NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Cuban folk music

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Cuban Folk Music

Introduction

Cuban Folk Music is very diverse and has been influenced by many different cultures. The coming together of Spanish peoples, slaves from Africa, and the remaining indigenous populations of the Caribbean created many different cultural groups through out the Caribbean. To understand the influences on the music one must understand how the island was colonized.

A Brief History of Cuba

In 1492 a Spanish merchant was contracted by King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella, the rulers of Spain, to find a passage to the East Indies. At this time in Spain the royal families would contract merchants to travel to the East, China and the East Indies, to bring goods back to Spain; goods such as porcelain, fine textiles, silk, spices, as well as many other resources. Cristóbal Colón was this merchant contracted by the Spanish royalty to go to the East and bring back such goods. On his voyage they got lost and ended up in the West Indies, also known as the Caribbean. Among the kings named Ferdinand, one may find: Ferdinand I of Aragon (1380-1416) Ferdinand II of Aragon = Ferdinand V of Castile and Leon (1452-1516), Ferdinand the Catholic, King of Aragon, Sicily, and Navarre, first king of united Spain Ferdinand I of Leon = Ferdinand I of Castile (d. ... The name Isabella, also Isabel, is sometimes translated into its English equivalent, Elizabeth. ... The Indies, on the display globe of the Field Museum, Chicago The Indies or East Indies (or East India) is a term used to describe lands of South and South-East Asia, occupying all of the former British India, the present Indian Union, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Maldives, and... The Indies, on the display globe of the Field Museum, Chicago The Indies or East Indies (or East India) is a term used to describe lands of South and South-East Asia, occupying all of the former British India, the present Indian Union, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Maldives, and... Christopher Columbus (conjectural image by Sebastiano del Piombo). ... The Caribbean or the West Indies is a group of islands in the Caribbean Sea. ... West Indian redirects here. ...

In 1511 the island was officially mapped and the first trade settlement was built. A few years later the city of Havana was established. Cuba was under the rule of Spain for hundreds of years. There were many battles back and forth between Spain and Cuba; with Cuba trying to gain its independence. In 1898, after many years of fighting Cuba gained independence from Spain. It wasn’t until 1902, however, that Cuba was officially recognized as independent. At this time the United States and the United Fruit Company controlled the resources and money that went into and out of Cuba. Nickname: (Spanish) City of Columns Position of Havana in Cuba Coordinates: Country Cuba Province Ciudad de La Habana Administrative Divisions 15 Founded 1515a Government - President of the Peoples Power Provincial Assembly Juan Contino AslÃ¡n Area - City 721. ... The United Fruit Company (1899â€“1970) was a major American corporation that traded tropical fruit (primarily bananas and pineapples) grown in Third World plantations and sold in the United States and Europe. ...

The Taino People

By the time the Spaniards colonized Cuba 99% of the native populations had died due to the disease the Spaniards brought with them. Because these natives had never been in contact with these foreign diseases they had no immunity to them and a large portion of their population died. One of the indigenous groups was the Taino people. The ancestors of the Taino were originally from South America. For thousands of years the Taino peoples lived through out the Caribbean. There are little remnants of their culture left today, due to the large scale changes to the landscape that the Spanish plantations brought. The Taíno are the pre-Hispanic Amerindian inhabitants of the Greater Antilles, which includes Cuba, Hispaniola (Haiti and the Dominican Republic), Puerto Rico, Jamaica and the Bahamas. ... This article refers to a colony in politics and history. ... The Taíno are the pre-Hispanic Amerindian inhabitants of the Greater Antilles, which includes Cuba, Hispaniola (Haiti and the Dominican Republic), Puerto Rico, Jamaica and the Bahamas. ... The Taíno are the pre-Hispanic Amerindian inhabitants of the Greater Antilles, which includes Cuba, Hispaniola (Haiti and the Dominican Republic), Puerto Rico, Jamaica and the Bahamas. ... South America South America is a continent crossed by the equator, with most of its area in the Southern Hemisphere. ... The Taíno are the pre-Hispanic Amerindian inhabitants of the Greater Antilles, which includes Cuba, Hispaniola (Haiti and the Dominican Republic), Puerto Rico, Jamaica and the Bahamas. ... West Indian redirects here. ... A sugarcane plantation at Ribeirão Preto, Brazil, 2005 A plantation is a large tract of monoculture, as a tree plantation, a cotton plantation, a tea plantation or a tobacco plantation. ...

