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The culture of Finland combines indigenous heritage, as represented by the country's rare Finno-Ugric national language, Finnish, the sauna, and the traditional idea of self-suffiency with common Nordic and European culture. Because of its history and geographic location Finland has been influenced by the adjacent area's various Finnic, Baltic and Germanic peoples as well as the former dominant powers Sweden and Russia. Finnish culture may be seen to build upon the relatively ascetic environmental realities, traditional livelihoods and a heritage of widespread egalitarianism, (see e.g.: Everyman's right, and universal suffrage). Geographical distribution of Finno-Ugric (Finno-Permic in blue, Ugric in green). ... For the music festival in Finland, see Sauna Open Air Metal Festival. ... Political map of the Nordic countries and associated territories. ... For other uses, see Europe (disambiguation). ... Egalitarianism (derived from the French word égal, meaning equal or level) is a political doctrine that holds that all people should be treated as equals from birth. ... The right of public access to the wilderness, or everymans right, is a convention of property rights in the Nordic countries of Sweden, Finland and Norway, in addition to parts of Scotland (Shetland/Orkney), which allows the common public the right of access to the land, be it public... Elections Part of the Politics series Politics Portal This box:      Universal suffrage (also general suffrage or common suffrage) consists of the extension of the right to vote to all adults, without distinction as to race, sex, belief, intelligence, or economic or social status. ...

Historical aspects

Prehistoric red ochre painted rock art of moose, human figures, and boats in Astuvansalmi, Finland from ca. 3800-2200 BC.

Following the recession of the Scandinavian ice sheet, which covered most of northern Europe, from Great Britain to Moscow, around 8,000 B.C.E., peoples began arriving in what is today Finland presumably mainly from the south and east although recent archaeological finds reveal a presence of the north-western Komsa culture in Finnish north equally old to the earliest finds on the Norwegian coast.^[1] Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1024x768, 678 KB) Prehistoric paintings from Astuvansalmi. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1024x768, 678 KB) Prehistoric paintings from Astuvansalmi. ... Red ochre and yellow ochre (pronounced //, from the Greek ochros, yellow) are pigments made from naturally tinted clay. ...

The area of Finland belonged to the Stone Age northeastern European Kunda culture until around 5,000 B.C.E. and Comb Ceramic culture from about 4200 B.C.E. - 2000 B.C.E. The Kiukainen culture on the southwestern coast of Finland showed the first signs of agriculture in Finland around 2500 B.C.E. The inland still continued to practice hunting and gathering. Later influences from Scandinavian and Baltic contacts intermingled in Finland with influences arriving via long-established contacts and trade networks with other areas of Northeastern Europe, especially the Volga-Ural region of today's Russia, throughout the Bronze Age (1500 B.C.E.–500 B.C.E) and Iron Age (500 B.C.E–1200 C.E.). Kunda Culture, mesolithic hunter-gatherer communities of the east Baltic forest zone extending eastwards into northern Russia dating to the period 8000–5000 BC. Most Kunda settlements are located near the edge of the forests beside rivers, lakes, or marshes. ... The Comb Ceramic Culture was a North-East European stone age culture, ca 4200 BC - 2000 BC. The name is derived from the most common decoration on the ceramic finds that look like the imprints of a comb. ...

From 1100 to 1200 the crown of Sweden started to incorporate Finland. However, Novgorod also attempted to gain control. Several wars were fought between Sweden and Novgorod and later Muscovy and Russia between the 1400 and 1700. In 1721, the Nystad Peace Treaty was signed ending Swedish dominance in the Baltic region. In 1809 Finland was annexed by Russia. From 1809 to 1917 Finland was a Grand Duchy with the Russian Czar as the constitutional monarch. [2] Karelia, where most of the Russo-Swedish conflicts occurred, was influenced by both cultures though mostly it remained peripheral to both epicentres of power. The verses in the Kalevala originate mainly from Karelia and Ingria. The Grand Duchy of Finland was a state that existed 1809–1917 as part of the Russian Empire. ... The Kalevala is an epic poem which the Finn Elias Lönnrot compiled from Finnish and Karelian folklore in the 19th century. ... Ingria may be seen represented in the easternmost part of the Carta Marina (1539) Ingria (Finnish: , Russian: , Swedish: , Estonian: ) is a historical region, now situated mostly in Russia, comprising the area along the basin of the river Neva, between the Gulf of Finland, the Narva River, Lake Peipsi in the...

