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History Byzantine Empire Crusades Ecumenical council Baptism of Kiev Great Schism By region Eastern Orthodox history Ukraine Christian history Eastern Christianity refers collectively to the Christian traditions and churches which developed in Greece, Russia, Armenia, the Balkans, Eastern Europe, Asia Minor, the Middle East, northeastern Africa and southern India over several centuries of religious antiquity. ... Image File history File links HY002563. ... It has been suggested that Eastern Roman Empire be merged into this article or section. ... The Siege of Antioch, from a medieval miniature painting, during the First Crusade. ... In Christianity, an Ecumenical Council or general council is a meeting of the bishops of the whole church convened to discuss and settle matters of Church doctrine and practice. ... The ruins of Korsun: the place where the Russian and Ukrainian church was born. ... For the later Papal Schism in Avignon, see Western Schism. ... Orthodox Christian culture reached its golden age during the high point of Byzantine Empire and continued to flourish in Russia, after the fall of Constantinople. ... This article should include material from Ukrainian Orthodox Church - Kiev Patriarchy, Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church, Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church, and Patriarch Filaret (Mykhailo Denysenko). ...

Traditions Assyrian Church of the East Oriental Orthodoxy Syriac Christianity Eastern Orthodox Church Eastern Catholic Churches The Holy Apostolic Catholic Assyrian Church of the East (Syriac: ܥܕܬܐ ܩܕܝܫܬܐ ܘܫܠܝܚܝܬܐ ܩܬܘܠܝܩܝ ܕܡܕܢܚܐ ܕܐܬܘܪ̈ܝܐ) under His Holiness Mar Dinkha IV is a Christian church that traces its origins to the See of Seleucia-Ctesiphon, said to be founded by Saint Thomas the Apostle as well as Saint Mari and Addai as evidenced in the... The term Oriental Orthodoxy refers to the communion of Eastern Christian Churches that recognize only the first three ecumenical councils — the First Council of Nicaea, the First Council of Constantinople and the Council of Ephesus — and reject the dogmatic definitions of the Council of Chalcedon. ... Syriac Christianity is a culturally and linguistically distinctive community within Eastern Christianity. ... The Eastern Orthodox Church is a Christian body that views itself as: the historical continuation of the original Christian community established by Jesus Christ and the Twelve Apostles, having maintained unbroken the link between its clergy and the Apostles by means of Apostolic Succession. ... The Eastern Catholic Churches are autonomous particular Churches in full communion with the Pope of Rome. ...

Liturgy and Worship Sign of the cross Divine Liturgy Iconography Asceticism The Sign of the Cross is a ceremonial hand motion made by the vast majority of the worlds Christians. ... The Divine Liturgy is the common term for the Eucharistic service of the Byzantine tradition of Christian liturgy. ... Look up Iconography in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Ascetic redirects here. ...