Spain's Colonization of the Caribbean

As Spain colonized the islands of the Caribbean, they drastically changed the landscape of each island. Each island was set up with plantation agriculture, meaning each island was essentially one large plantation. They grew fruit, cotton, tobacco, sugar, cocoa and many other things. After these goods were harvested they were sent back to Europe to sell. Because each island was colonized in this manner each island of the Caribbean had, essentially, a different culture. Because the majority of the indigenous population had died out the plantation owners needed laborers from elsewhere. The Spaniards brought in slaves from Africa to work the plantations. Because the Spanish brought few women with them, they intermarried with the remaining indigenous peoples as well as the slaves which assisted in the creation of these new cultures. West Indian redirects here. ... For other uses, see Fruit (disambiguation). ... Cotton ready for harvest. ... This article is about the product manufactured from Tobacco plants (Nicotiana spp. ... Magnification of grains of sugar, showing their monoclinic hemihedral crystalline structure. ... Cocoa beans in a cacao pod Cocoa is the dried and partially fermented fatty seed of the cacao tree from which chocolate is made. ... World map showing the location of Europe. ... West Indian redirects here. ... A world map showing the continent of Africa Africa is the worlds second-largest and second most-populous continent, after Asia. ... A sugarcane plantation at Ribeirão Preto, Brazil, 2005 A plantation is a large tract of monoculture, as a tree plantation, a cotton plantation, a tea plantation or a tobacco plantation. ...

Private Clubs

We now turn the focus to Havana. By the 1940’s many of the cities had grown greatly. There were many members’ only clubs, such as cigar rolling clubs, or base ball clubs, as well as music clubs. Entrance to these clubs was based on ethnicity. One such club was the Buena Vista Social Club. People would go there to dance and sing and listen to traditional Cuban Folk Music. Nickname: (Spanish) City of Columns Position of Havana in Cuba Coordinates: Country Cuba Province Ciudad de La Habana Administrative Divisions 15 Founded 1515a Government - President of the Peoples Power Provincial Assembly Juan Contino AslÃ¡n Area - City 721. ...

Instruments

Many of the instruments played in the Cuban Folk Music Tradition are still played in modern Cuban Folk Music. Instruments such as the Congas and the bata drums were brought to Cuba by slaves from Africa. As well as the marimbula this is related to the mbira from Africa. Other instruments such as the guitar and the laud were brought over with the Spanish. Today they still play these drums and the guitar and the laud. They also play slide guitar and bass guitar as well as maracas and clavs. Conga is a drum, a type of music, and a type of dance (Conga Line). ... A world map showing the continent of Africa Africa is the worlds second-largest and second most-populous continent, after Asia. ... Marimbula Marímbula (not to be confused with marimba), pronounced as mah-REAM-boo-lah, is a folk musical instrument of Caribbean Islands. ... Mbira Dzavadzimu in deze (top), Mbira Nyunga Nyunga (bottom), Hosho (bottom left). ... A world map showing the continent of Africa Africa is the worlds second-largest and second most-populous continent, after Asia. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Look up laud in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Look up laud in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Example of a bottleneck, with fingerpicks and resonator guitar. ... The electric bass guitar (or electric bass) is an electrically-amplified string instrument played with the fingers by plucking, slapping, or using a pick. ... Maracas are simple percussion instruments (idiophones), usually played in pairs, consisting of a dried gourd shell (cuia - kOO-ya) filled with seeds or dried beans. ...

