There are a number of standards related to cryptography. Standard algorithms and protocols provide a focus for study; standards for popular applications attract a large amount of cryptanalysis. The word standard has several meanings: Classically, standard referred to a flag or banner; especially, a national or other ensign carried into battle; thus standard bearer indicates the one who bears, or carries, the standard. ... See also: Topics in cryptography The security of all practical encryption schemes remains unproven, both for symmetric and asymmetric schemes. ... Cryptanalysis (from the Greek kryptós, hidden, and analýein, to loosen or to untie) is the study of methods for obtaining the meaning of encrypted information without access to the secret information which is normally required to do so. ...

Encryption standards

• Data Encryption Standard (DES, now obsolete)
• Triple-DES
• Advanced Encryption Standard (AES)
• RSA the original public key algorithm
• OpenPGP
• CipherSaber

General Designer(s) IBM First published 1975 (January 1977 as the standard) Derived from Lucifer (cipher) Cipher(s) based on this design Triple DES, G-DES, DES-X, LOKI89, ICE Algorithm detail Block size(s) 64 bits Key size(s) 56 bits Structure Feistel network Number of rounds 16 Best... General Designer(s) IBM First published 1999 Derived from DES Cipher(s) based on this design - Algorithm detail Block size(s) 64 bits Key size(s) 168 bits Structure Feistel network Number of rounds - Best cryptanalysis - In cryptography, Triple DES (also 3DES) is a block cipher formed from the Data... General Designer(s) Vincent Rijmen and Joan Daemen First published 1998 Derived from Square (cipher) Cipher(s) based on this design Crypton (cypher), Anubis (cipher), GRAND CRU Algorithm detail Block size(s) 128 bits note Key size(s) 128, 192 or 256 bits note Structure Substitution-permutation network Number of... In cryptography, RSA is an algorithm for public key encryption. ... OpenPGP (Pretty Good Privacy) is the Internet open standard used by PGP, GNU Privacy Guard (GnuPG), Hushmail, Veridis, and others for the exchange of encrypted and digitally signed data and the maintenance of a Public key infrastructure. ... CipherSaber is a symmetric encryption system based on RC4 that is simple enough that novice programmers can memorize the algorithm implement it from scratch, yet supposedly strong. ...

Hash standards

• MD5 128-bit (obsolescent)
• SHA available in 160, 256, 384 and 512-bit variants
• HMAC keyed hash
• PBKDF2 Key derivation function (RFC 2898)

MD5 was designed by Ronald Rivest (one of the inventors of the RSA algorithm) in 1991. ... Sha (Ш, ш) is a letter of the Cyrillic alphabet, representing the consonant sound /ʃ/ or /ʃʲ/. This is equivalent to sh in English, ch in French, sch in German, ş in Turkish, or sz in Polish. ... A keyed-hash message authentication code, or HMAC, is a type of message authentication code (MAC) calculated using a cryptographic hash function in combination with a secret key. ... A Key derivation function or key stretcher is a cryptographic hash function which is designed to make a key or password harder to attack using a precomputed dictionary attack or brute force attack. ... RFC may refer to Request For Change - ITIL terminology in the IT Service Management arena to describe a request to Change the IT infrastructure Request for Comments - Internet informational documents and standards Royal Flying Corps - the over-land air arm of the British military during most of World War I...

Digital signature standards

• Digital Signature Standard (DSS), based on the Digital Signature Algorithm (DSA)
• RSA

The Digital Signature Algorithm (DSA) is a United States Federal Government standard for digital signatures. ... In cryptography, RSA is an algorithm for public key encryption. ...

Public-key infrastructure (PKI) standards

• X.509 Public Key Certificates

In cryptography, a public key infrastructure (PKI) is an arrangement which provides for third-party vetting of, and vouching for, user identities. ... In cryptography, X.509 is an ITU-T standard for public key infrastructure (PKI). ...

Wireless Standards

• Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP, severely flawed and superseded by WPA)
• Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA) better than WEP, a 'pre-standard' partial version of 802.11i
• 802.11i a.k.a. WPA2, uses AES and other improvements on WEP
• A5/1 and A5/2 cell phone encryption for GSM

Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) is part of the IEEE 802. ... Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA) is a system to secure wireless (Wi-Fi) networks, created to patch the security of the previous system, WEP (Wired Equivalent Privacy); researchers have found a number of weaknesses in WEP. As a successor, WPA implements the majority of the IEEE 802. ... IEEE 802. ... This article is about the block cipher. ... A5/1 is a stream cipher used to provide over-the-air voice privacy in the GSM cellular telephone standard. ... A5/2 is a stream cipher used to provide voice privacy in the GSM cellular telephone protocol. ... GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) is the most popular standard for mobile phones in the world. ...

