authority (usually a government agency) sets a limit or cap on the amount of a pollutant that...

Lastly, there is a body of thought, often linked to cultural anthropology and to modern institutional economics, that recognizes that constraints must exist to prevent the private overuse of resources. However, this perspective contends that alternative institutions than private property might well be just as effective or more effective in meeting those goals and better suited to meeting social goals. This was the belief of many early Bolsheviks, particularly Georgi Plekhanov, who evoked this idea to make his case that a socialist state would need regulations.^{[citation needed]} This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Institutional economics focuses on understanding the role of human-made institutions in shaping economic behavior. ... Bolshevik Party Meeting. ... G. V. Plekhanov Georgi Valentinovich Plekhanov (Георгий Валентинович Плеханов) (December 11, 1856 – May 30, 1918; Old Style: November 29, 1856 – May 17, 1918) was a Russian revolutionary and a Marxist theoretician. ...

Political criticisms

Friedrich Hayek in his The Road to Serfdom has argued that the more even distribution of wealth and nationalization of the means of production advocated by socialists cannot be achieved without a loss of political, economic, and human rights. According to Hayek, to achieve control over means of production and distribution of wealth it is necessary for socialists to acquire significant powers of coercion. Hayek argued that the road to socialism leads society to totalitarianism, and saw Fascism and Nazism as inevitable outcome of the socialist trends in Italy and Germany during the preceding period.^[20] Friedrich August von Hayek, CH (May 8, 1899 in Vienna – March 23, 1992 in Freiburg) was an Austrian-born British economist and political philosopher known for his defense of liberal democracy and free-market capitalism against socialist and collectivist thought in the mid-20th century. ... The Road to Serfdom is a book written by the economist Friedrich A. Hayek and originally published by University of Chicago Press on September, 1944. ... Nationalization or nationalisation is the act of transferring assets into public ownership. ... Coercion is the practice of compelling a person to act by employing threat of harm (usually physical force, sometimes other forms of harm). ... Totalitarianism is a term employed by political scientists, especially those in the field of comparative politics, to describe modern regimes in which the state regulates nearly every aspect of public and private behavior. ... Fascism is an authoritarian political ideology (generally tied to a mass movement) that considers individual and other societal interests inferior to the needs of the state, and seeks to forge a type of national unity, usually based on ethnic, religious, cultural, or racial attributes. ... National Socialism redirects here. ...

Winston Churchill, though not an ardent critic of socialism, did not appear to agree with its principles. [12] Sir Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill, KG, OM, CH, TD, FRS, PC (Can) (30 November 1874 – 24 January 1965) was an English statesman, soldier, and author. ...

Attitudinal criticism

Mises argues that resentment is behind all socialist ideas, which can be summed up in the phrase "No one shall be idle if I have to work; no one shall be rich if I am poor."^[21]

Historical Examples

Due to the existence of several branches of the socialist movement, who advocate different kinds of social and economic systems they call "socialism", there is no consensus on what countries, if any, can be given as historical examples of socialism.^{[citation needed]}

The two kinds of countries most commonly said to be "socialist" are Communist states on the one hand and Northern European welfare states (e.g. Sweden) on the other. Within the socialist movement, views are divided as follows:^{[citation needed]} This article is about a form of government in which the state operates under the control of a Communist Party. ... There are three main interpretations of the idea of a welfare state: the provision of welfare services by the state. ...

• Some, especially members of the third international argue that most or all of the historical communist states were examples of socialism.
• Trotskyists normally argue that historical Communist states were not socialist, but deformed workers' states or examples of state capitalism.
• Social democrats who define themselves as socialists generally argue that welfare states are examples of socialism.
• Some, libertarian socialists in particular, argue that short-lived political entities such as the Paris Commune or anarchist areas in Spain during the Spanish Civil War were examples of socialism.
• Other socialists argue that none of the above examples were socialist, and that socialism has never been applied in practice.

