The Culture of Egypt has five thousand years of recorded history. Ancient Egypt was among the earliest civilizations. For millennia, Egypt maintained a strikingly complex and stable culture that influenced later cultures of Europe, the Middle East and Africa. After the Pharaonic era, Egypt itself came under the influence of Hellenism, for a time Christianity, and later, Arab and Islamic culture. Today, many aspects of Egypt's ancient culture exist in interaction with newer elements, including the influence of modern Western culture. Egypt has long been the cultural and informational centre of the Arab world, and Cairo is the regions largest publishing and broadcasting centre. ... Egypt is the most populous country in the Middle East and the second-most populous on the African continent. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article may require cleanup. ... Politics of Egypt takes place in a framework of a semi-presidential republic, whereby the President of Egypt is de facto both head of state and head of government, and of a party system dominated by the National Democratic Party. ... For other uses, see Culture (disambiguation). ... The pyramids are the most recognizable symbols of the civilization of ancient Egypt. ... Central New York City. ... For other uses, see Europe (disambiguation). ... A map showing countries commonly considered to be part of the Middle East The Middle East is a region comprising the lands around the southern and eastern parts of the Mediterranean Sea, a territory that extends from the eastern Mediterranean Sea to the Persian Gulf. ... A world map showing the continent of Africa Africa is the worlds second-largest and second most-populous continent, after Asia. ... The term Hellenistic (derived from HéllÄ“n, the Greeks traditional self-described ethnic name) was established by the German historian Johann Gustav Droysen to refer to the spreading of Greek culture over the non-Greek people that were conquered by Alexander the Great. ... Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations Ecumenism · Relation to other religions Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art · Criticism Christianity Portal This box:      Christianity is a monotheistic[1] religion centered on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth as presented in the New Testament. ... For other uses, see Arab (disambiguation). ... For people named Islam, see Islam (name). ... For this articles equivalent regarding the East, see Eastern culture. ...

Language

Main article: Languages of Egypt

Egyptian hieroglyphs, as this example from a sarcophagus from Thebes of about 530 BC, represent both ideograms and phonograms.

The Ancient Egyptian language, which formed a separate branch among the family of Afro-Asiatic languages, was among the first written languages, and is known from hieroglyphic inscriptions preserved on monuments and sheets of papyrus. The Coptic language, the only extant descendant of Egyptian, is today the liturgical language of the Coptic Orthodox Church. There are a number of languages spoken in Egypt, although Egyptian Arabic is by far the most widely spoken in the country. ... Example of Egyptian hieoglyphs from the Black Schist sarcophagus of Ankhnesneferibre. ... Example of Egyptian hieoglyphs from the Black Schist sarcophagus of Ankhnesneferibre. ... It has been suggested that Hieroglyph (French Wiki article) be merged into this article or section. ... Thebes Thebes (, ThÄ“bai) was a city in Ancient Egypt located about 800 km south of the Mediterranean, on the east bank of the river Nile (). It was the capital of Waset, the fourth Upper Egyptian nome. ... A Chinese character. ... Spoken in: Ancient Egypt Language extinction: evolved into Demotic by 600 BC, into Coptic by AD 200, and was extinct (not spoken as a day-to-day language) by the 17th century. ... The language of the Egyptian hieroglyphs and their modern descendant, the Coptic language is classifed under this category. ... The Afro-Asiatic languages constitute a language family (Languages of Africa) with about 375 languages (SIL estimate) and more than 300 million speakers spread throughout North Africa, East Africa, West Africa, Central Africa, and Southwest Asia (including some 200 million speakers of Arabic). ... It has been suggested that Hieroglyph (French Wiki article) be merged into this article or section. ... For other uses, see Papyrus (disambiguation). ... The Coptic language is a direct descendant of the ancient Egyptian language which was once written in Egyptian hieroglyphic, hieratic, and demotic scripts. ... A sacred language is a language, frequently a dead language, that is cultivated for religious reasons by people who speak another language in their daily life. ... Christ - Coptic Art Coptic Orthodox Christianity is the indigenous form of Christianity that, according to tradition, the apostle Mark established in Egypt in the middle of the 1st century AD (approximately AD 60). ...

The "Koiné" dialect of the Greek language was important in Hellenistic Alexandria, and was used in the philosophy and science of that culture, and was later studied by Arabic scholars. Greek ( IPA: or simply IPA: — Hellenic) has a documented history of 3,500 years, the longest of any single natural language in the Indo-European language family. ...

Arabic came to Egypt in the seventh century and Egyptian Arabic has since become the modern speech of the country. Of the many varieties of Arabic, it is the most widely spoken second dialect, probably due to the influence of Egyptian cinema throughout the Arabic-speaking world. Arabic redirects here. ... ( 6th century - 7th century - 8th century - other centuries) Events Islam starts in Arabia, the Quran is written, and Arabs subjugate Syria, Iraq, Persia, Egypt, North Africa and Central Asia to Islam. ... Egyptian Arabic (Marī مصري) is part of the Arabic macrolanguage of the Semitic branch of the Afro-Asiatic language family. ... The Arabic language is classified as a Semitic language. ... A second language (L2) is any language learned after the first language or mother tongue (L1). ...

In the Upper Nile Valley, around Kom Ombo and Aswan, there are about 300,000 speakers of Nubian languages, mainly Nobiin, but also Kenuzi-Dongola. The Berber languages are represented by Siwi, spoken by about 5,000 around the Siwa Oasis. There are over a million speakers of the Domari language (an Indo-Aryan language related to Romany), mostly living north of Cairo, and there are about 60,000 Greek speakers in Alexandria. Approximately 77,000 speakers of Bedawi (a Beja language) live in the Eastern Desert. Kom Ombo (كوم أمبو) is an agricultural town in Egypt famous for its temple. ... Egypt: Site of Aswan (bottom). ... The Nubian language group, according to the most recent research by Bechhaus-Gerst comprises the following varieties: Nobiin (previously known by the geographic terms Mahas or Fadicca/Fiadicca). ... Nobiin is a Northern Nubian language of the Nilo-Saharan phylum. ... The Berber languages (or Tamazight) are a group of closely related languages mainly spoken in Morocco and Algeria. ... Siwi is a Berber Afro-Asiatic language of Egypt, spoken by about 5,000 people in and around the oasis of Siwa near the Libyan border. ... The Siwa Oasis is an oasis in Egypt, located between the Qattara Depression and the Egyptian Sand Sea in the Libyan Desert. ... Punkmorten 15:55, 9 February 2006 (UTC) Category: ... The Indo-Aryan languages (within the context of Indo-European studies also Indic[1]) are a branch of the Indo-European language family. ... Romany (or Romani) is the language of the Roma and Sinti, peoples often referred to in English as Gypsies. The Indo-Aryan Romany language should not be confused with either Romanian (spoken by Romanians), or Romansh (spoken in parts of southeastern Switzerland), both of which are Romance languages. ... For other uses, see Cairo (disambiguation). ... This article is about the city in Egypt. ... Beja (also called Bedawi, Bedauye, To Bedawie) is an Afro-Asiatic language of the southern coast of the Red Sea, spoken by about two million nomads in parts of Egypt, Sudan, and Eritrea. ...

