NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Criticisms of War on Terrorism

Criticisms of the War on Terrorism addresses the issues, morals and ethics surrounding the "War on Terrorism". Arguments are also made against the phrase itself, calling it a misnomer. The neutrality of this section is disputed. ... One 1988 study by the US Army [1] found that over 100 definitions of the word terrorism have been used. ... There are eleven major multilateral international conventions related to states responsibilities for combating terrorism. ... Counter-terrorism refers to the practices, tactics, and strategies that governments, militaries, and other groups adopt in order to fight terrorism. ... A terrorist organisation is an organisation that engages in terrorist tactics, they are also (perhaps more neutrally) referred to as militant organisations. ... The following is a timeline of acts and failed attempts that can be considered terrorism. ... Nationalist terrorism is a form of terrorism through which participants attempt to form an independent state against what they consider an occupying, imperial, or otherwise illegitimate state. ... Religious terrorists use violence to further what they see as divinely commanded purposes. ... Left-wing terrorism may be defined as violence committed by groups or individuals on the political left in order to achieve a political goal through the creation of fear. ... Right-wing terrorism, is reactionary violence to what is seen as perceived threats to a groups value system. ... State terrorism is a controversial term that is separate from the more common term state sponsored terrorism. ... Ethnically-motivated terrorism (also Ethnic terrorism or racial terrorism) involves frequent attacks on foreign-born immigrants and ethnic minorities, motivated by racism and xenophobic hatred. ... Narcoterrorism is a term coined by former President Belaunde Terry of Peru in 1983 when describing terrorist-type attacks against his nations anti-narcotics police. ... Domestic terrorism is a phrase used to describe some acts of political violence within a state that are carried out or commissioned by forces inside or originating from that state, as opposed to external attacks. ... The heyday of anarchist terrorism was from the 1870s to the 1920s. ... Political terrorism is a form of terrorism (a tactic of violence that targets civilians) used to influence socio-political events so that gains occur that might not have otherwise happened by peaceful means. ... The term eco-terrorism is a neologism which has been used to describe threats and acts of violence (both against people and against property), sabotage, vandalism, property damage and intimidation committed in the name of environmentalism. ... Aircraft hijacking (also known as Skyjacking) is the take-over of an aircraft, by a person or group, usually armed. ... Jack Ruby murdered Lee Harvey Oswald, the alleged assassin of U.S. President John F. Kennedy, in a very public manner. ... A car bomb is a bomb that is placed in a car or truck and is intended to be exploded while there. ... A suicide bombing is a bomb attack on people or property, committed by a person who believes the explosion will cause his or her own death in addition to the attacks primary purpose (see suicide, suicide weapons). ... Bioterrorism is terrorism using germ warfare, an intentional human release of a naturally_occurring or human_modified toxin or biological agent. ... Nuclear terrorism can be used to describe any of the following terrorist assaults: Use of nuclear weapons against a civilian target Use of a radiological weapon or dirty bomb against a civilian target An attack against a nuclear power plant Some believe that no such act has ever taken place. ... Cyber-terrorism is terrorism that uses cracking over computer networks and Internet-based attacks in the service of terrorism. ... A terrorist front organization is created to conceal activities or provide logistical or financial support to the illegal activities. ... An independent terrorist actor works outside a command structure, unaccountable to the claimed collective cause of a group. ... The War on terrorism or War on terror (in US foreign policy circles, the global war on terrorism or GWOT ) was the term originally used by the United States government and its principal allies in its an ongoing campaign to destroy individuals and groups deemed to be terrorist and terrorist... Look up Misnomer in Wiktionary, the free dictionary This article is being considered for deletion in accordance with Wikipedias deletion policy. ...

On September 14, 2001, when the United States House of Representatives voted on a bill authorizing the president of the United States to use military force against those involved in the September 11, 2001, attack, there was only one dissenting vote. Much of the opposition came from the general public, longstanding pacifist groups as well as the anti-globalization (also called alternative globalization) movement. September 14 is the 257th day of the year (258th in leap years). ... Seal of the House of Representatives The United States House of Representatives is one of the two houses of the Congress of the United States, the other being the Senate. ... The World Trade Center on fire The September 11, 2001 attacks were a series of coordinated terrorist attacks against the United States on September 11, 2001. ... Rainbow peace flag. ... Anti-globalization (anti-globalisation) is a political stance of opposition to the perceived negative aspects of globalization. ...