Different critics of socialism also hold different views on the subject. Some consider socialism to be a purely theoretical concept that should be criticized on theoretical grounds; others hold that certain historical examples exist and that they can be criticized on practical grounds.^{[citation needed]} The Comintern (Russian: Коммунистический Интернационал, Kommunisticheskiy Internatsional – Communist International, also known as the Third International) was an international Communist organization founded in March 1919, in the midst of the war communism period (1918-1921), by Vladimir Lenin and the Russian Communist Party (Bolshevik), which intended to fight by all available means, including... Trotskyism is the theory of Marxism as advocated by Leon Trotsky. ... In Trotskyist political theory, deformed workers states are states where the bourgeoisie has been overthrown through social revolution, the industrial means of production have been largely nationalized, but where the working class has never held political power (as it did in Russia shortly after the Russian Revolution). ... There are multiple definitions of the term state capitalism. ... Social democracy is a political ideology emerging in the late 19th and early 20th centuries from supporters of Marxism who believed that the transition to a socialist society could be achieved through democratic evolutionary rather than revolutionary means. ... Libertarian socialism includes a group of political philosophies that aims to create a society without political, economic or social hierarchies - a society within which individuals freely co-operate together as equals. ... Le Père Duchesne looking at the statue of Napoleon I on top of the Vendome column: Eh ben ! bougre de canaille, on va donc te foutre en bas comme ta crapule de neveu !… (Well now! buggering rascal, we will knock you the fuck off just like your crook of... This article is about the Spanish Civil War of 1936–1939. ...

Communist states are the object of a particularly virulent criticism, and there are numerous arguments over their historical records on standards of living, economic growth, and particularly human rights. Critics claim that Communist states provided low standards of living and committed numerous human rights violations, including millions of deaths caused directly or indirectly by the government. Estimates of the number of such deaths, in particular those that occurred in China and the Soviet Union, vary greatly depending on the source and methodology, with numbers ranging from under 30 million to 145 million worldwide over the course of the last ninety years. Proponents of socialism often focus on two aspects: first, the accuracy of the statistics themselves, and second, whether socialists or socialism can be blamed for the deaths in question. As indicated above, there is widespread disagreement amongst socialists as to whether Communist states can legitimately be described as socialist. Many victims of these states have themselves been socialists, for example during Stalin's Great Purge of the 1930s. Critics of socialism, in turn, will often criticize the internal conflicts of the socialist movement as creating a sort of "responsibility void." Advocates of Communist states claim that their standards of living and human rights records were better (or no worse) than those of the regimes that preceded them, and that they achieved rapid industrialization and economic growth. Critics argue that the Soviet Union experienced a severe economic downturn in the 1970s and 80s which contributed to its collapse, and that China has been reforming since towards a more market-oriented economy.^{[citation needed]} The Great Purge (Russian: , transliterated Bolshaya chistka) is the name given to campaigns of political repression and persecution in the Soviet Union orchestrated by Joseph Stalin during the late 1930s. ...

For extensive coverage of the debates surrounding criticisms of communism and Communist states, see criticisms of communism and criticisms of communist regimes. This article is on criticisms of communism, a branch of socialism. ... Criticisms of communist regimes have often centered around accusations of human rights violations that occurred in under Communist rule, particularly under the regimes of Joseph Stalin in the Soviet Union and Mao Zedong in the Peoples Republic of China. ...

Some libertarian socialist communes have also been criticized. For instance, the Catholic Encyclopedia states that priests and other religious persons were killed by mobs or by order of the leaders of the Paris Commune[13]. Others have accused social anarchists fighting in the Spanish Civil War, of atrocities committed in regions under their control. ^[22] Critics of Israeli kibbutzim have accused them of economc mismanagement, leading to a $17 billion government bailout and declining populations,^[23]. Libertarian socialism includes a group of political philosophies that aims to create a society without political, economic or social hierarchies - a society within which individuals freely co-operate together as equals. ... The Catholic Encyclopedia, also referred to today as the Old Catholic Encyclopedia, is an English-language encyclopedia published in 1913 by The Encyclopedia Press. ... Le Père Duchesne looking at the statue of Napoleon I on top of the Vendome column: Eh ben ! bougre de canaille, on va donc te foutre en bas comme ta crapule de neveu !… (Well now! buggering rascal, we will knock you the fuck off just like your crook of... Social anarchism is a term self-applied by many anarchists of the libertarian socialist thread of anarchism. ... This article is about the Spanish Civil War of 1936–1939. ... A kibbutz קיבוץ (Hebrew, pl. ...

Critics also find fault with the early communities of utopian socialism, such as Robert Owen's New Harmony, Indiana, Charles Fourier's North American Phalanx, and many other similar attempts, which were short-lived.^[24] Utopian socialism is a term used to define the first currents of modern Socialist thought. ... Robert Owen (May 14, 1771 – November 17, 1858) was a Welsh socialist and social reformer. ... New Harmony is a town located in Posey County, Indiana, 15 miles (24 km) north of Mount Vernon, Indiana, the county seat, on the Wabash River. ... This article is about the French utopian socialist philosopher. ... The North American Phalanx building in August, 1972 The North American Phalanx (NAP) was a secular Utopian community located in Monmouth County, New Jersey. ...