The 19th century brought a feeling of national Romanticism and Nationalism throughout Europe. Finland's nationalism also grew where cultural identity and control of their land became a priority. Expression of Finnish identity by the University docent, A. I. Arwidsson (1791 - 1858), became an often quoted Fennoman credo: "Swedes we are not / no-longer, Russians we do not want to become, let us therefore be / become Finns."^[2] Nationalism heightened and resulted in a declaration of independence from Russia on December 6, 1917, Finnish Independence Day. Notably, nationalists did not consider the Swedish-speakers members of a different (Swedish) nation; in fact, many Fennomans came from a Swedish-speaking family. This article does not cite its references or sources. ... Eugène Delacroixs Liberty Leading the People, symbolising French nationalism during the July Revolution 1830. ... In the United States (but not in the United Kingdom, where the word is not used), a docent (the word being derived from the Latin word docēre, meaning to teach) is officially defined as a professor or university lecturer, but the term has been expanded to designate the corps... The Fennomans were the most important political movement in the 19th century Grand Duchy of Finland. ... The flag of Finland Finlands Independence Day (Finnish itsenäisyyspäivä, Swedish självständighetsdag) is a national public holiday held on December 6 to celebrate Finlands declaration of independence from the Russian empire. ...

People

Finnish folk dancers in a 1907 postcard sent from Mustamäki, Finland

A peasant girl and a woman in traditional dress from Ruokolahti, eastern Finland, as depicted by Severin Falkman in 1882

The Finnish-speaking part of the population are called Finns, possibly including a subculture of Swedish-speaking Finns. Finns are genetically of the same origin as other Europeans. The Finnish language is also a native European language, and belongs to Baltic-Finnic languages, a subgroup of the Uralic languages. Finns are traditionally divided to subgroups (heimo) according to dialect, but these groupings have only a minor importance due to 20th century urbanization and internal migration. Image File history File links Size of this preview: 460 × 599 pixelsFull resolution‎ (595 × 775 pixels, file size: 94 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) . A mechanical scan by Finnish national library establishes no further copyright. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 460 × 599 pixelsFull resolution‎ (595 × 775 pixels, file size: 94 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) . A mechanical scan by Finnish national library establishes no further copyright. ...  Officially monolingual Finnish-speaking municipalities (Sami bilingual municipalities not shown)  Bilingual municipalities with Finnish as the majority language  Bilingual municipalities with Swedish as the majority language  Monolingual Swedish-speaking municipalities (including Ã…land) More than 17,000 Swedish Finns live in officially monolingual Finnish municipalities, and are thus not represented on... Baltic-Finnic languages, also known as Finnic languages, are a subgroup of the Finno-Ugric languages, and are spoken around the Baltic Sea by about 7 million people. ... Geographical distribution of Samoyedic, Finnic, Ugric and Yukaghir languages  Yukaghir  Samoyedic  Ugric  Finnic The Uralic languages (pronounced: ) form a language family of about 30 languages spoken by approximately 20 million people. ...

The Finnish society encourages equality and liberalism with a popular commitment to the ideals of the welfare state; discouraging disparity of wealth and division into social classes. Everyman's right (Ministry of Environment, 1999) is a philosophy carried over from ancient times. All citizens have access to public and private lands for agrarian activities or leisure. Finns value being close to nature, the agricultural roots are embedded in the rural lifestyle. Finns are also nationalistic, as opposed to self-identification with ethnicity or clan. There are three main interpretations of the idea of a welfare state: the provision of welfare services by the state. ... The right of public access to the wilderness, or everymans right, is a convention of property rights in the Nordic countries of Sweden, Finland and Norway, in addition to parts of Scotland (Shetland/Orkney), which allows the common public the right of access to the land, be it public...

Religion began as paganism, mythology and magic. The traditions were partly indigenous, but also influenced by Norse paganism. Song magic and bear worship are distinctive marks of the ancient religion. However, modernization ended the traditions ultimately in the first decade of the 20th century. Christianity entered Finnish culture in the 12th century [3]. Professor Olli Alho, PhD, reports today 83% of Finns belong to the Evangelical Lutheran Church and 1.1% belong to the Finnish Orthodox Church. In general, Finns are secular in their views [4]. Pagan and heathen redirect here. ... Norse paganism or Nordic religion is a termed used to abbreviate the religion preferably amongst the Germanic tribes living in Nordic countries under pre-Christian period that are supported by archaeology findings and early written materials. ... Bear worship is the religious practice of the worshiping of bears. ... The Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland is the Lutheran national church of Finland (The Finnish Orthodox Church is also recognized as a state church). ... The Finnish Orthodox Church is the national jurisdiction of the Eastern Orthodox Church in Finland. ...