Theology Hesychasm - Icon Apophaticism - Filioque clause Miaphysitism - Monophysitism Nestorianism - Theosis - Theoria Phronema - Philokalia Praxis - Theotokos Hypostasis - Ousia Essence-Energies distinction Hesychasm (Greek ησυχασμός, from ησυχία, stillness, rest, quiet) is an eremitic tradition of prayer in Eastern Orthodox Christianity practised (Gk: ησυχάζω: keep stillness) by the Hesychast (Gr. ... Look up icon in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Negative theology - also known as the Via Negativa (Latin for Negative Way) and Apophatic theology - is a theology that attempts to describe God by negation, to speak of God only in terms of what may not be said about God. ... In Christian theology the filioque clause or filioque controversy (filioque meaning and [from] the son in Latin) is a heavily disputed addition to the Nicene Creed, that forms a divisive difference in particular between the Catholic and Eastern Orthodox traditions. ... Miaphysitism is the christology of the Oriental Orthodox Churches. ... Monophysitism (from the Greek monos meaning one, alone and physis meaning nature) is the christological position that Christ has only one nature, as opposed to the Chalcedonian position which holds that Christ has two natures, one divine and one human. ... Nestorianism is the doctrine that Jesus exists as two persons, the man Jesus and the divine Son of God, or Logos, rather than as a unified person. ... Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations Ecumenism · Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art · Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul · Church Fathers Constantine · Athanasius · Augustine Anselm · Aquinas · Palamas · Wycliffe Tyndale · Luther · Calvin · Wesley Arius · Marcion of Sinope Pope · Archbishop of Canterbury Patriarch of Constantinople Christianity Portal This box:      In Eastern Orthodox and... Theoria is contemplation or perception of beauty, esp. ... Phronema is a Greek term that is used in Eastern Orthodox theology to refer to mindset or outlook; it is the Orthodox mind. ... The Philokalia (Gk. ... Praxis is the customary use of knowledge or skills, distinct from theoretical knowledge. ... Theotokos of Kazan Theotokos (Greek: , translit. ... In Christianity, the Greek word hypostasis [1] is usually translated into Latin as natura and then into English as nature, although the specific Greek word for nature and substance is physis. ... This article or section contains information that has not been verified and thus might not be reliable. ... The Energies of God are a central principle of theology in the Eastern Orthodox Church, understood by the orthodox Fathers of the Church, and most famously formulated by Gregory Palamas, against charges of heresy brought by Barlaam of Calabria. ... This box: view • talk • edit

Croatian Orthodox Church was a church in Croatia created during World War II by the Ustasha regime in the Independent State of Croatia. It was meant to be a church into which as many Serbs as possible were forced to convert. This church was not recognized by any Orthodox Church. It served as a front for the Ustasha's in their genocide against Serbs and was canonically unacceptable. This church did not have support from Serbs living in territory controlled by the NDH. The church was formed in 1942 and dissolved in 1945. Its leader was Germogen, the Metropolitan of Zagreb and a defrocked Russian Orthodox priest. This church was meant to have the same aims as the other Uniate churches in Eastern Europe. The church claimed to be the national church of “Croats of Orthodox faith” and was meant to be an incentive for them to declare them selves Croat by allowing them to retain the Eastern Orthodox faith, since other attempts to convert Serbs to Croatdom failed. Shortcut: WP:-( Vandalism is indisputable bad-faith addition, deletion, or change to content, made in a deliberate attempt to compromise the integrity of the encyclopedia. ... Shortcut: WP:-( Vandalism is indisputable bad-faith addition, deletion, or change to content, made in a deliberate attempt to compromise the integrity of the encyclopedia. ... Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tōjō Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000... The Ustaše (often spelled Ustashe in English; singular Ustaša or Ustasha) was a Croatian right-wing organisation put in charge of the Independent State of Croatia by the Axis Powers in 1941. ... Capital Zagreb Language(s) Croatian Religion Roman Catholicism Government Monarchy King  - 1941-1943 Tomislav II1 Poglavnik  - 1941-1945 Ante Pavelić Legislature Hrvatski državni Sabor NDH (briefly in 1942) Historical era World War II  - Invasion of Yugoslavia April 6, 1941  - Established April 10, 1941  - Roma Contract May 19, 1941  - Italy... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Eastern Christianity. ... The Independent State of Croatia (Nezavisna Država Hrvatska, NDH) was a Nazi/Fascist puppet state in World War II. It was set up in April 1941 on parts of the territory of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia after its occupation. ... The term Eastern Rites may refer to the liturgical rites used by many ancient Christian Churches of Eastern Europe and the Middle East that, while being part of the Roman Catholic Church, are distinct from the Latin Rite or Western Church. ... Languages Serbian Religions Predominantly Serbian Orthodox Christian Related ethnic groups Other Slavic peoples, especially South Slavs See Cognate peoples below Serbs (Serbian: Срби or Srbi) are a South Slavic people who live mainly in Serbia, Montenegro, Bosnia-Herzegovina, and, to a lesser extent, in Croatia. ...

