NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Crystal engineering

Crystal engineering is the design and synthesis of molecular solid-state structures with desired properties, based on an understanding and exploitation of intermolecular interactions. The two main strategies currently in use for crystal engineering are based on hydrogen bonding and coordination complexation. These may be understood with key concepts such as the supramolecular synthon and the secondary building unit. Quartz crystal In chemistry and mineralogy, a crystal is a solid in which the constituent atoms, molecules, or ions are packed in a regularly ordered, repeating pattern extending in all three spatial dimensions. ... Intermolecular forces are electromagnetic forces that act between molecules or between widely separated regions of a macromolecule. ... Snapshot from a simulation of liquid water. ... Synthesis of copper(II)-tetraphenylporphine, a metal complex, from tetraphenylporphine and copper(II) acetate monohydrate. ...

Crystal engineering is a rapidly expanding discipline as revealed by the recent appearance of several international scientific journals in which the topic plays a major role. These include CrystEngComm from the Royal Society of Chemistry and Crystal Growth and Design from the American Chemical Society. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. ... Royal Society of Chemistry The Royal Society of Chemistry is a learned society (professional association) in the United Kingdom with the goal of advancing the chemical sciences. ... The American Chemical Society (ACS) is a learned society (professional association) based in the United States that supports scientific inquiry in the field of chemistry. ...

The term ‘crystal engineering’ was first used in 1971 by Schmidt^[1] in connection with photodimerisation reactions in crystalline cinnamic acids. Since this initial use, the meaning of the term has broadened considerably to include many aspects of solid-state supramolecular chemistry. A useful modern definition is that provided by Desiraju, who in 1989 defined crystal engineering as “the understanding of intermolecular interactions in the context of crystal packing and the utilization of such understanding in the design of new solids with desired physical and chemical properties”. Since many of the bulk properties of molecular materials are dictated by the manner in which the molecules are ordered in the solid state, it is clear that an ability to control this ordering would afford control over these properties. Supramolecular chemistry refers to the area of chemistry which focuses on the noncovalent bonding interactions of molecules. ...

Crystal engineering relies on noncovalent bonding to achieve the organization of molecules and ions in the solid state. Much of the initial work on purely organic systems focused on the use of hydrogen bonds, though with the more recent extension to inorganic systems, the coordination bond has also emerged as a powerful tool. Other intermolecular forces such as π…π, halogen…halogen, and Au…Au interactions have all been exploited in crystal engineering studies, and ionic interactions can also be important. However, the two most commonly used strategies in crystal engineering exploit hydrogen bonds and coordination bonds. This article needs to be wikified. ... Organic may refer to: Look up organic in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Snapshot from a simulation of liquid water. ... Inorganic chemistry is the branch of chemistry concerned with the properties and reactions of inorganic compounds. ... From ancient Greece (Ionic) An Ionian is a member of one of the four great divisions of the ancient Greek people. ... Snapshot from a simulation of liquid water. ...

Molecular recognition is at the heart of crystal engineering, and it typically involves an interaction between complementary hydrogen-bonding faces or a metal and a ligand. By analogy with the retrosynthetic approach to organic synthesis, Desiraju coined the term “supramolecular synthon”^[2] to describe building blocks that are common to many structures and hence can be used to order specific groups in the solid state. The carboxylic acid dimer represents a simple supramolecular synthon, though in practice this is only observed in approximately 30% of crystal structures in which it is theoretically possible. The Cambridge Structural Database (CSD) provides an excellent tool for assessing the efficiency of particular synthons. The supramolecular synthon approach has been successfully applied in the synthesis of one-dimensional tapes, two-dimensional sheets and three-dimensional structures. The CSD today contains atomic positional parameters for nearly 300 000 crystal structures, and this forms the basis for heuristic or synthon based or "experimental" crystal engineering. In chemistry, molecular recognition is a phenomenon in which molecules are distinguished accurately from other molecules. ... In chemistry, a ligand is an atom, ion, or molecule (see also: functional group) that generally donates one or more of its electrons through a coordinate covalent bond to, or shares its electrons through a covalent bond with, one or more central atoms or ions (these ligands act as a... Organic synthesis is the construction of organic molecules via chemical processes. ... Enargite crystals In mineralogy and crystallography, a crystal structure is a unique arrangement of atoms in a crystal. ...

Polymorphism is the phenomenon wherein the same chemical compound exists in different crystal forms. In the initial days of crystal engineering, polymorphism was not properly understood and incompletely studied. Today, it is one of the most exciting branches of the subject partly because polymorphic forms of drugs may be entitled to independent patent protection if they show new and improved properties over the known crystal forms. With the growing importance of generic drugs, the importance of crystal engineering to the pharmaceutical industry is only expected to grow exponentially.

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Chemical Communications or ChemComm is a is a peer-reviewed scientific journal in the chemical sciences published since 1996 by the Royal Society of Chemistry. ...

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