The Protestant work ethic remains a significant cultural value, and free education is a highly prized institution. Prior to the Finnish independence, education was available to the elite. With the emergence of reform, the Compulsory Education Act made education a civil right and available to all citizens. The beliefs of the Finns are future employment security necessitating higher education in today's increasingly technological world (Kyr, M. & Nyysol, K., 2006). The Protestant work ethic, or sometimes called the Puritan work ethic, is a Calvinist value emphasizing the necessity of constant labor in a persons calling as a sign of personal salvation. ...

Native subcultures

Subcultures have been a part of Finnish history. The largest subculture is the Swedish-speaking Finns. This group does have unique traditions distinct from the mainstream Finnish-speaking ones, but does not live in a different society. The group has various origins, both from language switching and from immigration.  Officially monolingual Finnish-speaking municipalities (Sami bilingual municipalities not shown)  Bilingual municipalities with Finnish as the majority language  Bilingual municipalities with Swedish as the majority language  Monolingual Swedish-speaking municipalities (including Ã…land) More than 17,000 Swedish Finns live in officially monolingual Finnish municipalities, and are thus not represented on...

The Lapland region of the North holds the Sami population. Up to around 1500 the Sami were mainly fishermen and trappers, usually in a combination, leading a nomadic lifestyle decided by the migrations of the reindeer. Traditionally, Sami people engaged in fishing, trapping and herding reindeer. They have traditionally organized their societies differently from the Finns due to their nomadic lifestyle. Their native language is not Finnish, but one of the three Sami languages spoken in Finland. However, modern times have brought most Sami to urban areas, where they assimilate to mainstream society and speak Finnish. 10% of Sami continue herding in Northern Finland. Currently, the Sami are a 5% minority in their native Finnish Lapland. National anthem Sámi soga lávlla Languages Sami, Norwegian, Swedish, Finnish, Russian Area ca. ... Look up Sami, sami in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Sami is a general name for a group of Uralic languages spoken in parts of northern Norway, Sweden, Finland and extreme northwestern Russia, in Northern Europe. ... Province FI-LL Residence city Rovaniemi Governor Hannele Pokka Historical provinces Laponia Österbotten Västerbotten Regions Lapland (FI1A3) Area  - Total Ranked 1st/- 98,946 km² Population  - Total (2002)  - Density Ranked 5th/- 187,777 2,0/km² Map highlighting the location of the Province of Lapland Lappi, or the Province of...

Another nomadic group is the Finnish Gypsies who have existed since the 1600's. For centuries Gypsy men were horse traders, whereas in the post-war era they have turned to horse breeding and dealing in automobiles and scrap metal. Women traditionally engage in fortune telling and hand crafts. Gypsies have been the target of harassment and discrimination in Finland. "A permanent Advisory Commission on Gypsy Affairs was set up in 1968, and in 1970 racial discrimination was outlawed through an addition to the penal code. The law punished blatant acts such as barring Gypsies from restaurants or shops or subjecting them to unusual surveillance by shopkeepers or the police."^[3]. Today, financial aid is provided to improve the standard of living for 5,000-6,000 Finnish Gypsies. The Rroma people (pronounced rahma, singular Rrom) along with the closely related Sinti people are commonly known as Gypsies. ...

Family structure

The Finnish family life is usually understood to be centered on the nuclear family, rather than the extended family. Traditionally, men are the wage-earners and women remain in the home and care for children. However, since the Second World War, gender roles have changed. Today, both men and women are dual wage-earners. The welfare system allows for generous parental leave with income-based benefits (Leitner, A. & Wroblewski, A., 2006). Finnish parents have the option to take partial or total leave they are entitled to. A majority of mothers opt to take longer leave, up to one year. Finland's divorce rate is 51% of marriages being dissolved (Statistics Finland, updated 5/07). Cohabitation is also common. The term nuclear family developed in the western world to distinguish the family group consisting of parents (usually a father and mother) and their children, from what is known as an extended family. ... Extended family (or joint family) is a term with several distinct meanings. ... A bagpiper in military uniform. ... This article is about a living arrangement. ...

