A cryoseism, also known as a frost quake^[1][2] or ice quake, is a non-tectonic seismic event caused by a sudden freezing action in soil or rock materials saturated with water or ice.^[3] As water seeps down into the rock, it freezes and expands, putting stress on surrounding rock. This builds up until it is relieved explosively in a cryoseism.^[4] Bridge across the Álfagjá rift valley in southwest Iceland, the boundary of the Eurasian and North American continental tectonic plates. ... Seismology (from the Greek seismos = earthquake and logos = word) is the scientific study of earthquakes and the movement of waves through the Earth. ... In physics and chemistry, freezing is the process of cooling a liquid to the temperature (called freezing point) where it turns solid. ... Loess field in Germany Soil horizons are formed by combined biological, chemical and physical alterations. ... The rocky side of a mountain creek near Orosí, Costa Rica. ... In chemistry, saturation has four different meanings: In physical chemistry, saturation is the point at which a solution of a substance can dissolve no more of that substance and additional amounts of that substance will appear as a precipitate. ... Water is a tasteless, odorless substance that is essential to all known forms of life and is known as the universal solvent. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Figure 1  Stress tensor A mature tree trunk may support a greater force than a fine steel wire but intuitively we feel that steel is stronger than wood. ... Gasoline explosions, simulating bomb drops at an airshow. ...

Effects

Cryoseisms are often mistaken for minor or intraplate earthquakes.^[3][5] Although the outward signs of a cryoseism often appear similar to those of an earthquake, with tremors, vibrations, ground cracking and related noises^[2] such as thundering or booming sounds,^[4] cryoseisms can be distinguished from earthquakes through meteorological and geological conditions.^[3] Cryoseisms can have an intensity of up to VI on the Modified Mercalli Scale.^[3] Furthermore, cryoseisms often exhibit high intensity in a very localized area,^[2] in the immediate proximity of the epicenter,^[5] as compared to the widespread effects of an earthquake.^[3] As a result, some seismic monitoring stations may not record a cryoseism.^[5] Although cryoseisms release drastically less energy than tectonic events, and their seismic waves do not travel as far, it should be noted that cryoseisms can still cause damage or significant effects at the site.^[2] Some reports have indicated the presence of "distant flashing lights" before or during a cryoseism, possibly due to the electrical changes when the rocks are compressed.^[4] Cracks and fissures can also appear, as the ground may contract and split apart from the cold.^[2][5] These cracks can range from several centimetres to several kilometres long, and are usually superficial, with a single linear fracture or multiple ones as well as small vertical and moderate lateral displacement.^[3] Although the theory of plate tectonics well describes the mechanisms for interplate earthquakes (earthquakes at plate boundaries), there is the fact that very large intraplate earthquakes (earthquake within plates) can inflict heavy damage on towns and cities. ... An earthquake is a phenomenon that results from and is powered by the sudden release of stored energy in the crust that radiates seismic waves. ... For other uses, see Tremor (disambiguation). ... Satellite image of Hurricane Hugo with a polar low visible at the top of the image. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... The Mercalli intensity scale is one of many scales used to classify the intensity of an earthquake by examining its effects on the Earths surface, humans, objects of nature, and man-made structures. ... The epicenter is directly above the earthquakes focus. ... p-wave and s-wave from seismograph A seismic wave is a wave that travels through the Earth, often as the result of an earthquake or explosion. ... Lightning strikes during a night-time thunderstorm. ... Fissure (Latin fissura, Plural fissurae) is a groove, natural division, deep furrow, or cleft found in the brain, spinal cord, and liver; or a tear in the anus. ... In Newtonian mechanics, displacement is one of two subtly different quantities measuring distance and direction. ...

Occurences

US States with reported cryoseisms.