See also

• Criticisms of anarchism
• Criticisms of Marxism
• Anti-communism
• Socialist state

The theory and practice of anarchism has been controversial since it came to prominence in the 19th century. ... This article is on criticisms of Marxism, a branch of socialism. ... This does not cite its references or sources. ... Socialist state is the term used in official documents of some countries to describe their political system. ...

Further reading

• Ludwig von Mises (1922). Socialism: An Economic and Sociological Analysis. Liberty Fund. ISBN 0-913966-63-0. 
• Friedrich Hayek (1944). The Road to Serfdom. University Of Chicago Press; 50th Anniversary edition. ISBN 0-226-32061-8. 
• Friedrich Hayek (1988). The Fatal Conceit: The Errors of Socialism. University Of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-32068-5. 
• Friedrich Hayek (1997). Socialism and War: Essays, Documents, Reviews. University Of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-32058-8. 
• Jesús Huerta de Soto (1992). Socialismo, cálculo económico y función empresarial ("Socialism, Economic Calculation, and Entrepreneurship"). Unión Editorial. ISBN 84-7209-420-0. 
• Gurcharan Das (2000). India Unbound. 

Ludwig Heinrich Edler von Mises (September 29, 1881 – October 10, 1973) was a notable economist and a major influence on the modern libertarian movement. ... Friedrich August von Hayek, CH (May 8, 1899 in Vienna – March 23, 1992 in Freiburg) was an Austrian-born British economist and political philosopher known for his defense of liberal democracy and free-market capitalism against socialist and collectivist thought in the mid-20th century. ... The Road to Serfdom is a book written by the economist Friedrich A. Hayek and originally published by University of Chicago Press on September, 1944. ... Friedrich August von Hayek, CH (May 8, 1899 in Vienna – March 23, 1992 in Freiburg) was an Austrian-born British economist and political philosopher known for his defense of liberal democracy and free-market capitalism against socialist and collectivist thought in the mid-20th century. ... Friedrich August von Hayek, CH (May 8, 1899 in Vienna – March 23, 1992 in Freiburg) was an Austrian-born British economist and political philosopher known for his defense of liberal democracy and free-market capitalism against socialist and collectivist thought in the mid-20th century. ... Jesus Huerta de Soto Jesús Huerta de Soto (born in Madrid, 1956) is an Austrian School economist and Professor of Political Economy at Rey Juan Carlos University of Madrid, Spain. ... Gurcharan Das is a columnist for The Times of India and other newspapers. ... India Unbound is a book written by Gurcharan Das. ...

References

The libertarian Reason Magazine dedicated an issue to Ayn Rands influence one hundred years after her birth. ... Friedrich Hayek Friedrich August von Hayek (May 8, 1899 – March 23, 1992) was an economist and social scientist of the Austrian School, noted for his defense of free-market capitalism against a rising tide of socialist thought in the mid-20th century. ... Thomas DiLorenzo Thomas J. DiLorenzo is an American economics professor at Loyola College in Maryland. ... Joseph T. Salerno Joseph T. Salerno is an Austrian School economist in the United States. ... 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the Anno Domini (common) era. ... For the Lebanese political coalition, see March 14 Alliance. ... 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the Anno Domini (common) era. ... For the Lebanese political coalition, see March 14 Alliance. ...

External links

• Socialism: Opposing Views at the Open Directory Project (suggest site)
• "Socialism", Economic Policy 2nd Lecture, by Ludwig von Mises
  • Slavery vs. Freedom (Part 1 of 4)
  • Class Warfare vs. Harmony of Interests (Part 2 of 4)
  • Central Planning vs. Freedom (Part 3 of 4)
  • Inability of Economic Calculation (Part 4 of 4)

• PBS' Heaven on Earth: the Rise and Fall of Socialism
• The Law by Frédéric Bastiat
• "The Intellectuals and Socialism" by Friedrich Hayek
• "Hayek and Socialism" by Bruce Caldwell
• Home Page of Competitive Enterprise Institute
• calculation debate, updated
• "Why Socialism Collapsed in Eastern Europe" by Tom Palmer
• Socialism by Robert Heilbroner
• "Nixonian Socialism" by Murray N. Rothbard
• "The Intellectual Cover for Socialism" by Hans-Hermann Hoppe
• "A Theory of Socialism and Capitalism", by Hans-Hermann Hoppe
• "Socialism", by Robert Heilbroner
• "State socialism and anarchism" by Benjamin Tucker
• Lecture XXXV "A Philosophy of Life" includes a critique of marxist socialism by Sigmund Freud
• Socialism: Still Impossible After All These Years, by Peter J. Boettke and Peter T. Leeson
• The Myth of the Scandinavian Model, by Martin De Vlieghere, Paul Vreymans and Willy De Wit