Youth seek independence and typically move from their parents' residence around the age of twenty and relocate to youth hostels or apartments. Females tend to leave the family home earlier in pursuit of education. Males remain in the home longer due to obligations to the military. Members of the extended family typically live apart. Youth hostel in Rome. ...

Festivities and Traditions

A summer cottage ("mökki") on a lake island

A Juhannus bonfire ("kokko") in Mäntsälä

Students on Helsinki's Esplanadi wearing their caps on Vappu.

A lakeside smoke sauna ("savusauna") in Kannonkoski

Finnish holidays are similar to the Western Christian calendar and Protestant traditions. Holidays and traditions are a blend of the thousand-year old Christian presence and vestiges of old Finnish pagan traditions. Walpurgis Night (Valborgsmässoafton in Swedish, Vappu in Finnish, Volbriöö in Estonian, Valpurģu nakts or Valpurģi in Latvian, Walpurgisnacht in German) is a holiday celebrated on April 30, in Finland, Sweden, Estonia, Latvia and Germany. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1600x1200, 615 KB) Traditional Finnish Savusauna (smoke sauna) next to a lake in Kannonkoski I, the creator of this work, hereby release it into the public domain. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1600x1200, 615 KB) Traditional Finnish Savusauna (smoke sauna) next to a lake in Kannonkoski I, the creator of this work, hereby release it into the public domain. ... The elk is a common image in many Finnish petroglyphs Finnish paganism was the indigenous pagan religion in present-day Finland and Karelia prior to Christianization. ...

Notable among these is Juhannus, the Finnish Midsummer. A majority of Finns retreat to summer cottages (mökki) on any one of Finland's numerous lakes. Depending on the region, a bonfire at midnight celebrates the summer solstice, and in Åland, the Swedish-originated tradition of dancing around the Maypole is observed. The midsummer traditions also include different versions of pairing magic and folklore in the festivities. Midsummer celebration, Ã…mmeberg, Sweden Midsummer, also referred to as Litha by some Wiccans and other Neopagans, refers to the period of time centered upon the summer solstice and the religious celebrations that accompany it. ... Midsummer may refer to the period of time centered upon the summer solstice and the diverse celebrations of it around the world, but more often refers to European celebrations that accompany the summer solstice, or to Western festivals that take place in June and are usually related to Saint John... “Summer solstice” redirects here. ... Dancing around the maypole, in Ã…mmeberg, Sweden The maypole is a tall wooden pole (traditionally of hawthorn or birch), sometimes erected with several long coloured ribbons suspended from the top, festooned with flowers, draped in greenery and strapped with large circular wreaths, depending on local and regional variances. ...

The Finnish Christmas, Joulu, follows traditions of Christmas trees and the Advent calendars. Holidays start on the 23rd of December. Gift giving occurs on Christmas Eve with a visit from Joulupukki (Father Christmas, Santa Claus). Traditional meals are typically only eaten on Christmas followed by sauna. Christmas Day is reserved for a "quiet day" [5] and ends on the 26th, St. Stephen's Day (tapaninpäivä). For other uses, see Christmas (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Christmas tree (disambiguation). ... Extensive Advent calendar An Advent calendar is a symbol of the holy season of Advent, celebrated in December near Christmas, another holiday season. ... Joulupukki is the Finnish name for Santa Claus or Father Christmas. ... Excerpt from Josiah Kings The Examination and Tryal of Father Christmas (1686), published shortly after Christmas was reinstated as a holy day in England Father Christmas is the name used in the United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand, and several other Commonwealth countries, for the gift-bringing figure of Christmas... A typical depiction of Santa Claus. ... For the music festival in Finland, see Sauna Open Air Metal Festival. ...

Easter is a combination of Christian and Pagan customs. Either on Palm Sunday or the Holy Saturday, children dress up as witches (noita) and go from door to door, giving away daffodil adorned branches of willow in exchange for sweets. Burning Easter bonfires is a Pagan custom meant to keep witches at bay. This article is about the Christian festival. ... For the book by Kurt Vonnegut Jr. ... Holy Saturday is the day before Easter in the Christian calendar. ...

Vappu, or May Day is a national holiday, an event for Finns to emphatically welcome spring after several months of little daylight. It can be compared to Mardi Gras with parades and parties. Traditionally, the event begins on the eve of Vappu by former and current students putting on their student caps (graduation cap). Walpurgis Night in Sweden. ... This article is about the holidays celebrated on May 1. ... For other uses, see Mardi Gras (disambiguation). ... In various European countries, student caps of different types are or have been worn, either as a marker of a common identity, as is the case in the Nordic countries, or to identify the bearer as member of a smaller corporation within the larger group of students, as is the...