Literature

Sample of a Book of the Dead of the scribe Nebqed, c. 1300 BC.

Ancient Egyptian literature dates back to the Old Kingdom, in the third millennium BC. Religious literature is best known for its hymns to various gods and its mortuary texts. The oldest extant Egyptian literature are the Pyramid Texts: the mythology and rituals carved around the tombs of rulers. The later, secular literature of ancient Egypt includes the 'wisdom texts', forms of philosophical instruction. The Instruction of Ptahhotep, for example, is a collation of moral proverbs by an Egyptian administrator. The authors of the literature of the Old and Middle Kingdoms (through to the middle of the second millennium BC) seem to have been drawn from an elite administrative class, and were celebrated and revered into the New Kingdom (to the end of the second millennium). In time, the Pyramid Texts became Coffin Texts (perhaps after the end of the Old Kingdom), and finally the mortuary literature produced its masterpiece, the Book of the Dead, during the New Kingdom. Download high resolution version (2304x1728, 298 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Download high resolution version (2304x1728, 298 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... This is about scribe, the profession. ... (Redirected from 1300 BC) Centuries: 15th century BC - 14th century BC - 13th century BC Decades: 1350s BC 1340s BC 1330s BC 1320s BC 1310s BC - 1300s BC - 1290s BC 1280s BC 1270s BC 1260s BC 1250s BC Events and Trends Cecrops II, legendary King of Athens dies after a reign... The Old Kingdom is the name commonly given to that period in the 3rd millennium BC when Egypt attained its first continuous peak of civilization in complexity and achievement – this was the first of three so-called Kingdom periods, which mark the high points of civilization in the lower Nile... For other uses, see Hymn (disambiguation). ... The Pyramid Texts are a collection of Ancient Egyptian religious texts from the time of the Old Kingdom, mostly inscriptions found in pyramids. ... The Middle Kingdom is the period in the history of ancient Egypt stretching from the establishment of the Eleventh Dynasty to the end of the Fourteenth Dynasty, roughly between 2030 BC and 1640 BC. The period comprises two phases, the 11th Dynasty, which ruled from Thebes and the 12th Dynasty... The maximum territorial extent of Egypt (XVth century BC) The New Kingdom, sometimes referred to as the Egyptian Empire, is the period in ancient Egyptian history between the 16th century BC and the 11th century BC, covering the Eighteenth, Nineteenth, and Twentieth Dynasties of Egypt. ... The Coffin Text, which basically superseded the Pyramid Texts as magical funerary spells at the end of the Egyptian Old Kingdom, are principally a Middle Kingdom phenomenon, though we have found examples as early as the late Old Kingdom. ... For other uses, see Book of the Dead (disambiguation). ...

The Middle Kingdom was the golden age of Egyptian literature. Some notable texts include the Tale of Neferty, the Instructions of Amenemhat I, the Tale of Sinuhe, the Story of the Shipwrecked Sailor and the Story of the Eloquent Peasant. Instructions became a popular literary genre of the New Kingdom, taking the form of advice on proper behavior. The Story of Wenamun and the Instructions of Ani are well-known examples from this period. The Middle Kingdom is the period in the history of ancient Egypt stretching from the establishment of the Eleventh Dynasty to the end of the Fourteenth Dynasty, roughly between 2030 BC and 1640 BC. The period comprises two phases, the 11th Dynasty, which ruled from Thebes and the 12th Dynasty... nomen or birth name Amenemhat I was the first ruler of the Twelfth Dynasty (the dynasty debated to be the beginning of the Middle Kingdom of Egypt). ... Unsolved problems in Egyptology: Was the Story of Sinuhe a myth or real? If it was real, did Sinuhe abandon his duty or was he a hero? The Story of Sinuhe is set in the time of the Pharaoh Amenemhat I, founder of the 12th dynasty of Egypt, and is... The maximum territorial extent of Egypt (XVth century BC) The New Kingdom, sometimes referred to as the Egyptian Empire, is the period in ancient Egyptian history between the 16th century BC and the 11th century BC, covering the Eighteenth, Nineteenth, and Twentieth Dynasties of Egypt. ... The Story of Wenamun (alternately known as the Report of Wenamun, The Misadventures of Wenamun, or [informally] as just Wenamun) is a literary text written in hieratic in the Late Egyptian language. ...

During the Greco-Roman period (332 BC − AD 639), Egyptian literature was translated into other languages, and Greco-Roman literature fused with native art into a new style of writing. From this period comes the Rosetta Stone, which became the key to unlocking the mysteries of Egyptian writing to modern scholarship. The great city of Alexandria boasted its famous Library of almost half a million handwritten books during the third century BC. Alexandria's centre of learning also produced the Greek translation of the Hebrew Bible, the Septuagint. The Greco-Roman period of history refers to the culture of the peoples who were incorporated into the Roman Republic and Roman Empire. ... Centuries: 5th century BC - 4th century BC - 3rd century BC Decades: 380s BC 370s BC 360s BC 350s BC 340s BC - 330s BC - 320s BC 310s BC 300s BC 290s BC 280s BC 337 BC 336 BC 335 BC 334 BC 333 BC - 332 BC - 331 BC 329 BC 328... Events Dagobert I succeeded by Clovis II as king of the Franks in Neustria and Burgundy During the Islamic conquest of Persia, Susa is destroyed Births Deaths Pippin I of Landen, father of Gertrude of Nivelles Categories: 639 ... This article is about the ancient Rosetta Stone . ... This article is about the city in Egypt. ... Inscription regarding Tiberius Claudius Balbilus of Rome (d. ... This article is about the term Hebrew Bible. For the Jewish scriptures see Tanakh. ... The Septuagint: A column of uncial text from 1 Esdras in the Codex Vaticanus, the basis of Sir Lancelot Charles Lee Brentons Greek edition and English translation. ...

