Cryptosporidium
Cryptosporidium muris oocysts found in human feces.
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Protista Phylum: Apicomplexa Class: Conoidasida Subclass: Coccidiasina Order: Eucoccidiorida Suborder: Eimeriorina Family: Cryptosporidiidae Genus: Cryptosporidium
Species
Cryptosporidium bailey Cryptosporidium meleagridis Cryptosporidium muris Cryptosporidium parvum Cryptosporidium serpentis Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Scientific classification or biological classification is a method by which biologists group and categorize species of organisms. ... Typical phyla Rhodophyta (red algae) Chromista Heterokontophyta (heterokonts) Haptophyta Cryptophyta (cryptomonads) Alveolates Pyrrhophyta (dinoflagellates) Apicomplexa Ciliophora (ciliates) Excavates Euglenozoa Percolozoa Metamonada Rhizaria Radiolaria Foraminifera Cercozoa Amoebozoa Choanozoa Many others; classification varies The Kingdom Protista or Protoctista is one of the commonly recognized biological kingdoms, including all the eukaryotes except for... Classes & Subclasses Aconoidasida Haemosporasina Piroplasmasina Blastocystea Conoidasida Coccidiasina Gregarinasina The Apicomplexa are a large group of protozoa, characterized by the presence of a unique organelle called an apical complex. ... Coccidia are microscopic, single-celled parasites that infect the intestine. ... Binomial name Cryptosporidium parvum Cryptosporidium parvum is one of several species that cause cryptosporidiosis. ...

Cryptosporidium is a protozoan pathogen of the Phylum Apicomplexa and causes a diarrheal illness called cryptosporidiosis. Other apicomplexan pathogens include the malaria parasite Plasmodium, and Toxoplasma, the causative agent of toxoplasmosis. Unlike Plasmodium, which transmits via a mosquito vector, Cryptosporidium does not utilize an insect vector and is capable of completing its life cycle within a single host, resulting in cyst stages which are excreted in feces and are capable of transmission to a new host. Protozoa (in Greek protos = first and zoon = animal) are single-celled creatures with nuclei that show some characteristics usually associated with animals, most notably mobility and heterotrophy. ... Classes & Subclasses Aconoidasida Haemosporasina Piroplasmasina Blastocystea Conoidasida Coccidiasina Gregarinasina The Apicomplexa are a large group of protozoa, characterized by the presence of a unique organelle called an apical complex. ... Types 5-7 on the Bristol Stool Chart are often associated with diarrhea Diarrhea (in American English) or diarrhoea (in British English) is a generally unpleasant condition in which the sufferer has frequent watery, loose bowel movements (from the ancient Greek word διαρροή = leakage; literally meaning to run through). Acute infectious... Cryptosporidiosis is a parasitic disease affecting the intestines of mammals that is caused by Cryptosporidium, a protozoan parasite in the phylum Apicomplexa. ... Malaria is a vector-borne infectious disease that is widespread in tropical and subtropical regions. ... Red blood cell infected with malaria A plasmodium[[1]] is also the macroscopic form of the unusual protist known as slime moulds. ... Binomial name Toxoplasma gondi (Nicolle & Manceaux), 1908 Toxoplasma gondii is a species of parasitic protozoa, belonging to the Apicomplexa, that can cause the disease toxoplasmosis in humans. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Feces, faeces, or fæces (see spelling differences) is waste product from an animals digestive tract expelled through the anus (or cloaca) during defecation. ...

A number of species of Cryptosporidium infect mammals. In humans, the main causes of disease are C. parvum and C. hominis (previously C. parvum genotype 1). C. canis, C. felis, C. meleagridis, and C. muris can also cause disease in humans.

Cryptosporidiosis is typically an acute short-term infection but can become severe and non-resolving in children and immunocompromised individuals such as AIDS patients. The parasite is transmitted by environmentally hardy cysts (oocysts) that, once ingested, excyst in the small intestine and result in an infection of intestinal epithelial tissue. The genome of Cryptosporidium parvum was sequenced in 2004 and was found to be unusual amongst Eukaryotes in that the mitochondria seem not to contain DNA [2]. This article is about the syndrome. ... A cyst is a closed sac having a distinct membrane and developing abnormally in a cavity or structure of the body. ... In biology the small intestine is the part of the gastrointestinal tract (gut) between the stomach and the large intestine. ... In biology the genome of an organism is the whole hereditary information of an organism that is encoded in the DNA (or, for some viruses, RNA). ... Kingdoms Animalia - Animals Fungi Plantae - Plants Protista Alternative Phylogeny Unikonta    Opisthokonta    Amoebozoa Bikonta    Apusozoa    Cabozoa       Rhizaria       Excavata    Corticata       Archaeplastida       Chromalveolata Animals, plants, fungi, and protists are eukaryotes (IPA: ), organisms with a complex cell or cells, where the genetic material is organized into a membrane-bound nucleus or nuclei. ... In cell biology, a mitochondrion is an organelle found in the cells of most eukaryotes. ... // Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is DNA that is located in mitochondria. ...