Rhythms

When you listen to the music you can hear the influence of the many different cultures. Many of the rhythms used in Cuban Folk Music originated in Africa. Many other music styles influenced this music such as jazz, mambo, conga, tango as well as Ghanaian High-life, West African Afro-beat and Spanish Nuevo-flamenco. A world map showing the continent of Africa Africa is the worlds second-largest and second most-populous continent, after Asia. ... Jazz is a musical art form that originated in New Orleans, Louisiana, United States around the start of the 20th century. ... Mambo is a Cuban musical form and dance style. ... A pair of congas The conga is a tall, narrow, single-headed Cuban drum of African origin, probably derived from the Congolese Makuta drums. ... Tango music is traditionally played by an orquesta tÃpica, a sextet which includes two violins, piano, doublebass, and two bandoneons. ...

One of the main styles they use is the Son. The son consists of many repeating sections and features much improvisation. The most well known son is La Bamba. Another rhythm style is known as Changui. This style consists of a repeating head with a B-section. The B-section is mainly improvisation. In the B-section there is instrumental improvisation as well as vocal improvisation. Changui originated in the early nineteenth century in the Guantanamo Providence in Cuba. It originated on the sugar plantations which had a high concentration of African slaves. It combines the Spanish elements of guitar with African rhythms as well as percussion. A son is a male offspring; a boy, man, or male animal in relation to either or both of his parents. ... A son is a male offspring; a boy, man, or male animal in relation to either or both of his parents. ... La Bamba is a traditional song created in the Mexican state of Veracruz over 300 years ago. ... Changui is a style of Cuban music which originated in the early 19th century in the eastern region of GuantÃ¡namo Province. ... Changui is a style of Cuban music which originated in the early 19th century in the eastern region of GuantÃ¡namo Province. ... World map showing location of Africa A satellite composite image of Africa Africa is the worlds second_largest continent in both area and population, after Asia. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... World map showing location of Africa A satellite composite image of Africa Africa is the worlds second_largest continent in both area and population, after Asia. ... Percussion instruments are played by being struck, shaken, rubbed or scraped. ...

Ibrahim Ferrer

Two well known artists that played at the original Buena Vista Social Club are Ibrahim Ferrrer and Ruben Gonzalez. Ferrer was born at a dance. His mother died when he was twelve. After his mother died he was forced to drop out of school and make a living. He made a band with his cousin called “Jovenes del Son” which helped to make ends meet. In the 1940’s he sang at the Buena Vista Social Club. When the club closed and his Bolero singing went out of style he was forced to shine shoes for a living. When Ferrer was found for the Buena Vista Social Club documentary he was shining shoes in the streets of Havana. He was seventy years old. The Buena Vista Social Club documentary brought him fame. After the film was released he released his first solo album in 1999 and then in 2000 he was nominated for a Latin Grammy for best new artist at the age of seventy-two. The Buena Vista Social Club was a members club in Havana, Cuba that held dances and musical activities, becoming a popular location for musicians to meet and play during the 1940s. ... Introducing. ... Ferrer is a Catalan surname meaning iron-worker and may refer to the following: People Chucho Ferrer (born 1929), a Mexican composer. ... The Buena Vista Social Club was a members club in Havana, Cuba that held dances and musical activities, becoming a popular location for musicians to meet and play during the 1940s. ... The bolero is a type of dance and musical form. ... Ferrer is a Catalan surname meaning iron-worker and may refer to the following: People Chucho Ferrer (born 1929), a Mexican composer. ... The Buena Vista Social Club was a members club in Havana, Cuba that held dances and musical activities, becoming a popular location for musicians to meet and play during the 1940s. ... Nickname: (Spanish) City of Columns Position of Havana in Cuba Coordinates: Country Cuba Province Ciudad de La Habana Administrative Divisions 15 Founded 1515a Government - President of the Peoples Power Provincial Assembly Juan Contino AslÃ¡n Area - City 721. ... The Buena Vista Social Club was a members club in Havana, Cuba that held dances and musical activities, becoming a popular location for musicians to meet and play during the 1940s. ...