Akhenaten, Dweller in Truth, a 1985 novel by Nobel Literature Laureate Naguib Mahfouz.

During the first few centuries of the Christian era, Egypt was the ultimate source of a great deal of ascetic literature in the Coptic language. Egyptian monasteries translated many Greek and Syriac works, which are now only extant in Coptic. Under Islam, Egypt continued to be a great source of literary endeavour, now in the Arabic language. In 970, al-Azhar University was founded in Cairo, which to this day remains the most important centre of Sunni Islamic learning. In 12th century Egypt, the Jewish Talmudic scholar Maimonides produced his most important work. Image File history File links AkhenatenDwellerInTruth. ... Image File history File links AkhenatenDwellerInTruth. ... Akhenaten, Dweller in Truth is a novel written and published by Nobel Prize-winning author Naguib Mahfouz in 1985. ... This article is about the Egyptian novelist. ... The Coptic language is a direct descendant of the ancient Egyptian language which was once written in Egyptian hieroglyphic, hieratic, and demotic scripts. ... Syriac ( Suryāyā) is an Eastern Aramaic language that was once spoken across much of the Fertile Crescent. ... For people named Islam, see Islam (name). ... Arabic redirects here. ... Events Major volcano eruption in Mashu Japan Devastating decade long famine begins in France Byzantine Emperor John I successfully defends the Eastern Roman Empire from massive barbarian invasion Construction completed on Al-Azhar mosque in Cairo, worlds oldest Islamic university Births Leif Ericson, Norse explorer Seyyed Razi, important Muslim... Al-Azhar Mosque in Cairo Egypt Al-Azhar University (Arabic: الأزهر الشريف; al-Azhar al-Shareef, the Noble Azhar), is a premier Egyptian institution of higher learning, world-renowned for its position as a center of Islamic scholarship and education. ... For other uses, see Cairo (disambiguation). ... Sunni Islam is the largest denomination of Islam. ... (11th century - 12th century - 13th century - other centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 12th century was that century which lasted from 1101 to 1200. ... Commonly used image indicating one artists conception of Maimonidess appearance Maimonides (March 30, 1135 or 1138–December 13, 1204) was a Jewish rabbi, physician, and philosopher in Spain, Morocco and Egypt during the Middle Ages. ...

In contemporary times, Egyptian novelists and poets were among the first to experiment with modern styles of Arabic literature, and the forms they developed have been widely imitated. The first modern Egyptian novel Zaynab by Muhammad Husayn Haykal was published in 1913 in the Egyptian vernacular. Egyptian novelist Naguib Mahfouz was the first Arabic-language writer to win the Nobel Prize in Literature. Many Egyptian books and films are available throughout the Middle East. Other prominent Egyptian writers include Nawal El Saadawi, well known for her feminist works and activism, and Alifa Rifaat who also writes about women and tradition. Vernacular poetry is perhaps the most popular literary genre amongst Egyptians, represented most significantly by Bayram el-Tunsi, Ahmed Fouad Negm (Fagumi), Salah Jaheen and Abdel Rahman el-Abnudi. Husayn Haykals Zaynab is the first modern Egyptian novel published in 1914. ... Muhammad Husayn Haykal (Arabic: ) ) was an Egyptian writer, journalist, politician and a former minister of Education in Egypt. ... Year 1913 (MCMXIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Egyptian Arabic (Marī مصري) is part of the Arabic macrolanguage of the Semitic branch of the Afro-Asiatic language family. ... This article is about the Egyptian novelist. ... René-François-Armand Prudhomme (1839–1907), a French poet and essayist, was the first person to win the Nobel Prize in Literature, in 1901, in special recognition of his poetic composition, which gives evidence of lofty idealism, artistic perfection and a rare combination of the qualities of both heart... A map showing countries commonly considered to be part of the Middle East The Middle East is a region comprising the lands around the southern and eastern parts of the Mediterranean Sea, a territory that extends from the eastern Mediterranean Sea to the Persian Gulf. ... Nawal El Saadawi (Arabic: نوال السعداوى) (born October 27, 1931) is an Egyptian feminist writer, activist and physician. ... Feminists redirects here. ... Activism, in a general sense, can be described as intentional action or inaction to bring about social or political change. ... Alifa Rifaat (June 5, 1930 - 1996) was a controversial Egyptian author, whose short stories reflect on the life of traditional Muslim women in rural Egypt. ... Mohammad Salah eddin Bahgat Helmy, known as Salah Jaheen or Salah Jahin (Arabic: ‎ ) (December 25, 1930 – April 21, 1986) was a leading Egyptian poet, lyricist, playwright and cartoonist. ... Abdel Rahman el Abnudi (b. ...

See also: List of writers from Egypt African Writers (by country): This is a list of prominent and notable literary figures from the African continent, listed by country, including poets, novelists, childrens writers, essayists, and scholars, listed by country. ...

Religion

Main article: Religion in Egypt

Ramesses II was an Egyptian pharaoh. He lived from c. 1314 BC to 1224 BC

Ancient Egyptian religion was a polytheistic system that saw the world as in conflict between forces of order and chaos. The Pharaoh, representative of order on Earth, was seen as divine and descended of the falcon god Horus. There was a strong cult of resurrection in the next life centered around the god Osiris. Religion in Egypt permeates many aspects of social life and is endorsed by law. ... Image File history File links RamsesIIEgypt. ... Image File history File links RamsesIIEgypt. ... Nomen: Ramesses meryamun Ramesses (Re has fashioned him), beloved of Amun. ... For other uses, see Pharaoh (disambiguation). ... (Redirected from 1314 BC) Centuries: 15th century BC - 14th century BC - 13th century BC Decades: 1360s BC 1350s BC 1340s BC 1330s BC 1320s BC - 1310s BC - 1300s BC 1290s BC 1280s BC 1270s BC 1260s BC Events and Trends The Bhagavad Gita is written, according to some Hindu traditions. ... (Redirected from 1224 BC) Centuries: 14th century BC - 13th century BC - 12th century BC Decades: 1270s BC 1260s BC 1250s BC 1240s BC 1230s BC - 1220s BC - 1210s BC 1200s BC 1190s BC 1180s BC 1170s BC Events and Trends 1225 BC - Birth of legendary Helen to King Tyndareus of... Egyptian mythology or Egyptian religion is the succession of tentative beliefs held by the people of Egypt for over three thousand years, prior to major exposure to Christianity and Islam. ... For other uses, see Pharaoh (disambiguation). ... Ihy redirects here. ... For other uses, see Osiris (disambiguation). ...

