Cryocoolers are refrigerators used to reach cryogenic temperatures. Cryogenics is the study of very low temperatures or the production of the same, and is often confused with cryobiology, the study of the effect of low temperatures on organisms, or the study of cryopreservation. ...
The Stirling engine, also known as the hot air engine, is a heat engine of the external combustion piston engine type. ... A dilution refrigerator is a cryogenic device first proposed by Heinz London. ...
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US727650 (http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=/netahtml/srchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=727650.WKU.&OS=PN/727650&RS=PN/727650) -- May 12, 1903 -- Linde oxygen process -- Carl von Linde
US728173 (http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=/netahtml/srchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=728173.WKU.&OS=PN/728173&RS=PN/728173) -- May 12, 1903 -- Equiptment for Linde oxygen process -- Carl von Linde
US795525 (http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=/netahtml/srchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=795525.WKU.&OS=PN/795525&RS=PN/795525) -- July 25, 1905 -- Equiptment for Linde oxygen and nitrogen process -- Carl von Linde
Due to the lack of outgassing data as a function of temperature, a linear function was adopted, assuming desorption of gases from a monolayer.
Care must be taken in applying values in Table 1 for Equation 2, for the contamination level inside a cooler is a function of the amount of gas in the cooler.
"Cryocooler Contamination Study: Temperature Dependence of Outgassing", to be published in the proc.
The cooling stations of the cryocooler can be used to remove heat from the leads but the leads have to be electrically isolated from the cryocooler and one another while still having a sufficiently high thermal conductivity so that heat transferred down the leads can be intercepted before it reaches the magnet.
A flange 67 on cryocooler 71 is secured to the second flange 63 with the cold end of the cryocooler including the two cooling stages 73 and 75 extending into the inner sleeve 15.
Heat transfer between the second stage cryocooler heat station and the shield 23 directly surrounding the winding form having magnet windings 101 is accomplished by copper cylinder 21a being directly bolted to the copper shield 23.
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