U.S. Government Federal Information Processing Standards (FIPS)

• FIPS PUB 31 Guidelines for Automatic Data Processing Physical Security and Risk Management 1974
• FIPS PUB 46-3 Data Encryption Standard (DES) 1999
• FIPS PUB 73 Guidelines for Security of Computer Applications 1980
• FIPS PUB 74 Guidelines for Implementing and Using the NBS Data Encryption Standard 1981
• FIPS PUB 81 DES Modes of Operation 1980
• FIPS PUB 102 Guideline for Computer Security Certification and Accreditation 1983
• FIPS PUB 112 Password Usage 1985, defines 10 factors to be considered in access control systems that are based on passwords
• FIPS PUB 113 Computer Data Authentication 1985, specifies a Data Authentication Algorithm (DAA) based on DES, adopted by the Department of Treasury and the banking community to protect electronic fund transfers.
• FIPS PUB 140-2 Security Requirements for Cryptographic Modules 2001, defines four increasing security levels
• FIPS PUB 171 Key Management Using ANSI X9.17 (ANSI X9.17-1985) 1992, based on DES
• FIPS PUB 180-2 Secure Hash Standard (SHS) 2002 defines the SHA family
• FIPS PUB 181 Automated Password Generator (APG) 1993
• FIPS PUB 185 Escrowed Encryption Standard (EES) 1994, a key escrow system that provides for decryption of telecommunications when lawfully authorized.
• FIPS PUB 186-2 Digital Signature Standard (DSS) 2000
• FIPS PUB 190 Guideline for the Use of Advanced Authentication Technology Alternatives 1994
• FIPS PUB 191 Guideline for the Analysis of local area network Security 1994
• FIPS PUB 196 Entity Authentication Using Public Key Cryptography 1997
• FIPS PUB 197 Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) 2001
• FIPS PUB 198 The Keyed-Hash Message Authentication Code (HMAC) 2002

FIPS could mean Federal Information Processing Standard, publicly announced standards developed by the U.S. Federal government. ... 1974 is a common year starting on Tuesday (click on link for calendar). ... This article is about the DES encryption algorithm. ... 1999 is a common year starting on Friday of the Common Era, and was designated the International Year of Older Persons by the United Nations. ... 1980 is a leap year starting on Tuesday. ... This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... General Designer(s) IBM First published 1975 (January 1977 as the standard) Derived from Lucifer (cipher) Cipher(s) based on this design Triple DES, G-DES, DES-X, LOKI89, ICE Algorithm detail Block size(s) 64 bits Key size(s) 56 bits Structure Feistel network Number of rounds 16 Best... 1981 is a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about the DES encryption algorithm. ... 1980 is a leap year starting on Tuesday. ... 1983 is a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... 1985 is a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... 1985 is a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about the DES encryption algorithm. ... The United States Department of the Treasury is a Cabinet department, a treasury, of the United States government established by an Act of U.S. Congress in 1789 to manage the revenue of the United States government. ... 2001 is a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) is a private, non-profit standards organization that produces industrial standards in the United States. ... 1992 is a leap year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about the DES encryption algorithm. ... 2002 is a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Sha (Ш, ш) is a letter of the Cyrillic alphabet, representing the consonant sound /ʃ/ or /ʃʲ/. This is equivalent to sh in English, ch in French, sch in German, ş in Turkish, or sz in Polish. ... 1993 is a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar and marked the Beginning of the International Decade to Combat Racism and Racial Discrimination (1993-2003). ... 1994 was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar, and was designated the International year of the Family. ... Key escrow is an arrangement in which the keys needed to decrypt encrypted data are held in escrow by a third party, so that someone else (typically government agencies) can obtain them to decrypt messages which they suspect to be relevant to national security. ... The Digital Signature Algorithm (DSA) is a United States Federal Government standard for digital signatures. ... 2000 is a leap year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... In computer security, authentication (Greek: αυθεντικός, from authentes=author) is the process by which a computer, computer program, or another user attempts to confirm that the computer, computer program, or user from whom the second party has received some communication is, or is not, the claimed first party. ... 1994 was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar, and was designated the International year of the Family. ... A local area network (LAN) is a computer network covering a local area, like a home, office or small group of buildings such as a college. ... 1994 was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar, and was designated the International year of the Family. ... In computer security, authentication (Greek: αυθεντικός, from authentes=author) is the process by which a computer, computer program, or another user attempts to confirm that the computer, computer program, or user from whom the second party has received some communication is, or is not, the claimed first party. ... PKC, see PKC (disambiguation) Public-key cryptography is a form of modern cryptography which allows users to communicate securely without previously agreeing on a shared secret key. ... 1997 is a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about the block cipher. ... 2001 is a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar. ... A keyed-hash message authentication code, or HMAC, is a type of message authentication code (MAC) calculated using a cryptographic hash function in combination with a secret key. ... 2002 is a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Internet Requests for Comments (RFCs)