Coptic Christianity became popular in the Roman and Byzantine periods, and Egypt was indeed one of the strongest early Christian communities. Today, Christians constitute about 10% of the population. Jesus Christ in a Coptic icon. ...

Islam in Egypt came to the country with the successors of the Prophet Muhammad, and is today the dominant faith with 90% of the population adherents, almost completely of the Sunni denomination. Al-Azhar Islamic university in Cairo Egypt, connected to a mosque built around 971, is the oldest continuously operating university in the world. ... The Quran identifies a number of men as prophets of Islam. ... Muhammad in a new genre of Islamic calligraphy started in the 17th century by Hafiz Osman. ... Sunni Islam (Arabic سنّة) is the largest denomination of Islam. ...

Visual art

Egyptian art in antiquity

Main articles: Art of Ancient Egypt and Ancient Egyptian architecture

The Egyptians were one of the first major civilizations to codify design elements in art. The wall paintings done in the service of the Pharaohs followed a rigid code of visual rules and meanings. Early Egyptian art is characterized by absence of linear perspective, which results in a seemingly flat space. These artists tended to create images based on what they knew, and not as much on what they see. Objects in these artworks generally do not decrease in size as they increase in distance and there is little shading to indicate depth. Sometimes, distance is indicated through the use of tiered space, where more distant objects are drawn higher above the nearby objects, but in the same scale and with no overlapping of forms. People and objects are almost always drawn in profile. Ancient Egyptian art refers to the style of painting, sculpture, crafts and architecture developed by the civilization in the lower Nile Valley from c. ... The well preserved temple of Horus at Edfu is an exemplar of Egyptian architecture The Nile valley has been the site of one of the most influential civilizations which developed a vast array of diverse structures encompassing ancient Egyptian architecture. ... This article is about the philosophical concept of Art. ... Salle des illustres, ceiling painting, by Jean André Rixens. ... For other uses, see Pharaoh (disambiguation). ... Linear perspective is the art of representing three-dimensional constructions on a two-dimensional surface. ... Distance is a numerical description of how far apart objects are at any given moment in time. ...

Antiquity and modernity stand side-by-side in Egypt's chief Mediterranean seaport of Alexandria.

Early Egyptian artists did have a system for maintaining dimensions within artwork. They used a grid system that allowed them to create a smaller version of the artwork, and then scale up the design based upon proportional representation in a larger grid. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (896x672, 94 KB) Original upload-information: Sphinx & flats in Alexandria, Egypt, gfdl Beschreibung: Alexandria, Sphinx aus Rosengranit, ptolemäisch Quelle: [1] Fotograf oder Zeichner: Chmouel Boudjnah Lizenzstatus: [2] GNU/FDL File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (896x672, 94 KB) Original upload-information: Sphinx & flats in Alexandria, Egypt, gfdl Beschreibung: Alexandria, Sphinx aus Rosengranit, ptolemäisch Quelle: [1] Fotograf oder Zeichner: Chmouel Boudjnah Lizenzstatus: [2] GNU/FDL File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to... This article is about the city in Egypt. ...

See also: African art (Egypt) Yoruba bronze head sculpture, Ife, Nigeria c. ...

Egyptian art in modern times

Modern and contemporary Egyptian art can be as diverse as any works in the world art scene. Some well-known names include Mahmoud Mokhtar, Abdel-Hadi el Gazzar, Farouk Hosny, Gazbia Sirry and many others. Many artists in Egypt have taken on modern media such as digital art and this has been the theme of many exhibitions in Cairo, in recent times. There has also been a tendency to use the world wide web as an alternative outlet for artists and there is a strong Art-focused internet community on egroups that has found origin in Egypt*. Dejeuner sur lHerbe by Pablo Picasso At the Moulin Rouge: Two Women Waltzing by Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, 1892 The Scream by Edvard Munch, 1893 I and the Village by Marc Chagall, 1911 Fountain by Marcel Duchamp, 1917 Campbells Soup Cans 1962 Synthetic polymer paint on thirty-two... This article needs additional references or sources to facilitate its verification. ... Mahmoud Mokhtar (1891 - March 28, 1934) was an Egyptian sculptor. ... Farouk Hosny (or Hosni, born 1938 in Alexandria, Egypt) is an abstract painter who was appointed in 1987 to the position of Minister of Culture, which he currently still holds. ... Born: 1925 Positions Held: Professor - American University in Cairo, Egypt (1980 - 1981) Professor - Helwan University (1955 - 1981) Other Achievements State Merit Prize - Egypt (2000) Fourth Great Prize of International Art (1968) Honorary Prize - Venice Biennale (1956) Prize of Rome in Painting (1952) Links Gazbia Sirry Profile Categories: Egyptian people ...

Science

Egypt's cultural contributions have included great works of science, art, and mathematics, dating from antiquity to modern times. A magnet levitating above a high-temperature superconductor demonstrates the Meissner effect. ... For other meanings of mathematics or uses of math and maths, see Mathematics (disambiguation) and Math (disambiguation). ... Ancient redirects here. ...

Ancient Egypt

Mathematics

Main article: Egyptian mathematics

The ancient Egyptians were one of the first civilizations to implement Mathematical numbers. The traditional view of Ancient Egypt's 'additive' scholars reports that Egyptians confined themselves to applications of practical arithmetic with many problems addressing how a number of loaves can be divided equally between a number of men. This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... The pyramids are the most recognizable symbols of the civilization of ancient Egypt. ...

Medicine

Main article: Ancient Egyptian medicine

To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...

Technology

Main article: Ancient Egyptian technology

The characteristics of Ancient Egyptian technology are indicated by a set of artifacts and customs that lasted for thousands of years. ...