Second World War

The leaders of the Ustasha (Ante Pavelic in particular) said that one third of the Serbs (in the NDH) should be expelled, another third killed, and the final third converted. To do this incentives were given to those who would convert to Croatdom (joining the Catholic Church and declaring themselves to be Croatian) which included given them free land and lower taxes. Since this did not draw many conversions a Croat Orthodox Church was created that was to be considered one of the three faiths Croats could be part of (the others being Catholicism and Islam). To try to get conversions to this church similar incentives were given, but also those who were Orthodox were forced to wear white armbands (similar to Jews being forced to where Yellow armbands in some countries) but those who were part of the Croat Orthodox Church wouldn’t have to. The conversions to the Croat Orthodox Church were few. A big reason for the creation of this Church was to make small concessions that some in the Ustasha leadership felt would decrease the will to rebel in Serbs because it would cause them to believe that they were regaining their rights by not rebelling. The title given to this article lacks diacritics because of certain technical limitations. ... Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations Ecumenism · Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art · Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul · Church Fathers Constantine · Athanasius · Augustine Anselm · Aquinas · Palamas · Wycliffe Tyndale · Luther · Calvin · Wesley Arius · Marcion of Sinope Pope · Archbishop of Canterbury Patriarch of Constantinople Christianity Portal This box:      The Roman Catholic Church...

The defrocked Russian Orthodox priest Germogen formed the church. He was defrocked for his pro-Catholic sympathies and his beliefs that the Orthodox Churches should become like the Uniate churches. Due to his views some say that he was scouted out to form the church by Cardinal Stepinac. Bishop of Boston and vicar of North America Mirofan (Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia) was a disciple of Germogen. Most of the priests were Serb priests who had to do this to survive, defrocked Orthodox priests, émigré priests from Russia, and some were Uniate and Catholic priests. The Russian Orthodox Church (Русская Православная церковь) is that body of Christians who are united under the Patriarch of Moscow, who in turn is in communion with... The Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia (Russian: , ), also called the Russian Orthodox Church Abroad, ROCA, or ROCOR) is a semi-autonomous part of the Russian Orthodox Church. ...

The church did not function as a regular church and was meant to be a purely political organization of the Ustasha in order to achieve the goal they had. The Church was meant to be temporary since a goal of the Ustasha regime was establishment of a theocratic catholic state that was purely catholic with in 10 years of the states founding. The church was formed by a government statute (No. XC-800-Z-1942) on April 4, 1942. On June 5 using the statue issued by the government, the churches constitution was passed. On June 7 Germogen became the 1st and only Orthodox Metropolitan of Zagreb. The church would last until the NDH collapsed, as the Partisans started to take over. April 4 is the 94th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (95th in leap years). ... 1942 (MCMXLII) was a common year starting on Thursday (the link is to a full 1942 calendar). ... June 5 is the 156th day of the year (157th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... June 7 is the 158th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (159th in leap years), with 207 days remaining. ... The Independent State of Croatia (Nezavisna Država Hrvatska, NDH) was a Nazi/Fascist puppet state in World War II. It was set up in April 1941 on parts of the territory of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia after its occupation. ...

One other possible reason for being formed was as a sign of repect to the founders of the “Party of Rights” (now known as Croatian Party of Rights) from which the Ustasha movement developed. The Ustasha’s evolved from this parties extremist wing after in 1929 the King of Yugoslavia banned all political parties. The two main founders of the Party of Rights (Ante Starčević and Eugen Kvaternik) were not xenophobic towards the Orthodox, although they were to a large degree anti-Serb. Ante Starcevic had a mother who was Orthodox and Kvaternik had promoted in the early days of the party the creation of a Orthodox Patriarch in Croatia. The Croatian Party of Rights (Croatian Hrvatska Stranka Prava, HSP) is a right-wing political party in Croatia, the oldest in the country. ... A political party is a political organization subscribing to a certain ideology or formed around very special issues. ... Ante Starčević (born 1823 in Žitnik- died 1896 in Zagreb) was a Croatian politician in the times of the Kingdom of Hungary. ... Eugen Kvaternik (1825-1871) was a Croatian politician. ... For other senses, see Patriarch (disambiguation). ...

