Cryptosporidiosis is a parasitic disease affecting the intestines of mammals that is caused by Cryptosporidium, a protozoan parasite in the phylum Apicomplexa. It is a disease spread through the fecal-oral route; the main symptom is self-limiting diarrhea in people with intact immune system. In immunocompromised individuals, such as AIDS patients, infection can cause permanent & life-threatening diarrhea. Despite not being identified until 1976 it is one of the most common waterborne diseases and is found worldwide. The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (most commonly known by the abbreviation ICD) provides codes to classify diseases and a wide variety of signs, symptoms, abnormal findings, complaints, social circumstances and external causes of injury or disease. ... The following codes are used with International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems. ... // A00-A79 - Bacterial infections, and other intestinal infectious diseases, and STDs (A00-A09) Intestinal infectious diseases (A00) Cholera (A01) Typhoid and paratyphoid fevers (A010) Typhoid fever (A02) Other Salmonella infections (A03) Shigellosis (A04) Other bacterial intestinal infections (A040) Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli infection (A045) Campylobacter enteritis (A046) Enteritis due to Yersinia... The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (most commonly known by the abbreviation ICD) provides codes to classify diseases and a wide variety of signs, symptoms, abnormal findings, complaints, social circumstances and external causes of injury or disease. ... The following is a list of codes for International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems. ... The Disease Bold textDatabase is a free website that provides information about the relationships between medical conditions, symptoms, and medications. ... eMedicine is an online clinical medical knowledge base that was founded in 1996. ... A parasitic disease is a disease caused or transmitted by a parasite. ... In anatomy, the intestine is the portion of the alimentary canal extending from the stomach to the anus and, in humans and other mammals, consists of two segments, the small intestine and the large intestine (or colon). ... Subclasses Allotheria* Order Multituberculata (extinct) Order Volaticotheria (extinct) Order Palaeoryctoides (extinct) Order Triconodonta (extinct) Prototheria Order Monotremata Theria Infraclass Marsupialia Infraclass Eutheria The mammals are the class of vertebrate animals characterized by the production of milk in females for the nourishment of young, from mammary glands present on most species... Species Cryptosporidium bailey Cryptosporidium meleagridis Cryptosporidium muris Cryptosporidium parvum Cryptosporidium serpentis Cryptosporidium is a protozoan pathogen of the Phylum Apicomplexa and causes a diarrheal illness called cryptosporidiosis. ... Wikisource has an original article from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica about: Protozoa Protozoa (in Greek proto = first and zoa = animals) are single-celled eukaryotes (organisms whose cells have nuclei) that commonly show characteristics usually associated with animals, most notably mobility and heterotrophy. ... A parasite is an organism that spends a significant portion of its life in or on the living tissue of a host organism and which causes harm to the host without immediately killing it. ... Classes & Subclasses Aconoidasida Haemosporasina Piroplasmasina Blastocystea Conoidasida Coccidiasina Gregarinasina The Apicomplexa are a large group of protozoa, characterized by the presence of a unique organelle called an apical complex. ... Many diseases can be passed when fecal particles from one host are introduced into the mouth of another potential host. ... Types 5-7 on the Bristol Stool Chart are often associated with diarrhea Diarrhea (in American English) or diarrhoea (in British English) is a generally unpleasant condition in which the sufferer has frequent watery, loose bowel movements (from the ancient Greek word διαρροή = leakage; literally meaning to run through). Acute infectious... Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS or Aids) is a collection of symptoms and infections resulting from the specific damage to the immune system caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). ... 1976 (MCMLXXVI) was a leap year starting on Thursday. ...