Imhotep

Main article: Imhotep

Considered to be the first engineer, architect and physician in history known by name, Imhotep designed the Pyramid of Djoser (the Step Pyramid) at Saqqara in Egypt around 2630-2611 BC, and may have been responsible for the first known use of columns in architecture. The Egyptian historian Manetho credited him with inventing stone-dressed building during Djoser's reign, though he was not the first to actually build with stone. Imhotep is also believed to have founded Egyptian medicine, being the author of the world's earliest known medical document, the Edwin Smith Papyrus. This article is about the ancient Egyptian official. ... This article is about the ancient Egyptian official. ... The Pyramid of Djoser, or step pyramid or kbhw-ntrw, was built for the burial of Pharaoh Djoser-Netjerikhet by his Vizier Imhotep. ... The Pyramid of the Moon, Teotihuacan, is one example of an enormous step pyramid. ... Saqqara Saqqara or Sakkara, Saqqarah (Arabic: سقارة) is a vast, ancient burial ground in Egypt, featuring the worlds oldest standing step pyramid (). It is located some 30 km south of modern-day Cairo and covers an area of around 7 km by 1. ... (28th century BC - 27th century BC - 26th century BC - other centuries) (4th millennium BC - 3rd millennium BC - 2nd millennium BC) Events 2900 - 2334 BC -- Mesopotamian wars of the Early Dynastic period 2775 - 2650 BC -- Second Dynasty wars in Egypt Germination of the Bristlecone pine tree Methuselah about 2700 BC, the... (28th century BC - 27th century BC - 26th century BC - other centuries) (4th millennium BC - 3rd millennium BC - 2nd millennium BC) Events 2900 - 2334 BC -- Mesopotamian wars of the Early Dynastic period 2775 - 2650 BC -- Second Dynasty wars in Egypt Germination of the Bristlecone pine tree Methuselah about 2700 BC, the... For other uses, see Column (disambiguation). ... This article is about building architecture. ... Manetho, also known as Manethon of Sebennytos, was an Egyptian historian and priest from Sebennytos who lived during the Ptolematic era, circa 3rd century BC. Manetho recorded Aegyptiaca (History of Egypt). ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Plates vi & vii of the Edwin Smith Papyrus at the Rare Book Room, New York Academy of Medicine The Edwin Smith Papyrus is the only surviving copy of part of an Ancient Egyptian textbook on trauma surgery. ...

Ptolemaic and Roman Egypt

Inscription referring to the Alexandrian library, dated AD 56

The Royal Library of Alexandria was once the largest in the world. It is usually assumed to have been founded at the beginning of the 3rd century BC during the reign of Ptolemy II of Egypt after his father had set up the Temple of the Muses or Museum. The initial organization is attributed to Demetrius Phalereus. The Library is estimated to have stored at its peak 400,000 to 700,000 scrolls. Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (602x700, 116 KB) Inscription regarding Tiberius Claudius Babillus of Rome (d. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (602x700, 116 KB) Inscription regarding Tiberius Claudius Babillus of Rome (d. ... // Events By place Roman Empire War between Rome and Parthia broke out due to the invasion of Armenia by Vologases, who replaced the Roman supported ruler with his brother Tiridates of Parthia Publius Clodius Thrasea Paetus becomes a consul in Rome. ... Inscription regarding Tiberius Claudius Balbilus of Rome (d. ... The 3rd century BC started the first day of 300 BC and ended the last day of 201 BC. It is considered part of the Classical era, epoch, or historical period. ... Head of Ptolemy II Philadelphus (309-246 BC), with Arsinoë II. Ptolemy II Philadelphus (309-246 BC), was of a delicate constitution, no Macedonian warrior-chief of the old style. ... The original Musaeum or Temple of the Muses at ancient Alexandria in Egypt was the source for the modern usage, which denoted in early modern France as much a community of scholars brought together under one roof as it did the collections themselves, which French and English writers referred to... For other uses, see Museum (disambiguation). ... Demetrius Phalereus ( - died approximately 280 BC) was an Athenian orator and one of the first Peripatetics. ... A scroll is a roll of parchment, papyrus, or paper which has been written upon. ...

One of the reasons so little is known about the Library is that it was lost centuries after its creation. All that is left of many of the volumes are tantalizing titles that hint at all the history lost due to the building's destruction. Few events in ancient history are as controversial as the destruction of the Library, as the historical record is both contradictory and incomplete. Its destruction has been attributed by some authors to, among others, Julius Caesar, Augustus Caesar, and Catholic zealots during the purge of the Arian heresy, Not surprisingly, the Great Library became a symbol of knowledge itself, and its destruction was attributed to those who were portrayed as ignorant barbarians, often for purely political reasons. For other uses, see Barbarian (disambiguation). ...

A new library was inaugurated in 2003 near the site of the old library. Bibliotheca Alexandrina The Bibliotheca Alexandrina is a major library and cultural center located on the shore of the Mediterranean Sea in the Egyptian city of Alexandria. ... Year 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

The Lighthouse of Alexandria, one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, designed by Sostratus of Cnidus and built during the reign of Ptolemy I Soter served as the city's landmark, and later, lighthouse. Graphic reconstruction of the lighthouse according to a comprehensive study of 2006. ... This article is about the Seven Ancient Wonders. ... Sostratus of Cnidus (born 3rd century BC), was a Greek architect. ... Ptolemy I Soter (Greek: , Ptolemaios Soter, i. ...

Mathematics and technology

See also: Greek Mathematics

Alexandria, being the center of the Hellenistic world, produced a number of great mathematicians, astronomers and scientists such as Ctesibius, Pappus and Diophantus. It also attracted scholars from all over the Mediterranean such as Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Greek mathematics, as that term is used in this article, is the mathematics written in Greek, developed from the 6th century BC to the 5th century AD around the Eastern shores of the Mediterranean. ... This article is about the city in Egypt. ... Ctesibius or Ktesibios or Tesibius (Greek Κτησίβιος) (flourished 285–222 BC) was a Greek[1] inventor and mathematician in Alexandria. ... Pappus of Alexandria is one of the most important mathematicians of ancient Greek time, known for his work Synagoge or Collection (c. ... Title page of the 1621 edition of Diophantus Arithmetica, translated into Latin by Claude Gaspard Bachet de Méziriac. ... This article is about the Greek scholar of the third century BC. For the ancient Athenian statesman of the fifth century BC, see Eratosthenes (statesman). ... Cyrene can refer to: The USS Cyrene (AGP-13), a motor torpedo boat tender Cyrene, a figure from Greek mythology Cyrene, a Greek colony in Libya (north Africa) 133 Cyrene, an asteroid Cyrene, fictional character who is the mother of Xena in the series Xena: Warrior Princess See also: Cyrenaica...

