This is a chart of the Peruvian cultural periods used by archaeologist studying the area. Most of the cultures of the Late Horizon and some of the cultures of the Late Intermediate joined the Inca empire by 1493, but the period ends in 1534 because that marks the fall of the Inca empire. Most of the cut-off years mark either an end of a severe drought or the begining of one. These marked a shift of the most productive farming to or from the mountains, and tended to mark the end of one culture and the rise of another.
During their period of dominance, little was added to this inventory of skills, other than the size of the population they ruled and the degree and efficiency of control they attained.
Peru was obligated, then, to enter a war for which it was woefully unprepared, particularly since the antimilitary Pardo government had sharply cut the defense budget.
Peru is a complex amalgam of ancient and modern cultures, populations, conflicts, questions, and dilemmas.
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