Before the Croatian Orthodox Church was formed by the Ustasha, the NDH would refer to the Orthodox Church as the “Schismatic Church”, “Greek-Eastern Church” and “Greek non-Uniate Church”. The Ustasha wanted to make the church seem legitimate they asked for recognition from the Ecumenical Patriarch in Istanbul, but this was almost immediately rejected. The Ustasha had been planning to establish a monastery on Mount Athos to add to their legitimacy had the Ecumenical Patriarch recognized them as being a recognized Orthodox church. The official name the NDH government called the Eastern Orthodox Church prior to the creation of the Croatian Orthodox Church was “Greek Eastern Faith”. These names were given prior to the name Croatian Orthodox Church, because it was meant to show that the Orthodox Church in Croatia would not be controlled or dominated by Serbs. The Patriarch of Constantinople is the Ecumenical Patriarch, the first among equals in the Eastern Orthodox Communion. ... Eastern Orthodoxy (also called Greek Orthodoxy and Russian Orthodoxy) is a Christian tradition which represents the majority of Eastern Christianity. ...

1990s

In the early 1990s during the violence in the Yugoslav wars there was some support by a minority of Croatian nationalist for the recreation of the church. Two of the most prominent supporters of this was the Dean of Theology College in Zagreb, Dr. Adalbert Rebic and the Dean of the Catholic Faculty of Theology in Zagreb, Juraj Kolaric. Rebic claimed that the war in Bosnia was not a religious war, except for Serbian Orthodox Church which he claimed was naturally aggressive to other religions and that all wars in the former Yugoslavia were its fault. Using this he claimed that the Serbian Orthodox Church should not be allowed to be present in Croatia, and that a Croatian Orthodox Church should be created for those in Croatia whow ere of Orthodox faith. Image File history File links Unbalanced_scales. ... This does not cite its references or sources. ... Zagreb (pronounced ) is the capital and the largest city of Croatia. ... Motto none Anthem Intermeco Bosnia and Herzegovina() on the European continent()  —  [] Capital (and largest city) Sarajevo Official languages Bosnian Croatian Serbian Government Parliamentary democracy  -  Presidency members NebojÅ¡a Radmanović1 Haris Silajdžić2 Željko KomÅ¡ić3  -  Chairman of the Council of Ministers Nikola Å pirić  -  High Representative 4 Independence... Flag of the Serbian Orthodox Church The MONTENEGRO Orthodox Church (crnogorski: Crnogorska Православна Црква / Crnogorska Pravoslavna Crkva; СПЦ / SPC) or the Church of Montenegro is one of the autocephalous Orthodox Christian churches, ranking sixth after Constantinople, Alexandria, Antioch, Jerusalem, and Russia. ...

Juraj Kolaric was reported by the Tanjug news agency as stating that the "Orthodox Church in Croatia should be organized along the Macedonian principle, with its patriarch and break away as far as territory was concerned, from Serbia”. Kolaric had several times tried to start an initiative to start such a church and that it should be started by the "Croat Orthodox believers and possible Croatian Orthodox clergy, because then all the conditions for an autocephalous church would be met." He claimed that if a church was formed it would eventually by recognized by the Patriarch in Constantinople because the Serb Orthodox Church would never be present in Croatia again. Kolaric claimed that his statements were not influenced by the catholic church. The initiatives of Kolaric for the creation of such a church was protested by the Serbian Orthodox Church several times. Also some members of the Catholic Church in Croatia (such as the archpriest in Zagreb) also protested such an action.