Ptolemy

Main article: Ptolemy

Ptolemy is one of the most famous astronomers and geographers from Egypt, famous for his work in Alexandria. Born Claudius Ptolemaeus (Greek: Κλαύδιος Πτολεμαίος; c. 85 – c. 165) in Upper Egypt, he was a geographer, astronomer, and astrologer.^[1] This article is about the geographer, mathematician and astronomer Ptolemy. ... This article is about the geographer, mathematician and astronomer Ptolemy. ... This article is about the city in Egypt. ... Events Roman Empire Dacians under Decebalus engaged in two wars against the Romans from this year to AD 88 or 89. ... Events Roman operations under Avidius Cassius was successful against Parthia, capturing Artaxata, Seleucia, and Ctesiphon. ... Map of Upper and Lower Egypt Ancient Egypt was divided into two kingdoms, known as Upper and Lower Egypt. ... A geographer is a crazy psycho whose area of study is geocrap, the pseudoscientific study of Earths physical environment and human habitat and the study of boring students to death. ... Galileo is often referred to as the Father of Modern Astronomy. ... An astrologer practices one or more forms of astrology. ...

Ptolemy was the author of two important scientific treatises. One is the astronomical treatise that is now known as the Almagest (in Greek Η μεγάλη Σύνταξις, "The Great Treatise"). In this work, one of the most influential books of antiquity, Ptolemy compiled the astronomical knowledge of the ancient Greek and Babylonian world. Ptolemy's other main work is his Geography. This too is a compilation, of what was known about the world's geography in the Roman Empire in his time. Almagest is the Latin form of the Arabic name (al-kitabu-l-mijisti, i. ... Babylonia was a state in southern Mesopotamia, in modern Iraq, combining the territories of Sumer and Akkad. ...

In his Optics, a work which survives only in an Arabic translation, he writes about properties of light, including reflection, refraction and colour. His other works include Planetary Hypothesis, Planisphaerium and Analemma. Ptolemy's treatise on astrology, the Tetrabiblos, was the most popular astrological work of antiquity and also enjoyed great influence in the Islamic world and the medieval Latin West. For the book by Sir Isaac Newton, see Opticks. ... For other uses, see Light (disambiguation). ... The reflection of a bridge in Indianapolis, Indianas Central Canal. ... For the property of metals, see refraction (metallurgy). ... Color is an important part of the visual arts. ... An astrological chart (or horoscope) _ Y2K Chart — This particular chart is calculated for January 1, 2000 at 12:01:00 A.M. Eastern Standard Time in New York City, New York, USA. (Longitude: 074W0023 - Latitude: 40N4251) Astrology (from Greek: αστρολογία = άστρον, astron, star + λόγος, logos, word) is... Islam (Arabic: ; ( â–¶ (help· info)), the submission to God) is a monotheistic faith, one of the Abrahamic religions and the worlds second-largest religion. ... The Middle Ages formed the middle period in a traditional schematic division of European history into three ages: the classical civilization of Antiquity, the Middle Ages, and modern times. ... For other uses, see Latins and Latin (disambiguation). ... Occident redirects here. ...

Ptolemy also wrote an influential work Harmonics on music theory. After criticizing the approaches of his predecessors, Ptolemy argued for basing musical intervals on mathematical ratios (in contrast to the followers of Aristoxenus) backed up by empirical observation (in contrast to the overly-theoretical approach of the Pythagoreans). He presented his own divisions of the tetrachord and the octave, which he derived with the help of a monochord. Ptolemy's astronomical interests also appeared in a discussion of the music of the spheres.

Tributes to Ptolemy include Ptolemaeus crater on the Moon and Ptolemaeus crater on Mars.

Medieval Egypt

See also: Islamic mathematics

In the history of mathematics, Islamic mathematics or Arabic mathematics refers to the mathematics developed by the Islamic civilization between 622 and 1600. ...

Abu Kamil Shuja ibn Aslam

Main article: Abū Kāmil Shujā ibn Aslam

(c. ...

Ibn Yunus

Main article: Ibn Yunus

Ibn Yunus (Arabic: ابن يونس) (full name, Abu al-Hasan Ali abi Said Abd al-Rahman ibn Ahmad ibn Yunus al-Sadafi al-Misri) (c. ...

Modern Egypt

Ahmed Zewail

Ahmed Zewail (Arabic: أحمد زويل) (born February 26, 1946) is an Egyptian chemist, and the winner of the 1999 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work on femtochemistry. Born in Damanhur (60 km south-east of Alexandria) and raised in Disuq, he moved to the US to complete his PhD at the University of Pennsylvania. He was awarded a faculty appointment at Caltech in 1976, where he has remained since. Ahmed Hassan Zewail (Arabic: أحمد حسن زويل) (born February 26, 1946 in Damanhur, Egypt) is an Egyptian American scientist, and the winner of the 1999 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work on femtochemistry. ... Arabic redirects here. ... is the 57th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1946 (MCMXLVI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full 1946 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... For other uses, see Chemistry (disambiguation). ... Events of 2008: (EMILY) Me Lesley and MIley are going to China! This article is about the year. ... List of Nobel Prize laureates in Chemistry from 1901 to the present day. ... Femtochemistry is the science that studies chemical reactions on extremely short timescales, approximately 10–15 seconds (this is one femtosecond, hence the name). ... Damanhur (Arabic: دمنهور ) or Hermopolis Mikra (Greek: ) or Latin: Hermopolis Parva is a city in Lower Egypt, and the capital of al-Buhayrah (Beheira or Behera) governorate. ... This article is about the city in Egypt. ... Disuq is a small city which is located 80 K.M. south east of Alexandria. ... For other uses of terms redirecting here, see US (disambiguation), USA (disambiguation), and United States (disambiguation) Motto In God We Trust(since 1956) (From Many, One; Latin, traditional) Anthem The Star-Spangled Banner Capital Washington, D.C. Largest city New York City National language English (de facto)1 Demonym American... This article is about the private Ivy League university in Philadelphia. ... California Institute of Technology The California Institute of Technology (commonly known as Caltech) is a private, coeducational university located in Pasadena, California, in the United States. ...