Ruben Gonzalez

Ruben Gonzales was a piano player at the club. He began playing piano at seven years old. He studied piano all through school. When he got out of school he didn’t want to become a concert pianist because he was quite fond of the traditional Cuban music, “particularly son, a guitar-led fusion of African percussion and Hispanic harmonies that underpins most modern Latin American dance forms.” After he graduated, at age fifteen, he played with many, many people and bands. He has been acknowledged as one of the leading pioneers of Cha-cha-cha and the Mambo in the early 1960’s. In the lat 1960’s he was in an organized band called “Orquesta de Enrique Jorrín” for twenty-five years, when the bands conductor died. Gonzalez took over and conducted for two years and then he retired in the 1980’s. After he retired he released a few solo albums with the help of Ry Cooder and took part in the documentary “The Buena Vista Social Club”. Introducing. ... A short grand piano, with the top up. ... A short grand piano, with the top up. ... A short grand piano, with the top up. ... The Caribbean island of Cuba has been influential in the development of multiple musical styles in the 19th and 20th centuries. ... A son is a male offspring; a boy, man, or male animal in relation to either or both of his parents. ... Latin America consists of the countries of South America and some of North America (including Central America and some the islands of the Caribbean) whose inhabitants mostly speak Romance languages, although Native American languages are also spoken. ... For the dance, see Cha-cha-cha (dance). ... Mambo is a Cuban musical form and dance style. ... Ryland Ry Peter Cooder (born 15 March 1947, in Los Angeles, California) is an American guitarist, singer and composer, known for his slide guitar work, his interest in the American roots music and, more recently, for his collaborations with traditional musicians from many countries. ...

Cuban Folk Music traditions are still alive today, thanks to in part, the Buena Vista Social Club documentary. Many of the men and women that were in the film did not get recognition for their traditional music until right before their deaths. When you listen to this music you can hear a strong sense of nationalism. There are no political songs, they are all about love affairs of the heart as well as disappointment and infidelity. Cuban Folk Music had many different influences, such as jazz, and salsa as well as West-African Afro-Beat, and Spanish Nuevo-Flamenco. It also has developed new styles such as the Mambo and Cha-cha-cha. The Buena Vista Social Club was a members club in Havana, Cuba that held dances and musical activities, becoming a popular location for musicians to meet and play during the 1940s. ... EugÃ¨ne Delacroixs Liberty Leading the People, symbolising French nationalism during the July Revolution. ... Jazz is a musical art form that originated in New Orleans, Louisiana, United States around the start of the 20th century. ... Look up salsa on Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Mambo is a Cuban musical form and dance style. ... For the dance, see Cha-cha-cha (dance). ...

Bibliography

Lemonick, Michael D.; Michael, D.; Dorfman, Andrea. Before Columbus. Time Magazine. October 10, 1998 Vol. 152 Issue 16.

White, Timothy. String of Pearls: Cuba’s Music Revolution. Billboard. February 19, 2000.

Chanan, Michael. Play it Again, or Old-Time Cuban Music on the Screen. New Left Review. No. 238. Nov/Dec 1999.

Changui. Wikipedia. Online Document. Accessed March 16, 2007. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changui

Ruben Gonzalez. Obituary. Online Document. Accessed April 4, 2007. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2003/12/10/db1002.xml

Leymarie, Isabelle. Cuban Fire: The Story of Salsa and Latin Jazz. London; New York Continuum, 2002.

Manuel, Peter Lamarche. Essays on Cuban Music: North American and Cuban Perspectives. Lanham, Md. : University Press of America. 1991.

Brock, Lisa. Between Race and Empire African-Americans and Cubans before the Cuban Revolution. Temple University Press. Philadelphia, PA. 1998.

Contents

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