Life cycle

Life cycle of Cryptosporidium spp.

Cryptosporidium has a spore phase (oocyst) and in this state can survive for lengthy periods outside a host and also can resist many common disinfectants, notably chlorine based disinfectants ^[1]. Because of this resistance, water purification to eliminate Cryptosporidium generally relies upon coagulation followed by filtration or boiling. Recently, it has been discovered that Cryptosporidium is sensitive to ultraviolet light, or by ozonation, and water treatments based on these sterilization methods are being developed.^[2], ^[3] Image File history File links Download high resolution version (2400x3150, 1754 KB)Life cycle of Cryptosporidium spp. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (2400x3150, 1754 KB)Life cycle of Cryptosporidium spp. ... This article is about a biological reproductive structure; for the video game, see Spore (video game). ... Cryptosporidium has a spore phase (oocyst) and in this state can survive for lengthy periods outside a host and also resist many common disinfectants, notably chlorine based disinfectants. ... Disinfection of a floor using a mop Disinfectants are antimicrobial agents that are applied to non-living objects to destroy microorganisms, the process of which is known as disinfection. ... General Name, Symbol, Number chlorine, Cl, 17 Chemical series halogens Group, Period, Block 17, 3, p Appearance yellowish green Atomic mass 35. ... Water purification is the removal of contaminants from raw water to produce drinking water that is pure enough for human consumption or for industrial use. ... UV redirects here. ... For other uses, see Ozone (disambiguation). ...

Treatment of drinking water

Most treatment plants that take raw water from rivers, lakes, and reservoirs for public drinking water production use conventional filtration technologies. This involves a series of processes including coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, and filtration. Direct filtration, which is typically used to treat water with low particulate levels, includes coagulation and filtration but not sedimentation. Other common filtration processes are slow sand, diatomaceous earth, membranes, and bag and cartridge filters. Conventional, direct, slow sand and diatomaceous earth technologies will remove 99% of Cryptosporidium. Membranes and bag and cartridge filters remove Cryptosporidium on a product-specific basis. With the proper concentrations and contact time, Cryptosporidium inactivation will occur with chlorine dioxide and ozone treatment. Additionally, ultraviolet light treatment at relatively low doses will inactivate Cryptosporidium. Water purification is the removal of contaminants from raw water to produce drinking water that is pure enough for human consumption or for industrial use. ... For other uses, see River (disambiguation). ... A man-made lake in Keukenhof, Netherlands A lake is a body of water or other liquid of considerable size surrounded by land. ... The Ashokan Reservoir, located in Ulster County, New York, USA. It is one of 19 that supplies New York City with drinking water. ... It has been suggested that Water supply be merged into this article or section. ... Slow sand filters are used in water purification for treating raw water to produce a potable product. ... A sample of diatomaceous earth Diatomaceous earth (IPA: , also known as DE, diatomite, diahydro, kieselguhr, kieselgur and Celite) is a naturally occurring, soft, chalk-like sedimentary rock that is easily crumbled into a fine white to off-white powder. ...

Trivia

Cryptosporidium 137 is the name of a fictional extraterrestrial character from the video game "Destroy All Humans!" Cryptosporidium 137 (and beyond) Cryptosporidium 137, or Crypto for short, is a fictional extraterrestrial of the Furon race from the fictional planet Gorta. ... Extraterrestrial, as an adjective, refers to something that originates, occurs, or is located outside Earth or its atmosphere. ... Destroy All Humans! is a video game developed by Pandemic Studios and published by THQ. It was released for Xbox and PlayStation 2 computer entertainment systems on June 21, 2005. ...

See also

• Milwaukee Cryptosporidium outbreak

The 1993 Milwaukee Cryptosporidium outbreak was a significant distribution of the Cryptosporidium protozoan in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, and the largest waterborne disease outbreak in documented United States history. ...

References

1. ^ CDC
2. ^ [1]
3. ^ AWWARF.org

• A. Clinton White Jr. Cryptosporidiosis. in Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases, 6th Ed. G Mandell, J Bennett, R Dolin Eds. Elsevier, 2005. Pages 3215-28.
• Upton, Steve J. (2003-09-12). Basic Biology of Cryptosporidium (Website). Kansas State University: Parasitology Laboratory.
• The Taxonomicon & Systema Naturae (Website database). Taxon: Genus Cryptosporidium. Universal Taxonomic Services, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (2000).