Crystal Eastman (June 25, 1881 - July 8, 1928) was a lawyer, antimilitarist, feminist, socialist, and journalist. She graduated from Vassar College in 1903, receiving an M.A. in sociology from Columbia University in 1904. She was second in the class of 1907 at New York University Law School. Crystal Eastman (pre-1920 photo) This image is in the public domain in the United States and possibly other jurisdictions. ... Crystal Eastman (pre-1920 photo) This image is in the public domain in the United States and possibly other jurisdictions. ... June 25 is the 176th day of the year (177th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 189 days remaining. ... 1881 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... July 8 is the 189th day of the year (190th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 176 days remaining. ... 1928 (MCMXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ... A lawyer is a person licensed by the state to advise clients in legal matters and represent them in courts of law and in other forms of dispute resolution. ... Feminism is a diverse collection of social theories, political movements, and moral philosophies, largely motivated by or concerning the experiences of women, especially in terms of their social, political, and economic situation. ... The color red and particularly the red flag are traditional symbols of Socialism. ... Closeup of the Vassar Main Building Vassar College is a private, coeducational liberal arts college situated in Poughkeepsie, NY. Formerly a womens college, Vassar is the only fully co-educational member of the Seven Sisters. ... 1903 (MCMIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... A masters degree is an academic degree usually awarded for completion of a postgraduate course of one or two years in duration. ... Social interactions of people and their consequences are the subject of sociology studies. ... Columbia University is a private university in the Morningside Heights neighborhood of Manhattan, New York City. ... 1904 is a leap year starting on a Friday (link will take you to calendar). ... 1907 (MCMVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ...

Social efforts

Social work pioneer and journal editor Paul Kellogg offered Eastman her first job, investigating labor conditions for The Pittsburgh Survey sponsored by the Russell Sage Foundation. Her report, Work Accidents and the Law (1910), became a classic and resulted in the first workers' compensation law, which she drafted while serving on a New York State commission. She continued to campaign for occupational safety and health while working as an investigating attorney for the U.S. Commission on Industrial Relations during Woodrow Wilson's presidency. Paul Kellogg was born in Kalamazoo, Michigan, in 1879. ... The Pittsburgh Survey (1907-1908) was a pioneering sociological study of the city of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania funded by the Russell Sage Foundation of New York. ... The Russell Sage Foundation is a small foundation located in New York City that is devoted exclusively to research in the social sciences. ... 1910 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... Workers compensation systems (workers comp or compo) exist to protect employees who have incurred work-related injuries. ... Thomas Woodrow Wilson (December 28, 1856 – February 3, 1924) was the 28th President of the United States (1913–1921). ...

Emancipation

During a brief marriage, Eastman lived in Milwaukee and managed the unsuccessful 1912 Wisconsin suffrage battle. When she returned east in 1913 she joined Alice Paul, Lucy Burns, and others in founding the militant Congressional Union, which became the National Woman's Party. After women won the vote, Eastman and three others wrote the Equal Rights Amendment introduced in 1923. One of the few socialists to endorse the ERA, she warned that protective legislation for women would mean only discrimination against women. Eastman claimed that one could assess the importance of the ERA by the intensity of the opposition to it, but she felt that "this is a fight worth fighting even if it takes ten years." This article is about Milwaukee in Wisconsin. ... 1912 was a leap year starting on Monday. ... State nickname: Badger State Other U.S. States Capital Madison Largest city Milwaukee Governor Jim Doyle (D) Senators Herb Kohl (D) Russ Feingold (D) Official language(s) None Area 169,790 km² (23rd)  - Land 140,787 km²  - Water 28,006 km² (17%) Population (2000)  - Population 5,453,896 (18th)  - Density... 1913 (MCMXIII) is a common year starting on Wednesday. ... Alice Paul Alice Paul (January 11, 1885 – July 9, 1977) was an American suffragist leader. ... Lucy Burns (July 28, 1879-December 22, 1966) was an American suffragist and womens rights advocate. ... The National Womans Party (NWP), was a womens organization founded in 1913 that fought for womens rights during the early 20th century in the United States, particularly for the right to vote on the same terms as men and against employment discrimination. ... The Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) was a proposed amendment to the United States Constitution which would have guaranteed equal rights under law for Americans regardless of sex. ... 1923 (MCMXXIII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will take you to calendar). ...