In the 1990s it was reported that Croatian president after Operation Storm was planning to create a Croatian Orthodox Church, because the Serb population had largely left and most churches, monasteries and religious structures in Croatia that were associated with the Orthodox Church lay idle. There is little evidence to support this, since Croatian leadership would have likely known that such an action would be negative on the image of Croatia abroad. The little evidence in support of this, is when HRT (Croatian Radio Television) aired several segments on TV in which they mentioned monasteries in Croatia as belonging to the Croatian Orthodox Church and Dr. Adalbert Rebic appearing on a show in which he called for the creation of such a church. HRT is an abbreviation that can stand for: The Hartwell Railroad Company (AAR reporting mark HRT) High rising terminal, a feature of speech Hormone replacement therapy Hormone replacement therapy (trans) for transgender people The Hostage Rescue Team of the US Federal Bureau of Investigations Hrvatska Radiotelevizija, the Croatian public broadcasting... Croatian Radiotelevision or Hrvatska radiotelevizija (HRT) is the Croatian public broadcasting company. ... Buddhist monastery near Tibet A monastery is the habitation of monks. ...

Many believe the reason was that the church was not created in the 1990s is that it had little support, the Ecumenical Patriarch would never recognize, protests by Serbs and the Serb Orthodox Church, after Operation Storm the Croatian authorities would not allow it since mistreatment of Serbs would cause problems with the international community. As well there are few who are Orthodox in Croatia that are not Serbs, and it is unlikely the Serbs would join such a church if it were created. Combatants Croatia (HV) Bosnia and Herzegovina (ABiH) Republic of Serbian Krajina (VSK) Republika Srpska (VRS) Commanders Zvonimir Červenko (HV) Atif Dudakovic (ABiH) Mile Mrkšić (VSK) Strength 150,000 soldiers, 350 tanks, 400 artillery pieces, 50 rocket launchers, 50 aircraft and helicopters 40,000 soldiers, 150 tanks, 350 artillery pieces...

Some who support the creation of a Croatian Orthodox Church often stated that Orthodox churches were national churches of states and since Croatia was an independent state the Orthodox Church in Croatia should be a national church for Croatia. This however was a fallacy since although largely appear to be nation based, they are supposed to be open to all religions. And as well many opposed to the idea would mention how the Roman Catholic Church was the predominant religion, yet it also was not a national church and was based in the Vatican, yet many who wanted the creation of a Croatian Orthodox Church were opposed to a national Catholic Church. The term national church is usually a reference to a church organization in Christianity that claims pastoral jurisdiction over a nation. ... The name Catholic Church can mean a visible organization that refers to itself as Catholic, or the invisible Christian Church, viz. ...

Some who claim that Montenegro is Red Croatia and should be made part of Croatia, support the creation of a non-extremist Croatian Orthodox Church. A notable example of this was the Ustasha Savic Markovic Stedimlija, who claimed that the people of Montenegro were descendants of the citizens of Dioclatea and were Red Croats. He claimed that Montenegro, which means Black Mountain, received its name from Serb occupiers of the state and that despite this Serbian occupation the Montenegrin Orthodox Church was never part of the Serbian Orthodox Church. He uses this claim to say that the church of the Montenegrin people is the Croatian Orthodox Church. Some Croats living in Montenegro support the idea of Red Croatia, and support the Montenegrin Orthodox Church to achieve their goals. Some Serbs see the Montenegrin Orthodox Church as being the present day incarnation of the Croatian Orthodox Church. Anthem Oj, svijetla majska zoro Oh, Bright Dawn of May Montenegro() on the European continent()  —  [] Capital (and largest city) Podgorica Official languages Serbian (Ijekavian dialect)1 Government Republic  -  President Filip Vujanović  -  Prime Minister Željko Å turanović Independence due to the dissolution of Serbia and Montenegro   -  Declared June 3, 2006   -  Recognized June... The Montenegrin Orthodox Church (MOC) (Serbian/Montenegrin: Crnogorska pravoslavna crkva, CPC) is an uncannonical church that registered as a non-governmental organization at the Montenegrin Ministry of the Interior in 1997. ...

External links

• http://www.njegos.org/past/stedimlija.htm
• http://www.hri.org/news/agencies/serb/1996/96-04-04.serb.html#06
• http://www.croatianstudies.org/index.php?action=page&id=67
• http://www.scc.rutgers.edu/serbian_digest/77/t77-3.htm