Perpetual war

U.S. President George W. Bush articulated the goals of the "War on Terrorism" in a 20 September 2001 speech, in which he said it "will not end until every terrorist group of global reach has been found, stopped and defeated."² To critics, such goals create a state of perpetual war. They have argued that terrorism is itself only a tactic which can never be defeated.⁶ It is further disputed that the "War on Terrorism" qualifies as a war, instead being argued that there is no party whose defeat can bring victory. Wikiquote has a collection of quotations by or about: United States Wikinews has news related to this article: United States United States government CIA World Factbook Entry for United States House. ... George Walker Bush (born July 6, 1946) is the current President of the United States. ... September 20 is the 263rd day of the year (264th in leap years). ... 2001: A Space Odyssey. ... The neutrality of this section is disputed. ... Perpetual war is a war that has no clear ending conditions, and seems likely to flare up from time to time for the foreseeable future. ... An act of war - the atomic bombing of Nagasaki, Japan during World War II War is a state of widespread conflict between states, organisations, or relatively large groups of people, which is characterised by the use of violent, physical force between combatants or upon civilians. ...

The Bush administration has given various answers concerning what would constitute victory. In a news conference on September 20, 2001, Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld said, "I say that victory is persuading the American people and the rest of the world that this is not a quick matter that's going to be over in a month or a year or even five years. It is something that we need to do so that we can continue to live in a world with powerful weapons and with people who are willing to use those powerful weapons. And we can do that as a country. And that would be a victory, in my view". Donald Rumsfeld Donald Henry Rumsfeld (born July 9, 1932) has been the Secretary of Defense of the United States since January 20, 2001, under President George W. Bush. ...

Jacob Levenson wrote, "Three years after the United States attacked Afghanistan, it is extremely difficult for the press to gauge where the United States stands in the war on terror because the term itself obscures distinction".¹⁴

Pre-emptive war

The justification given for the invasion of Iraq (prior to its happening) was to prevent terrorist or other attacks by Iraq on the United States or other nations. This can be viewed as a conventional warfare realisation of the war on terror. Conventional warfare means a form of warfare conducted by using conventional military weapons and battlefield tactics between two or more nation-states in open confrontation. ...

A major criticism levelled at this is that it does not fulfill one of the requirements of a just war, and that in waging a war pre-emptively, the United States has undermined international law and the authority of the United Nations, particularly the United Nations Security Council. What is a just war? The just war is an international law doctrine that postulates that a war can be just only if it satisfies a set of moral or legal rules. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... The United Nations, or UN, is an international organization established in 1945 and now made up of 191 states. ... A session of the Security Council in progress The United Nations Security Council is the most powerful organ of the United Nations. ...

Another criticism that has been raised is that the United States has set a precedent, under the premises of which any nation could justify the invasion of other states.

Unilateralism

"You're either with us or against us in the fight against terror," a remark by U.S. President Bush in November 2001,¹⁵ has been a source of criticism. Thomas A. Keaney of Johns Hopkins University's Foreign Policy Institute said "it made diplomacy with a number of different countries far more difficult because obviously there are different problems throughout the world."¹⁶ 2001 is a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar, and also: The International Year of the Volunteer The United Nations Year of Dialogue Among Civilizations Events January January 1 - A black monolith measuring approximately nine feet tall appears in Seattles Magnuson Park, placed by an anonymous...

Civilian deaths

Civilian deaths caused by United States and Coalition military action have been criticized.

Estimates of civilian deaths vary greatly. Within Iraq, these estimates are between 3,853 to 100,000. The United States Department of Defense does not record the deaths of non-Coalition persons, a so-called "body count."⁸ Estimates prominently cited have come from IraqBodyCount.net, a database of deaths reported on the mass media; the Iraqi Ministry of Health; and the independent United States report "Mortality before and after the 2003 invasion of Iraq" in The Lancet. The United States Department of Defense, abbreviated as DoD or DOD and sometimes called the Defense Department, is a civilian Cabinet organization of the United States government. ... Body Count is a crossover heavy metal band, best known for being fronted by Ice-T and causing a furor with the release of Cop Killer from their debut album, Body Count. ... The Iraq Body Count project is an ongoing effort to record those civilian casualties (including journalists) of the 2003 Iraq war attributable to the invading armies. ... Mass media is the term used to denote, as a class, that section of the media specifically conceived and designed to reach a very large audience (typically at least as large as the whole population of a nation state). ... The Lancet is a British medical journal, published weekly by the Lancet Publishing Group. ...