Peace efforts

During World War I, Eastman founded the Woman's Peace party and was president of the New York branch. Renamed the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom in 1921, it remains the oldest extant women's peace organization. Eastman also became executive director of the American Union against Militarism, which lobbied against America's entrance into the European war and more successfully against war with Mexico in 1916, sought to remove profiteering from arms manufacturing, and campaigned against conscription and imperial adventures. When the United States entered World War I, Eastman organized the National Civil Liberties Bureau to protect conscientious objectors, or in her words: "To maintain something over here that will be worth coming back to when the weary war is over." Though never appropriately credited as a founder of the organization, which became the American Civil Liberties Union, she was the attorney in charge. World War I was primarily a European conflict with many facets: immense human sacrifice, stalemate trench warfare, and the use of new, devastating weapons - tanks, aircraft, machine guns, and poison gas World War I, also known as the First World War, the Great War, the War of the Nations and... New York City, officially named the City of New York, is the most populous city in the United States, the most densely populated major city in North America, and the largest financial center in the world. ... The International Womens Congress for Peace and Freedom took place from Aptil 28 to 30, 1915 in the Hague (Netherlands) and was attended by 1136 participants from twelve nations. ... 1921 (MCMXXI) was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... 1916 (MCMXVI) is a leap year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar) // Events January-February January 1 -The first successful blood transfusion using blood that had been stored and cooled. ... The American Civil Liberties Union, or ACLU, is a non-governmental organization (NGO) whose stated goal is to defend and preserve the individual rights and liberties guaranteed to every person . ...

Eastman had married British poet and antiwar activist Walter Fuller in 1916 with whom she had two children, and worked with him until the end of the war, when he returned to England to find work. 1916 (MCMXVI) is a leap year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar) // Events January-February January 1 -The first successful blood transfusion using blood that had been stored and cooled. ... Royal motto (French): Dieu et mon droit (Translated: God and my right) Englands location within the UK Official language English de facto Capital London de facto Largest city London Area - Total Ranked 1st UK 130,395 km² Population - Total (mid-2004) - Density Ranked 1st UK 50. ...

Post-War

After the war, Eastman organized the First Feminist Congress in 1919, she co-owned and edited a radical journal of politics, art, and literature, The Liberator, with her brother Max and she commuted between London, to be with her husband, and New York, where she was blacklisted and thus rendered unemployable during the Red Scare of 1919-1921. During the 1920s her only paid work was as a columnist for feminist journals, notably Equal Rights and Time and Tide. Eastman claimed that "life was a big battle for the complete feminist," but she was convinced that the complete feminist would someday achieve total victory. 1919 (MCMXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... This article is about the abolitionist newspaper. ... Max Forrester Eastman (January 4, 1883–March 25, 1969) was a leftist American writer. ... Commuting is the process of traveling between a place of residence and a place of work. ... Part of the London skyline viewed from the South Bank London is the most populous city in the European Union, with an estimated population on 1 January 2005 of 7,421,328 and a metropolitan area population of between 12 and 14 million. ... This article contains information that has not been verified and thus might not be reliable. ... Sometimes referred to as the Jazz Age or primarily in North America and in Australia as the Roaring Twenties . In Europe it is sometimes refered to as the Golden Twenties. ... The Equal Rights Party was a Canadian political party that nominated two candidates in the 5 March 1891 federal election. ... Time and Tide is a 1982 album by New Zealand New Wave band Split Enz. ...

Eastman has been called one of the United States' most neglected leaders, because, although she wrote pioneering legislation and created long-lasting political organizations, she disappeared from history for fifty years.

Reference

Blanche Wiesen Cook, ed., Crystal Eastman on Women and Revolution (1978). Blanche Wiesen Cook is the author of one of Mrs. ...