Finnish Independence Day is the 6th of December and a national holiday.

Sauna is a steam bath practiced widely in Finland. The word is of Proto-Finnish origin (found in Baltic-Finnic and Sámi languages) dating back 7,000 years.^[4] The sauna's purpose is to bathe, and the heat (either dry or steam) opens pores in the skin and thoroughly cleanses the body. Cedar or birch branches can be tapped along the body to stimulate blood circulation. The sauna soothes sore and aching muscles. The Finns often use and have used the sauna to recover from hard physical labor. Sauna culture dictates subdued speech and time for thought to soothe the mind. Sauna is not to be rushed as it is essential to spiritual living. The structure of the sauna began as a small log building partially buried in the earth. A "smoke sauna" was used to cure meats in pre-industrial years as well as, to bathe or a sterile environment for childbirth, but this tradition has declined in favor of a modern invention, the continuously heated sauna, which is hotter, cleaner and faster to heat up. In Finnish saunas, temperature is set to about 60–100 C, and small amounts of water thrown on rocks atop the stove emit steam, which produces a heat sensation. Some Finns prefer the "dry sauna" using very little steam, if any. Traditional sauna includes the process of perspiring and cooling several times. A part of the cooling process may be a swim in the lake before returning to the sauna for an additional sweat. For the music festival in Finland, see Sauna Open Air Metal Festival. ... For the music festival in Finland, see Sauna Open Air Metal Festival. ...

Similar steam baths have been part of European tradition elsewhere as well, but the sauna has survived best in Finland, in addition to Sweden, Estonia, and Russia. Moreover, nearly all Finnish houses have either their own sauna, or in multistory apartment houses, a timeshared sauna. Public saunas were previously common, but the tradition has declined when saunas have been built nearly everywhere (private homes, municipal swimming halls, hotels, corporate headquarters, gyms, etc.).

Finland has a great amount of summer festivals, the biggest being music festivals.

Literature

Year 2000 Finlandia Prize-winning Finnish author, Johanna Sinisalo.

Main article Finnish literature

The Finnish written language has existed since Mikael Agricola translated the New Testament into Finnish in the 16th century as a result of the Reformation. History and folklore were handed down to generations through the spoken word. Few notable works of literature were written until the 19th century at which time the Finnish national romantic movement began. This prompted Elias Lönnrot to collect Finnish and Karelian folk poetry and publish them as Kalevala, the Finnish national epic. The Kalevala promoted national pride and optimism is numerous realms. The era saw a rise of poets and novelists, notably Aleksis Kivi. The Finlandia Prize is the most prestigious literary award in Finland. ... Johanna Sinisalo (born 1958) is a Finnish science fiction and fantasy writer. ... The history of Finland has been tumultuous. ... Mikael Agricola Mikael Agricola ( ) (c. ... Elias Lönnrot ( ) (April 9, 1802 – March 19, 1884) was a Finnish philologist and collector of traditional Finnish oral poetry. ... The Kalevala is an epic poem which the Finn Elias Lönnrot compiled from Finnish and Karelian folklore in the 19th century. ... Aleksis Kivi (October 10, 1834 - December 31, 1872), born Alexis Stenvall, was a Finnish author who wrote the first significant novel in the Finnish language, Seven Brothers (Finnish title: Seitsemän veljestä). Aleksis Kivi was born at Nurmijärvi, Finland, in a tailors family. ...

After Finland became independent there was a rise of modernist writers, most famously Mika Waltari. Finnish Frans Emil Sillanpää won the Nobel literature prize in 1936. The Second World War prompted a return to more national interests in comparison to a more international line of thought, characterized by Väinö Linna. In 1945 modern Finland introduced Tove Jansson's "Moomin" characters created for children's books. Mika Toimi Waltari ( ) (September 19, 1908 – August 26, 1979) was a Finnish historical novelist, best known for his magnum opus The Egyptian (Sinuhe egyptiläinen in Finnish) . // Waltari was born in Helsinki and lost his father, a Lutheran pastor, at the age of five. ... Frans Eemil Sillanpää (September 16, 1888 – June 3, 1964) was one of the most famous Finnish writers. ... Väinö Linna (December 20, 1920 - April 21, 1992) was one of the most influential Finnish authors of the 20th century. ...