Iraq Body Count has estimated civilian deaths reported by the mass media to be between 16,000 to 18,000, including deaths caused by insurgents and inadequate health care.¹¹ The report published in The Lancet, "Mortality before and after the 2003 invasion of Iraq", cited 100,000 (8,000 to 194,000 at a 95% confidence interval) civilian deaths as attributed to the invasion from a statistical survey.¹² This was rejected by United Kingdom Foreign Minister Jack Straw as inaccurate. He gave instead figures from the Iraqi Ministry of Health, which were 3,853 dead since the invasion to that time.¹³ Jack Straw The Right Honourable John Whitaker Jack Straw (born August 3, 1946) is a British Labour Party politician. ...

In any estimate, non-Coalition civilian deaths exceed those of the United States in the attacks of 11 September 2001 from which the "war on terrorism" began. This has been the subject of criticism such as "it appears that American life is held above all others."⁹ The Women of Color Resource Center opposed the "War on Terrorism," arguing that United States military tactics focus on minimizing U.S. casualties at the cost of civilian casualties as "collateral damage".¹⁰ September 11 is the 254th day of the year (255th in leap years). ... 2001: A Space Odyssey. ... Collateral damage is the unintended damage to civilians and non-military property during war, either accidental or as a side effect of actions that do not violate the laws of war. ...

United States General Tommy Franks, commander of the U.S. Central Command, gave an estimate of 30,000 deaths among Iraqi soldiers during the invasion.⁵ General Tommy R. Franks (USCENTCOM photo) Tommy Ray Franks, (born June 17, 1945) is a retired General in the United States Army, previously serving as the Commander-in-Chief of United States Central Command, overseeing United States Armed Forces operations in a 25-country region, including the Middle East. ... Emblem of the United States Central Command. ...

Aiding terrorism

British Liberal Democrat politician Shirley Williams writes that the American and United Kingdom governments "must stop to think whether it is sowing the kind of resentment which is the seedbed of future terrorism."¹⁸ The United Kingdom ambassador to Italy, Ivor Roberts, said that U.S. President Bush is "the best recruiting sergeant ever for al Qaeda."¹⁹ The United States granted "protected persons" status under the Geneva Convention to the Mojahedin-e-Khalq, an Iranian group classified by the U.S. Department of State as a terrorist organization, sparking criticism.¹⁷ The Liberal Democrats, often shortened to Lib Dems, are a social liberal political party based in the United Kingdom. ... The Baroness Williams of Crosby Shirley Williams, Baroness Williams of Crosby, PC (born July 27, 1930), is a British politician. ... For other uses, see Ambassador (disambiguation). ... Ivor Roberts could refer to one of several people: Ivor Roberts, the British actor and television presenter Ivor Roberts, the British ambassador to Italy This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... MKO Logo The Mojahedin-e-Khalq is also known as the Mujahedin-e-Khalq (MEK), the Mujahideen al-Khalq, the Mujahideen al-Khalq Organization (MKO), or The Peoples Mujahedin of Iran (PMOI). ... The United States Department of State, often referred to as the State Department, is the Cabinet-level foreign affairs agency of the United States government, equivalent to foreign ministries in other countries. ...

Methods

The leadership of the German Green Party, a party historically known for its pacifist principles, supported the "War on Terrorism" but condemned the use of cluster bombs. This support led to an internal division within the party and a confidence vote called by German Chancellor Gerhard Schröder, in which he retained the support of enough Greens to stay on. Bündnis 90/Die Grünen (literally: Alliance 90/The Greens), the German Green Party, is a political party in Germany whose regional predecessors were founded in the late 1970s as part of the new social movements. ... Pacifist may mean: an advocate of pacifism. ... Cluster bomb exploding A cluster bomb is an air-dropped bomb that ejects multiple small submunitions (bomblets). ... Gerhard Fritz Kurt SchrÃ¶der [] (born April 7, 1944), a German politician, has been serving as Chancellor of Germany since 1998. ...

