The crystal bar process (or Iodide process) was discovered by Anton Eduard van Arkel and Jan Hedrik de Boer in 1925. This process was the first industrial process for the commercial production of pure ductile metallic zirconium. General Name, Symbol, Number zirconium, Zr, 40 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 4, 5, d Appearance silvery white Atomic mass 91. ...
It was superseded by the Kroll process. The Kroll process is a pyrometallurgical industrial process used produce metallic titanium and was invented in 1940 by William J. Kroll, at the Albany Research center in Oregon. ...
In chemistry and mineralogy, a crystal is a solid in which the constituent atoms, molecules, or ions are packed in a regularly ordered, repeating pattern extending in all three spatial dimensions.
Under ideal conditions, the result may be a single crystal, where all of the atoms in the solid fit into the same crystal structure.
Which crystal structure the fluid will form depends on the chemistry of the fluid, the conditions under which it is being solidified, and also on the ambient pressure.
Industrial processes are procedures involving chemical or mechanical steps to aid in the manufacture of an item or items, usually carried out on a large scale.
Most of the processes are complex and require large capital investments in machinery, or a substantial amount of raw materials, in comparision to batch or craft processes.
Bayer process - the extraction of aluminium from ore
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