Infection is through contaminated material such as earth, water, uncooked or cross-contaminated food that has been in contact with the feces of an infected individual or animal. Contact must then be transferred to the mouth and swallowed. It is especially prevalent amongst those in regular contact with bodies of fresh water whether through work or recreation.The source can be recreational water like swimming pools, contaminated water supplies, or contaminated food. The high resistance of Cryptosporidium oocysts to disinfectants like chlorine bleach facilitates transmission of the disease.^[1] Some outbreaks have happened in day care related to diaper changes. An infection is the detrimental colonization of a host organism by a foreign species. ... Impact of a drop of water Water is a chemical substance that is essential to all known forms of life. ... Feces, faeces, or fæces (see spelling differences) In humans, defecation may occur (depending on the individual and the circumstances) from once every two or three days to several times a day. ... Digimon, the only known animals. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with mouth (human). ... An oocyst is the spore phase of certain protists, such as Cryptosporidium and Toxoplasma. ... Disinfection of a floor using a mop Disinfectants are antimicrobial agents that are applied to non-living objects to destroy microorganisms, the process of which is known as disinfection. ... General Name, Symbol, Number chlorine, Cl, 17 Chemical series halogens Group, Period, Block 17, 3, p Appearance yellowish green Atomic mass 35. ... Commercial chlorine bleach To bleach something is to remove or lighten its colour, sometimes as a preliminary step in the process of dyeing; a bleach is a chemical that produces these effects, often via oxidation. ...

Symptoms

Symptoms appear from two to ten days after infection and last for up to two weeks or so. As well as watery diarrhea there is often stomach pains or cramps and a low fever. Some individuals are asymptomatic (have no symptoms) but are still infective and thus can pass on the infection to others. Even after symptoms have finally subsided that individual is still infective for some weeks. The term symptom (from the Greek syn = con/plus and pipto = fall, together meaning co-exist) has two similar meanings in the context of physical and mental health: Strictly, a symptom is a sensation or change in health function experienced by a patient. ... With the exception of the animal varients box, this article deals with the human stomach. ... This article is about muscular pain. ... An analogue medical thermometer showing the temperature of 38. ... In medicine, a disease is asymptomatic when it is at a stage where the patient does not experience symptoms. ...

Severe disease, including pancreatitis, can occur.^[2]

Treatment is primarily supportive. Fluids need to be replaced with oral rehydration. A lactose free diet should be taken as tolerated. In rare situations, intravenous fluids may be required. Antibiotics are not usually helpful, and are primarily reserved for persons with severe disease and a weak immune system. Sometimes relapses happen.

Prevention is through washing hands carefully after going to the bathroom or contacting stool, and before eating. If the water supply is in question, the water can be boiled or carefully filtered before drinking.

Treatment

The majority of immuno-competent individuals suffer a short (less than 2 weeks) self limiting course that requires supportive care with re-hydration and occasionally anti-diarrhoeal medication. In immuno-incompetent individuals (including some with HIV/AIDS) anti-retroviral therapy has been associated with improved outcomes. Several drug trials with high dose azithromycin look promising. Species Human immunodeficiency virus 1 Human immunodeficiency virus 2 Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a retrovirus that causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS, a condition in humans in which the immune system begins to fail, leading to life-threatening opportunistic infections. ... Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS or Aids) is a collection of symptoms and infections resulting from the specific damage to the immune system caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). ... Azithromycin is an azalide, a subclass of macrolide antibiotics. ...

Infectious agents

A number of species of Cryptosporidium infect mammals. In humans the main causes of disease are C. parvum and C. hominis (previously C. parvum genotype 1). C. canis, C. felis, C. meleagridis, and C. muris can also cause disease in humans. Binomial name Cryptosporidium parvum Cryptosporidium parvum is one of several species that cause cryptosporidiosis. ...

Notable cases

In 1993 a waterborne cryptosporidiosis outbreak occurred in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. An estimated 403,000 people became ill, including 4,400 people hospitalized.^[3] Nickname: Cream City, Brew City, Mil Town, The City of Festivals Location of Milwaukee in Milwaukee County, Wisconsin Coordinates: County Milwaukee Government  - Mayor Tom Barrett Area  - City  97 sq mi (251. ...