Many people believe that the interrogation methods employed by the CIA violate international conventions against torture and that the detentions at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, as well as many in the United States based on the Patriot Act, are not in accord with international standards. The CIA Seal The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) is one of the American foreign intelligence agencies, responsible for obtaining and analyzing information about foreign governments, corporations, and individuals, and reporting such information to the various branches of the U.S. Government. ... The Iron Maiden of Nuremberg was a famous, but probably mythical, torture device Torture is the infliction of severe physical or psychological pain as an expression of cruelty, a means of intimidation, deterrent or punishment, or as a tool for the extraction of information or confessions. ... Map of Cuba with location of Guantanamo Bay indicated. ... This article needs cleanup. ...

Other people contend that war against terrorism is plainly wrong since terrorist attacks are to be considered criminal acts like murder and therefore should be prosecuted by the police and courts. The use of the military often aggravates wrongfulness by killing uninvolved people. for other uses please see Crime (disambiguation) A crime is an act that violates a political or moral law. ...

Another criticism is that the "War on Terrorism" is effectively an act of terrorism in itself. Critics point to incidents such as the Iraq prison abuse scandal, the alleged use of chemical weapons against residents of Fallujah [1] and the use of military force to disperse anti-American demonstrations in Iraq [2][3]. The neutrality of this section is disputed. ... ... Early detection of chemical agents Sociopolitical climate of chemical warfare While the study of chemicals and their military uses was widespread in China, the use of toxic materials has historically been viewed with mixed emotions and some disdain in the West (especially when the enemy were doing it). ... Fallujah (Arabic: Ø§Ù„ÙÙ„ÙˆØ¬Ø©; sometimes transliterated as Falluja and less commonly Fallouja, Falloujah, Faloojah, Faloojeh) is a city with a pre-war population of about 350,000 inhabitants in the Iraqi province of Al Anbar, located roughly 69km (43 miles) west of Baghdad on the Euphrates. ...

Pax Americana

One analysis is that the United States intends "to establish a new political framework within which [it] will exert hegemonic control" (World Socialist Web Site Editorial Board). Many people say the United States seeks to do this by controlling access to oil or oil pipelines. Hegemony is the dominance of one group over other groups, with or without the threat of force, to the extent that, for instance, the dominant party can dictate the terms of trade to its advantage; more broadly, cultural perspectives become skewed to favor the dominant group. ... Oil is a generic term for organic liquids that are not miscible with water. ...

This view is shared by a broad variety of ideological streams, including social democrats (e.g. Michael Meacher: "The global war on terrorism has the hallmarks of a political myth propagated to pave the way for a wholly different agenda -- the U.S. goal of world hegemony, built around securing by force command over the oil supplies required to drive the whole project"); anarchists (e.g. Noam Chomsky); Greens (e.g. George Monbiot); and Marxists. In addition, many people on this side of the political spectrum opine that the war is being fought to benefit domestic political allies of the Bush administration, especially arms manufacturers. (See Military-industrial complex.) The Right Honourable Michael Hugh Meacher (born November 4, 1939) is a British politician, member of Parliament for Oldham. ... Avram Noam Chomsky (born December 7, 1928) is Institute Professor Emeritus of linguistics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. ... George Monbiot. ... The term military-industrial complex usually refers to the combination of the U.S. armed forces, arms industry and associated political and commercial interests, which grew rapidly in scale and influence in the wake of World War II, although it can also be used to describe any such relationship of...

Proponents of the hegemony hypothesis point out that achieving such a situation is the stated aim of the Project for the New American Century, a conservative think tank that includes many prominent members of the Republican Party and Bush administration among its present and former members. The Project for the New American Century, or PNAC, is a Washington, DC based think tank. ...

Domestic civil liberties

It is alleged that civil liberties in coalition countries have suffered or will suffer. Coalition of the willing is a phrase which has been used since the 1980s to refer to groups of nations acting collectively and often militarily outside of the jurisdiction of the United Nations mandates and administration. ...