Zewail's key work has been as the pioneer of femtochemistry. He developed a method using a rapid laser technique (consisting of ultrashort laser flashes), which allows the description of reactions at the atomic level. It can be viewed as a highly sophisticated form of flash photography. Femtochemistry is the science that studies chemical reactions on extremely short timescales, approximately 10–15 seconds (this is one femtosecond, hence the name). ... For other uses, see Laser (disambiguation). ... In optics, an ultrashort pulse of light is an electromagnetic pulse whose time duration is on the order of the femtosecond ( second). ... For other uses, see Atom (disambiguation). ... A photographic flash is a device that produces a flash of light required for indoor or other low light conditions. ...

In 1999, Zewail became the third Egyptian to receive the Nobel Prize, following Anwar Sadat (1978 in Peace) and Naguib Mahfouz (1988 in Literature). In 1999 he received Egypt's highest state honour, the Grand Collar of the Nile. Events of 2008: (EMILY) Me Lesley and MIley are going to China! This article is about the year. ... The Nobel Prize (Swedish: ) was established in Alfred Nobels will in 1895, and it was first awarded in Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature, and Peace in 1901. ... Muhammad Anwar Al-Sadat (محمد أنورالسادات in Arabic) (December 25, 1918 – October 6, 1981) was an Egyptian politician and served as the third President of Egypt from September 28, 1970 until his assassination on October 6, 1981. ... Year 1978 (MCMLXXVIII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link displays the 1978 Gregorian calendar). ... This article is about the Egyptian novelist. ... Year 1988 (MCMLXXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Friday (link displays 1988 Gregorian calendar). ... Events of 2008: (EMILY) Me Lesley and MIley are going to China! This article is about the year. ...

Egyptology

Main article: Egyptology

In modern times, archaeology and the study of Egypt's ancient heritage as the field of Egyptology has itself become a major scientific pursuit in the country itself. The field began in Arab Egypt during the Middle Ages, but was later led by Europeans and Westerners in modern times. The study of Egyptology, however, has in recent decades been taken up by Egyptian archæologists such as Zahi Hawass and the Supreme Council of Antiquities he leads. The Great Sphinx of Giza against Khafres Pyramid at the Giza pyramid complex. ... For referencing in Wikipedia, see Wikipedia:Citing sources. ... The Great Sphinx of Giza against Khafres Pyramid at the Giza pyramid complex. ... During the initial Islamic invasion in 639 AD, Egypt was ruled at first by governors acting in the name of the Ummayad Caliphs in Damascus but, in 747, the Ummayads were overthrown and the power of the Arabs slowly began to weaken. ... The Middle Ages formed the middle period in a traditional schematic division of European history into three ages: the classical civilization of Antiquity, the Middle Ages, and modern times, beginning with the Renaissance. ... Dr. Zahi Hawass signs an autograph (Aug. ... Part of the Egyptian Ministry of Culture, the Supreme Council of Antiquities (commonly abbreviated SCA) is responsible for the conservation, protection and regulation of all antiquities and archaeological excavations in the Arab Republic of Egypt. ...

The discovery of the Rosetta Stone, a tablet written in ancient Greek, Egyptian Demotic script, and Egyptian hieroglyphs, has partially been credited for the recent stir in the study of Ancient Egypt. Greek, a well known language, gave linguists the ability to decipher the mysterious Egyptian hieroglyphic language. The ability to decipher hieroglyphics facilitated the translation of hundreds of the texts and inscriptions that were previously indecipherable, giving insight into Egyptian culture that would have otherwise been lost to the ages. The stone was discovered on July 15, 1799 in the port town of Rosetta, Egypt,and has been held in the British Museum since 1802. This article is about the ancient Rosetta Stone . ... Demotic (from δημοτικά dimotika popular) refers to both the ancient Egyptian script derived from northern forms of hieratic used in the Delta, as well as the stage of the Egyptian language following Late Egyptian and preceding Coptic. ... London museum | name = British Museum | image = British Museum from NE 2. ...

Sports

The most played most-watched sport in Egypt is Football (Soccer). Egyptian Soccer clubs especially El Ahly and El Zamalek are known throughout the Middle East and Africa and enjoy the reputation of long-time champions of the sport regionally. They enjoy popularity even among non-Egyptians. Soccer redirects here. ... Al-Ahly (Arabic: النادى الاهلى للرياضة البدنية ) is an Egyptian football club founded and headed by the English gentleman Mitchell Ince in April, 1907 in Cairo, Egypt. ... Zamalek Sporting Club (Arabic: نادي الزمالك) is an Egyptian sports club. ... A map showing countries commonly considered to be part of the Middle East The Middle East is a region comprising the lands around the southern and eastern parts of the Mediterranean Sea, a territory that extends from the eastern Mediterranean Sea to the Persian Gulf. ... A world map showing the continent of Africa Africa is the worlds second-largest and second most-populous continent, after Asia. ...

Among the most-watched sports in Egypt are basketball, handball, squash and tennis. The Egyptian Squash team is always known for its fierce competition in world-wide championship in the 1930s and today. Handball has become another growingly popular sport among Egyptians as well. Since the early 1990s, the Egyptian Handball Team has become a growing international force in the sport, winning regional and continental tournaments as well as reaching up to fourth place internationally in 2001. This article is about the sport. ... Handball player leaps towards the goal prior to throwing the ball, while the goalkeeper extends himself trying to stop it. ... Squash racquet and ball Players in a glass-backed squash court International Squash Singles Court, as specified by the World Squash Federation Squash is an indoor racquet sport that was formerly called Squash racquets, a reference to the squashable soft ball used in the game (compared with the harder ball... For other uses, see Tennis (disambiguation). ... This article is about the year. ...

Local sports clubs receive financial support from the local governments, and many sporting clubs are financially and administratively supported by the government.

Cinema

Main article: Cinema of Egypt

Egyptian cinema is a flourishing film industry with a long history. As a result, the Egyptian capital has been dubbed the "Hollywood of the Middle East", where the world-renowed Cairo International Film Festival is held every year. The success of Imarat Yacoubian (The Yacoubian Building, 2006), starring Adel Emam, Youssra, and Nour El-Sherif, is a sign of the continuing vigor of the Egyptian film industry. ... The Cairo International Film Festival is an annual film festival held in Cairo, Egypt. ...

Music and dance

Main article: Music of Egypt

Front and rear views of an oud.

Egyptian music is a rich mixture of indigenous Egyptian, Arabic, African and Western influences. Musicians of Amun, Tomb of Nakht, 18th Dyn, Western Thebes. ... An oud. ... An oud. ...