In the summer of 2005, after numerous reports by patrons of gastrointestinal upset, a water park at Seneca Lake State Park, in the Finger Lakes region of upstate New York, was found to have two water storage tanks infected with Cryptosporidium. By early September of 2005, over 3,800 people reported symptoms of a Cryptosporidium infection.^[4] The "Sprayground" was ordered closed for the season on August 15. 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Seneca Lake State Park is located in Seneca County, New York in the USA. The park is at the north end of Seneca Lake, one of the Finger Lakes. ... The Finger Lakes, a major tourist destination in the west-central section of Upstate New York, are actually eleven in number, but only seven of the largest are commonly identified as such. ... NY redirects here. ... August 15 is the 227th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (228th in leap years), with 138 days remaining. ...

In October 2005 Gwynedd and Anglesey areas of North Wales (UK) suffered an outbreak of Cryptosporidiosis. The outbreak may be linked to the drinking water supply from Llyn Cwellyn but this is yet to be confirmed. This has resulted in over 200 people falling ill and the company Welsh Water (Dwr Cymru) advising 61000 people to boil their water before use. The UK's biggest outbreak occurred in Torbay in Devon in 1995 when 575 people fell ill. Gwynedd is an administrative county in Wales, named after the old Kingdom of Gwynedd. ... Anglesey (Welsh: , pronounced (IPA)), is an island and county at the northwestern extremity of Wales. ... Approximate extent of North Wales North Wales (known in some archaic texts as Northgalis) is the northernmost unofficial region of Wales, bordered to the south by Mid Wales. ... Llyn Cwellyn (Llyn Quellyn in some antiquated texts) is a reservoir in North Wales which supplies drinking water to parts of Gwynedd and Anglesey. ... Torbay (IPA: ) is an east-facing bay, at the western most end of Lyme Bay in the south-west of England, situated roughly midway between the cities of Exeter and Plymouth. ... “Devonshire” redirects here. ...

In March 2007, a suspected outbreak occurred in Galway, Ireland, after the source of water for much of the county, Lough Corrib, was suspected to be contaminated with the parasite. A large population including areas of both city and county were advised to boil water for drinking and food preparation. On 21st of March 2007, it was confirmed that the city and county's water supply was contaminated with the parasite. As of the 5th April 2007, the number of confirmed cases was 169.^[5] WGS-84 (GPS) Coordinates: 53. ... A map of Lough Corrib taken from the Admiralty Chart made in 1846 Lough Corrib (Loch Coirib in Irish) is a lake in the west of Ireland. ...

References

1. ^ Carpenter C, Fayer R, Trout J, Beach M (1999). "Chlorine disinfection of recreational water for Cryptosporidium parvum.". Emerg Infect Dis 5 (4): 579-84. PMID 10458969. 
2. ^ Hawkins S, Thomas R, Teasdale C (1987). "Acute pancreatitis: a new finding in cryptosporidium enteritis.". Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 294 (6570): 483-4. PMID 3103738. 
3. ^ Corso P, Kramer M, Blair K, Addiss D, Davis J, Haddix A (2003). "Cost of illness in the 1993 waterborne Cryptosporidium outbreak, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.". Emerg Infect Dis 9 (4): 426-31. PMID 12702221. 
4. ^ State Health Department Issues Update on Seneca Lake State Park Gastrointestinal Outbreak. New York State Health Dept. Retrieved on September 29, 2006.
5. ^ Galway Advertiser: Water bug total rises to 169. Galway Advertiser. Retrieved on April 5, 2007.

September 29 is the 272nd day of the year (273rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... April 5 is the 95th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (96th in leap years). ... 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the Anno Domini (common) era. ...

External links

• Monroe County Health Dept. Fact Sheet
• NYSDOH Crypto Fact Sheet
• NYS Dept. of State Parks Update, 8/26/05
• Treatment of Cryptosporidiosis from the AidsMeds site
• Azithromycin information
• Summary of treatment results with Azithromycin
• Galway City Council notice