Nowadays Finland has an active literature life. The Finns are notable for their amount of reading.

Theater

Finland has a notable amount of theaters and theater inthusiastics. Almost every bigger city has a town theater with professional directors, actors etc. but also almost every city or village has at least one amateur theater or summer theater. Summer theaters are a very popular and they range from children's amateur theater to professionals with big budgets.

The Savonlinna Opera Festival is one of the biggest international festivals in Finland. It is held every summer at Savonlinna. St. ...

Laura Ruohonen is one of this moment's internationally interesting theater writers. Her plays, like Queen C (Kuningatar K) have been played in many European countries.

Music

Internationally famed Finnish folk band, Värttinä.

Main article Music of Finland

Despite its relatively short history of music, Finland is well respected for its quality education of classical musicians. Numerous world-class conductors and singers such as Karita Mattila, Paavo Berglund and Esa-Pekka Salonen hail from Finland. Finnish music came to the forefront during the national Romantic Movement with Jean Sibelius composing symphonies. Värttinä (Finnish for spindle) is a Finnish folk music band that was started as a project by Sari and Mari Kaasinen back in 1983 in the village of Rääkkylä, in Karelia, the southeastern region of Finland. ... Genres Folk - Pop - Opera - Rock (Suomirock) - Hip hop - Trance Finno-Ugric music Estonia - Finland - Hungary - Khantia-Mansia - Komi Republic - Mari El - Mordovia - Nenetsia - Udmurtia Much of the music of Finland is influenced by Karelian traditional tunes and lyrics, as comprised in the Kalevala. ... Karita Mattila Karita Mattila (born September 5, 1960 in Somero, Finland), is a leading opera soprano. ... Paavo Berglund (born: Helsinki, 14 April 1929) is a Finnish conductor. ... Esa-Pekka Salonen ( ) (born June 30, 1958 in Helsinki) is a prominent Finnish orchestral conductor and composer. ... Johan Julius Christian Jean / Janne Sibelius ( ; December 8, 1865 – September 20, 1957) was a Finnish composer of classical music and one of the most notable composers of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. ...

Modern Finnish popular music has received attention also in foreign countries, especially on the rock and metal scenes, with such bands as The Rasmus, HIM, Nightwish, Stratovarius and Korpiklaani gaining international acclaim. Today, Finnish rock music is an increasingly popular export of Finland, growing at a rate of 40% per year since 1999 [6]. The Rasmus are a Finnish rock band that spawned in 1994 in Helsinki, Finland while the band members were still in high school. ... This article refers to the Finnish band. ... Nightwish are a Finnish symphonic power metal musical group, formed in 1996 in the town of Kitee, in eastern Finland. ... Stratovarius is a Finnish power metal band, formed in 1984, still active today. ... Korpiklaani (Forest Clan in Finnish) is a folk metal band from Finland. ...

Notes and references

Hyssala, L. & Hyttinen, M. (1993, June). The Finnish Family Competence Study: The transition to fatherhood. The Journal of Genetic Psychology. 154 (2), p199.

Kyr, M. & Nyysol, K. (2006, March). Attitudes towards education in Finland and other Nordic Countries. European Journal of Education. 41(1), p59-70.

Leitner, A. & Wroblewski, A. (2006, June). WELFARE STATES AND WORK–LIFE BALANCE. European Societies. 8(2), p295-317.

Luuka, T. (2007, April). Finland invests in cultural exporting. Finnish Music Quarterly Magazine.

Neuvonen, M., Pouta, E., Seivanen, T.(2006, April). Recreational Wild Berry Picking in Finland—Reflection of a Rural Lifestyle. Society & Natural Resources, 19(4), p285-304.

http://www.histdoc.net/history/history.html

http://uralica.com/earlyfin.htm

http://www.ut.ee/Ural/wel.html

http://virtual.finland.fi/netcomm/news/showarticle.asp?intNWSAID=26074

http://virtual.finland.fi/netcomm/news/showarticle.asp?intNWSAID=25001

http://virtual.finland.fi/netcomm/news/showarticle.asp?intNWSAID=26185

Statistics Finland, updated 5/07

The World Book Encyclopedia (1990). Finland (Vol. 7) p 117.

See also

• Holidays in Finland, Flag days in Finland, Namesdays in Finland
• Finnish literature
• Finnish cuisine
• List of Finns
• Architecture of Finland