Geocryological processes have been reported to cause tremors as early as 1818.^[3] In the United States, such events have been reported in the states of Connecticut,^[2] Maine,^[2] Massachusetts,^[2] Michigan,^[6] upstate New York,^[2] Vermont^[5][2] and Wisconsin,^[1] all in the Northern and Northeastern United States.^[4] Cryoseisms have also surfaced in Ontario, Canada.^[7] Also, some glacier related phenomena have been reported in Greenland.^[8] 1818 (MDCCCXVIII) is a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar or a common year starting on Saturday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Official language(s) None (English de facto) Capital Augusta Largest city Portland Area  Ranked 39th  - Total 33,414 sq mi (86,542 km²)  - Width 210 miles (338 km)  - Length 320 miles (515 km)  - % water 13. ... Official language(s) English Capital Boston Largest city Boston Area  Ranked 44th  - Total 10,555 sq mi (27,360 km²)  - Width 183 miles (295 km)  - Length 113 miles (182 km)  - % water 13. ... Official language(s) None (English, de-facto) Capital Lansing Largest city Detroit Area  Ranked 11th  - Total 97,990 sq mi (253,793 km²)  - Width 239 miles (385 km)  - Length 491 miles (790 km)  - % water 41. ... Upstate New York is the region of New York State outside of the core of the New York metropolitan area. ... Official language(s) English de facto Capital Albany Largest city New York City Area  Ranked 27th  - Total 54,520 sq mi (141,205 km²)  - Width 285 miles (455 km)  - Length 330 miles (530 km)  - % water 13. ... Official language(s) None[1] Capital Montpelier Largest city Burlington Area  Ranked 45th  - Total 9,620 sq mi (24,923 km²)  - Width 80 miles (130 km)  - Length 160 miles (260 km)  - % water 3. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... Regional definitions vary from source to source. ... Regional definitions vary The Northeastern United States is a region of the United States defined by the U.S. Census Bureau. ... Motto: Ut Incepit Fidelis Sic Permanet (Latin: Loyal she began, loyal she remains) Official languages English (French has some legal status but is not fully co-official) Flower White Trillium Tree Eastern White Pine Bird Common Loon Capital Toronto Largest city Toronto Lieutenant-Governor James K. Bartleman Premier Dalton McGuinty... A glacier is a large, long-lasting river of ice that is formed on land and moves in response to gravity. ...

Cryoseisms typically occur when temperatures decrease from above freezing to subzero rapidly, in the first cold snap of spring.^[2][5] They usually occur from midnight to dawn, during the coldest part of the night.^[3] Due to the perennial or seasonal frost conditions involved with cryoseisms, these events are limited to temperate climates which experience seasonal variation with subzero winters. Furthermore, the ground must be saturated with water, which can be caused by snowmelt, rain, sleet or flooding.^[3] Usually, the site of a cryoseism has little or no snow cover to insulate the ground.^[2][3] Geologically, an area would be most susceptible to cryoseisms if the ground is made of permeable materials like sand or gravel, which are affected by frost action.^[3] Subzero can mean: Temperatures below 0 celsius (or 32 fahrenheit), the temperature at which water freezes. ... Cold snap is used in two ways to describe climate: A cold snap is a geological term for a period of intensely cold and dry weather, often occurring during an Ice Age. ... Spring is one of the four seasons of temperate zones. ... A Red Valerian, a perennial plant. ... It has been suggested that hoar frost be merged into this article or section. ... In geography, temperate latitudes of the globe lie between the tropics and the polar circles. ... For other senses of this word, see winter (disambiguation). ... Animation of snowcover changing with the seasons. ... Insulation must not be confused with insolation (the latter word has an o where the former has a u). Insulation is any material used to reduce or “slow down” or “resist” the flow of energy. ... In the earth sciences, permeability (commonly symbolized as κ, or k) is a measure of the ability of a material (typically, a rock or unconsolidated material) to transmit fluids. ... Patterns in the sand Sand is an example of a class of materials called granular matter. ... Gravel being unloaded from a barge Gravel is rock that is of a certain grain size range. ...

As the requirements for cryoseisms to occur are not yet defined, their prediction is still not possible. Cryoseisms constitute a significant factor in structural design and engineering.^[3] I NEED TO FUCK SOMEONE! I AM TIRED OF PORN! SOMEONE HELP ME! ... Engineering is the application of scientific and mathematical principles to develop economical solutions to technical problems, creating products, facilities, and structures that are useful to people. ...

References

1. ^ ^a b Milwaukee Area Frostquakes. University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee (1994-02-24). Retrieved on 2006-10-22.
2. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l} Cryoseisms in Maine. Maine Geological Survey, the State of Maine (2005-10-06). Retrieved on 2006-10-21.
3. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l} Andrew V. Lacroix (January 1980). A Short Note on Cryoseisms. Earthquake Notes.
4. ^ ^a b c d Dave Thurlow. Cryoseisms Explained. The Weather Notebook. Mount Washington Observatory. Retrieved on 2006-10-21.
5. ^ ^{a b c d e f} John E. Ebel, Richard Bedell & Alfredo Urzua (July 1995). A Report on the Seismic Vulnerability of the State of Vermont. Geology of Mineral Resources. Vermont Geological Survey. Retrieved on 2006-10-22.
6. ^ Prof. Kazuya Fujita (2000-10-25). Seismic Events in Michigan - Explosions and Other Events. Michigan State University. Retrieved on 2006-10-22.
7. ^ Frequently Asked Questions about Earthquakes. Natural Resources Canada (2006-05-08). Retrieved on 2006-10-26.
8. ^ Гренландские ледники трещат по швам (Russian). Bigli Facts. Bigli Web. Retrieved on 2006-10-22.