As early as 4000 BC, ancient Egyptians were playing harps and flutes, as well as two indigenous instruments: the ney and the oud. However, there is little notation of Egyptian music before the 7th century AD, when Egypt became part of the Muslim world. Percussion and vocal music became important at this time, and has remained an important part of Egyptian music today. The 4th millennium BC saw major changes in human culture. ... For other uses, see Harp (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Flute (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Ney (disambiguation). ... Front and rear views of an oud. ... The 7th century is the period from 601 - 700 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Christian Era. ... Nations with a Muslim majority appear in green, while nations that are approximately 50% Muslim appear yellow. ... Percussion redirects here. ... In music a singer or vocalist is a type of musician who sings, i. ...

Contemporary Egyptian music traces its beginnings to the creative work of luminaries such as Abdu-l Hamuli, Almaz and Mahmud Osman, who were all patronized by Khedive Ismail and who influenced the later work of Sayed Darwish, Umm Kulthum, Mohammed Abdel Wahab, Abdel Halim Hafez and other Egyptian music giants. Musicians of Amun, Tomb of Nakht, 18th Dyn, Western Thebes. ... Ismail Pasha Ismail Pasha, known as Ismail the Magnificent (December 31, 1830–March 2, 1895) (Arabic: إسماعيل باشا), was khedive of Egypt from 1863 until he was removed at the behest of the British in 1879. ... Sayed Darwish was an Egyptian singer and composer who was considered the father of Arab popular music. ... Umm Kulthum (Arabic: أم كلثوم other English spellings include: Om Kalthoum, Oum Kalsoum, Oum Kalthum, Omm Kolsoum, Umm Kolthoum, Um Kalthoom) (c. ... Mohammed Abdel Wahab, also transliterated Mohammed Abd el-Wahaab (1907 - May, 1991), is a prominent 20th century Arab-Egyptian singer and composer. ... Abdel Halim Ismael Shabana (Arabic: عبدالحليم إسماعيل شبانة) commonly known as Abdel Halim Hafez (Arabic: عبد الحليم حافظ) (June 21, 1929 – March 30, 1977), was one of the most popular Egyptian singers and actors not only in Egypt but throughout the Middle East from the 1950s to the 1970s. ...

From the 1970s onwards, Egyptian pop music has become increasingly important in Egyptian culture, particularly among the large youth population of Egypt. Egyptian folk music is also popular, played during weddings and other festivities. In the last quarter of the 20th century, Egyptian music was a way to communicate social and class issues. The most popular Egyptian pop singer is Amr Diab. The 1970s decade refers to the years from 1970 to 1979, also called The Seventies. ... This article is about the genre of popular music. ... Folk song redirects here. ... (19th century - 20th century - 21st century - more centuries) Decades: 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s As a means of recording the passage of time, the 20th century was that century which lasted from 1901–2000 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar (1900–1999 in the... List of major social issues overpopulation teenage pregnancy drug abuse gun control education issue singlemother increase in divorce rate increase in HI rate ... Social class refers to the hierarchical distinctions between individuals or groups in societies or cultures. ... Amr Abdel Basset Abdel Azeez Diab (Arabic:عمرو عبد الباسط عبد العزيز دياب) (born October 11, 1961) is an Egyptian singer and composer. ...

Belly dance, or Raqs Sharqi in Arabic, may have originated in Egypt, and today the country is considered the international center of the art. Raqs Sharqi dancer Chryssanthi Sahar Scharf, Heidelberg. ...

The Egyptian Center for Culture & Art (ECCA) Makan

ECCA records and promotes traditional Egyptian music styles that are increasingly in danger of being relegated to the status of an exotic and de-contextualised tourist curiosity, or placed on the shelves of academic archives far from the daily lives of their dwindling practitioners. ECCA encourages efforts to return Egyptian music to the critical role it has played in the daily life and imagination of the Egyptian people, and to share this rich resource with the world community. A number of strategies and activities that support these aims include the systematic recording, documenting and archiving of current practice so as to make it available to scholars, musicians and to an increasingly broad-based audience. Musicians of Amun, Tomb of Nakht, 18th Dyn, Western Thebes. ...

Cuisine

Main article: Cuisine of Egypt

Egyptian cuisine consists of local culinary traditions such as Ful medames, Kushari and Molokhia. It also shares similarities with food found throughout the eastern Mediterranean like kebab and falafel. Egyptian cuisine consists of local culinary traditions such as Ful Medames, Kushari and Molokhia, while sharing similarities with food found throughout the eastern Mediterranean like kebab and falafel. ... Ful Medames is the national dish of Egypt, often eaten at breakfast. ... Kushari served at an Egyptian restaurant in Cairo. ... Species About 40-100 species, including: Corchorus aestuans Corchorus capsularis Corchorus carnarvonensis Corchorus cunninghamii Corchorus junodi Corchorus olitorius Corchorus sidoides Corchorus tridens Corchorus walcottii Corchorus is a genus of about 40-100 species of flowering plants in the family Malvaceae, native to tropical and subtropical regions throughout the world. ... Left to right: Chenjeh Kabab, Kabab Koobideh, Jujeh Kabab in an Afghan restaurant. ... This article is about the Middle Eastern food. ...

See also

• Bibliotheca Alexandrina
• Egyptians
• Egyptian television
• List of museums in Egypt
• Music of Egypt
• Rosetta stone

Bibliotheca Alexandrina The Bibliotheca Alexandrina is a major library and cultural center located on the shore of the Mediterranean Sea in the Egyptian city of Alexandria. ... // Egyptian television began broadcasting its programs in 1960. ... The Egyptian civilization is one of the oldest civilizations in the world, thus, it has been in contact with many other civilizations and nations and also has been through so many eras, starting from pre-historic age to the modern age, passing through so many ages such as; Pharonic, Roman... Musicians of Amun, Tomb of Nakht, 18th Dyn, Western Thebes. ... This article is about the ancient Rosetta Stone . ...

References

External links

• Egyptian Center for Culture and Art
• "The Library of Alexandria" by Ellen N. Brundige
• Bibliotheca Alexandrina
• Ahmed H. Zewail's website at CalTech
• The Art of Ancient Egypt
• Egyptian contributions to art
• Cairo Opera House
• Egypt a cultural profile
• Display of Egyptian art in Japan