RFC may refer to Request For Change - ITIL terminology in the IT Service Management arena to describe a request to Change the IT infrastructure Request for Comments - Internet informational documents and standards Royal Flying Corps - the over-land air arm of the British military during most of World War I...

Classified Standards

• EKMS NSA's Electronic Key Management System
• FNBDT NSA's secure narrow band voice standard
• Fortezza encryption based on portable crypto token in PC Card format
• STE secure telephone
• STU-III older secure telephone
• TEMPEST prevents compromising emanations

Classified information is secret information to which access is restricted by law or corporate rules to a particular hierarchical class of people. ... The Electronic Key Management System (EKMS) system is an National Security Agency led program responsible for Communications Security (COMSEC) key management, accounting and distribution. ... This article is about the US government agency. ... FNBDT is the U.S. Governments new standard for secure voice communication. ... This article is about the US government agency. ... Fortezza is also a town in Italy, see: Franzensfeste-Fortezza A Fortezza card made by Mykotronx Corp. ... The PCMCIA is the Personal Computer Memory Card International Association, an industry trade association that creates standards for notebook computer peripheral devices. ... Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ... The STU-III secure telephone STU-III is a family of secure telephones introduced in 1987 by the NSA for use by the United States Government, its allies and its contractors. ... TEMPEST is a U.S. government code word for a set of standards for limiting electric or electromagnetic radiation emanations from electronic equipment such as microchips, monitors, or printers. ...

Other

• IPsec Virtual Private Network (VPN) and more
• IEEE P1393 covers most aspects of cryptography
• Transport Layer Security (formerly SSL)
• SSH secure Telnet and more
• Content Scrambling System (CSS, the DVD encryption standard, broken by DeCSS)
• Kerberos authentication standard
• RADIUS authentication standard
• ANSI X9.59 electronic payment standard
• Common Criteria Trusted operating system standard
• CRYPTREC Japanese Government's cryptography recommendations

IPsec, an abbreviation of IP security, is a standard for securing Internet Protocol (IP) communications by encrypting and authenticating all IP packets. ... A Virtual Private Network, or VPN, is a private communications network usually used within a company, or by several different companies or organizations, communicating over a public network. ... The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers or IEEE (pronounced as eye-triple-ee) is an international non-profit, professional organization incorporated in the State of New York, United States. ... Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) and Transport Layer Security (TLS), its successor, are cryptographic protocols which provide secure communications on the Internet. ... In computing, Secure shell, or SSH, is both a computer program and an associated network protocol designed for logging into and executing commands on a remote computer. ... Telnet is a network protocol used on the Internet or local area network LAN connections. ... Content-Scrambling System (CSS) is an encryption system used on some DVDs. ... DVD is an optical disc storage media format that can be used for storing data, including movies with high video and sound quality. ... DeCSS is a computer program capable of decrypting content on a DVD video disc encrypted using the Content Scrambling System (CSS). ... Kerberos is a computer network authentication protocol which allows individuals communicating over an insecure network to prove their identity to one another in a secure manner. ... The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) is a private, non-profit standards organization that produces industrial standards in the United States. ... The Common Criteria (CC) is an international standard (ISO 15408) for computer security. ... The phrase trusted operating system generally refers to an operating system that provides sufficient support for multilevel security and evidence of correctness to meet a particular set of government requirements. ... CRYPTREC is the Cryptography Research and Evaluation Committee set up by the Japanese Government to evaluate and recommend cryptographic techniques for government and industrial use. ...

See also:

• Topics in cryptography