Within the United States, critics argue that the Bush Administration and lower governments have restricted civil liberties and created a "culture of fear". Bush introduced the USA PATRIOT Act legislation to the United States Congress shortly after the 11 September 2001 attacks, which significantly expanded U.S. law enforcement's power. It has been criticized as being too broad and having been abused for purposes unrelated to counter-terrorism. Bush had also proposed Total Information Awareness, a federal program to collect and process massive amounts of data to identify behaviors consistent with terrorist threats. It was heavily criticized as being an "Orwellian" case of mass surveillance. George Walker Bush (born July 6, 1946) is the current President of the United States. ... Culture of fear is the term used by some sociologists, anthropologists, media critics and intellectuals in general to refer to a culture in which the feelings of fear and anxiety are carefully and repeatedly created and fed by the mass media and other sources - through the manipulation of words, facts... President Bush signs USA PATRIOT Act, October 26, 2001 The USA PATRIOT Act (Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act of 2001)1 (U.S. H.R. 3162, S. 1510, Public Law 107-56) is an act of federal legislation in the... The Congress of the United States is the legislative branch of the federal government of the United States of America. ... September 11 is the 254th day of the year (255th in leap years). ... 2001: A Space Odyssey. ... For the band, see The Police. ... The Information Awareness Office is a mass surveillance development branch of the United States Department of Defenses Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency. ... Orwellian describes a situation, idea, or condition that George Orwell identified as being inimical to the welfare of a free-society. ... Mass surveillance is the surveillance of all or a substantial fraction of the entire population. ...

Many opponents focus on the domestic aspects, complaining that the government is systematically removing civil liberties from the population or engaging in racial profiling. They also allege that this approach contributes to whipping up public hostility to dissenting voices by encouraging the accusation of them as being unpatriotic or even treasonous for simply disagreeing with the administration. Racial profiling is the use of race as one consideration in suspect profiling or other law enforcement practices. ...

Controversy arose within the United States over remarks made by the producer of a television documentary titled Hitler: The Rise of Evil. Ed Gernon told the New York Post in April 2003 that a perceived mood of fear in the United States resembled, in his opinion, that of Germany before the rise of Adolf Hitler. Gernon was fired by CBS network as a result. ¹ In the entertainment industry, a producer is generally in charge of, or helps to coordinate, the financial, legal, administrative, technological, and artistic aspects of a production. ... 2003 : January - February - March - April - May - June - July - August - September - October - November - December - → A timeline of events in the news for April 2003. ... Adolf Hitler (April 20, 1889â€“April 30, 1945) was the Chancellor of Germany from 1933, and FÃ¼hrer und Reichskanzler (Leader and chancellor) of Germany from 1934, to his death. ... CBS (Columbia Broadcasting System) is a major radio and television network in the United States. ...

There have been various films made stating political views. Documentary filmmaker Michael Moore directed a film critical of the "war on terror" and George W. Bush, Fahrenheit 9/11 . It was released in June 2004, during the U.S. presidential election. This was countered with Fahrenhype 9/11. Michael Moore with his Oscar award after Bowling for Columbine won the 2003 Academy Award for Documentary Feature. ... Fahrenheit 9/11 is a high-grossing, award-winning documentary film by American filmmaker Michael Moore, which had a general release in the United States and Canada on June 25, 2004. ... 2004 : January - February - March - April - May - June - July - August - September - October - November - December See also: June 2004 in sports Deaths in June â€¢ 28 Anthony Buckeridge â€¢ 26 Naomi Shemer â€¢ 26 Yash Johar â€¢ 22 Bob Bemer â€¢ 22 Thomas Gold â€¢ 22 Francisco Ortiz Franco â€¢ 16 Thanom Kittikachorn â€¢ 10 Ray Charles â€¢ 5 Ronald Reagan... Presidential electoral votes by state. ... Poster of Fahrenhype 9/11 FahrenHYPE 9/11 is a straight-to-DVD movie which examines and challenges Michael Moores documentary, Fahrenheit 9/11. ...

The controversy has, to a certain degree, died since the election, since the Republicans will hold their majority seating in Congress (unless any standing politicians change their political affiliations) until the next election.

Crusade

Some view the "War on Terrorism" as a conflict pitting Christians against Muslims; i.e., as a crusade. Christianity is a monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth as presented in the New Testament writings of his early followers. ... Islam listen? (Arabic: al-islÄm) the submission to God is a monotheistic faith, one of the Abrahamic religions, and the worlds second largest religion. ... This article is about the medieval Crusades . ...

Lieutenant-General William G. Boykin is the Deputy Undersecretary of Defense for Intelligence. ... This article is about the medieval Crusades . ... Alexander Claud Cockburn (pronounced coburn) (born June 6, 1941) is a progressive Irish journalist who has lived and worked in the United States since 1973. ... Tenth Crusade is a term sometimes used by those opposed to the US-led occupations of Afghanistan and Iraq that followed the September 11, 2001 attacks on the United States of America. ...

Misleading information

Some critics argue that some politicians supporting the "war on terror" are motivated by reasons other than those they publicly state, and critics accuse those politicians of cynically misleading the public to achieve their own ends.

For instance, in the months leading up to the invasion of Iraq, President Bush and members of his administration suggested that links existed between Saddam Hussein and al-Qaida. Polls suggest that a majority of Americans believe that Saddam Hussein was complicit in the attacks of September 11, 2001. However, evidence for such links has so far been absent, and a thorough investigation by the 9/11 Commission found no credible evidence that Saddam Hussein helped al-Qaida with the attacks. The September 11, 2001 attacks were a series of coordinated attacks carried out in the United States on Tuesday, September 11, 2001. ... The National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States, also known as the 9/11 Commission, was set up in late 2002 to prepare a full and complete account of the circumstances surrounding the September 11, 2001 attacks including preparedness for and the immediate response to the attacks. ...

Regardless of whether or not the Bush administration was deliberately misleading the people, wrong information was distributed. Perhaps the most infamous example is the now totally debunked theory that Saddam had weapons of mass destruction. Weapons of mass destruction (WMD) generally include nuclear, biological, chemical and, increasingly, radiological weapons. ...

Amnesty International Secretary General Irene Khan criticized the use of pro-humanitarian arguments by Coalition countries prior to its 2003 invasion of Iraq, writing in an open letter: "This selective attention to human rights is nothing but a cold and calculated manipulation of the work of human rights activists. Let us not forget that these same governments turned a blind eye to Amnesty International’s reports of widespread human rights violations in Iraq before the Gulf War."⁷ Amnesty International (commonly known as Amnesty or AI) is an international non-governmental organization with the stated purpose of promoting all the human rights enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and other international standards. ... Irene Zubaida Khan (born 1949 in Dhaka, Bangladesh) is the seventh and current Secretary-General of human rights organisation Amnesty International. ... Coalition of the willing is a phrase which has been used since the 1980s to refer to groups of nations acting collectively and often militarily outside of the jurisdiction of the United Nations mandates and administration. ... 2003 is a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... This article contains information that has not been verified. ... C Company, 1st Battalion, The Staffordshire Regiment, 1st UK Armoured Division The 1991 Gulf War was a conflict between Iraq and a coalition force of 34 nations mandated by the United Nations and led by the United States. ...

Nuclear proliferation

Oxford Research Group has predicted that the actions of the United States in the "war on terrorism" may lead to an increase in nuclear proliferation in terrorist groups arising from instability.³ It is also argued, by Ian Williams, that the status of the United Status as an unmatched conventional military power will result in widespread nuclear proliferation among states which feel threatened by the U.S.⁴. The rationale for this development is, that until now, it never has happened that a nuclear-armed country was invaded by military means. Nuclear proliferation is the spread from nation to nation of nuclear technology, including nuclear power plants but especially nuclear weapons. ... A conventional weapon is a weapon that does not incorporate chemical, biological or nuclear payloads. ...

Pejorative terms

Critics have replaced "war on terrorism" or related phrases with pejorative terms:

An ad hominem argument, also known as argumentum ad hominem (Latin, literally argument to the man), is a logical fallacy that involves replying to an argument or assertion by addressing the person presenting the argument or assertion rather than the argument itself. ... The term Pax Americana (Latin: American Peace) denotes the period of relative peace in the Western world since the end of World War II in 1945, coinciding with the dominant military and economic position of the United States. ... Founded by Dick Cheney and Donald Rumsfeld, the Project for the New American Century, or PNAC, is a Washington, DC based think tank. ... Sexual slang is any slang term which makes reference to sex, the sexual organs, or matters closely related to them. ...

Contents

Perpetual war

Pre-emptive war

Unilateralism

Civilian deaths

Aiding terrorism

Methods

Pax Americana

Domestic civil liberties

Crusade

Misleading information

Nuclear proliferation

Pejorative terms

See also

Notes

References

Further reading

Contents

Perpetual war GA_googleFillSlot("encyclopedia_square");

Pre-emptive war

Unilateralism

Civilian deaths

Aiding terrorism

Methods

Pax Americana

Domestic civil liberties

Crusade

Misleading information

Nuclear proliferation

Pejorative terms

See also

Notes

References

Further reading

Perpetual war